Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Websites/Multiple Documents
Description:
"Objectives of the DMH is as follows:
(1) To take precautionary measures against and minimize the effects of natural disasters
(2) To promote safety, comfort, efficiency and regularity of air, land (rail & road), sea and inland water transportation.
(3) To bring sustainable development of natural resources (hydro electric power, forest produce, water use, wind energy, etc.)
(4) To promote agricultural and food production.
(5) To ensure efficient operation, planning and development of activities in natural defense, industry, health, social welfare and all sectors of national economy.
(6) To undertake international collaboration for all development activities and works of the DMH"
Source/publisher:
DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY (MYANMAR)
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-01
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
more
Sub-title:
Dr. Tun Lwin's Facebook Account
Description:
Dr. Tun Lwin - Myanmar Climate Change Watch (MCCW)
Dr. Tun Lwin
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Climate Change Watch (MCCW)
Date of publication:
2019-07-14
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-14
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
more
Description:
See also the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (Alternate URL, below)
Source/publisher:
Global Climate Change Alliance
Date of entry/update:
2017-04-26
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English, French
more
Description:
About 1,480,000 results (May 2018)
Source/publisher:
Various sources via Google
Date of entry/update:
2018-04-30
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
more
Description:
Thematic profiles and systems: AQUASTAT country profile - The AQUASTAT country profiles describe the state of water resources and agricultural water use in the respective country. Special attention is given to the water resource, irrigation, and drainage sub-sectors...
FAO-GeoNetwork - FAO-GeoNetwork is a web based Geographic Data and Information Management System. It enables easy access to local and distributed geospatial information catalogues and makes available, data, graphics and documents for immediate download. FAO-GeoNetwork holds approximately 5000 standardized metadata records for digital and paper maps, most of them at the global, continent and national level...
Reports and statistical data:
AQUASTAT country fact sheet -
AQUASTAT Long-term average annual renewable water resources by country -
Forest area statistics - From Forestry Country Profiles
Forest health statistics - From Forestry Country Profiles
Growing stock statistics - From Forestry Country Profiles
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
Date of entry/update:
2012-08-21
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
more
Description:
"The Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA) was launched in 2013 with the support of the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) and is being implemented by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The Programme works as a platform to mainstream climate change into the Myanmar policy development and reform agenda, but it also supports all on-going actions and activities on climate change from the National Government, Local Authorities, NGOs, Development partners, Civil Society and the Private Sector.
This recognizes that climate change, as a global challenge, can only be addressed by an alliance of partners, from local to global level. MCCA is the key platform for this in Myanmar..."
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA)
Date of entry/update:
2017-04-26
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
more
Description:
An apocalyptic series of earthquakes, cyclones, tsunamis and floods in the region has spooked everyone. Many people have turned to soothsayers and astrologers for advice about any impending natural disasters.
But rather than consult the Mayan calender or a fortune-teller, The Irrawaddy reporter Min Naing Thu interviewed Dr Tun Lwin, the former director-general of Burma?s Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH).
Since his resignation from the DMH in 2009, Tun Lwin has served as a technical adviser to the Regional Integrated Multi-hazard Early Warning System (RIMES) at the Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand. He also served as a consultant to the Myanmar Red Cross Society, CARE Myanmar, Action Aid Myanmar and Myanmar Egress?s Network Activities Group. He has also been involved with the International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management (ICHARM), Myanmar Egress, World Vision Myanmar, Global Green and other organizations, focusing primarily on climate change and how to minimize damage caused by natural disasters.
Tun Lwin posts many of his articles concerning meteorological issues on his website, Myanmar Climate Change Watch.
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Climate Change Watch
Date of entry/update:
2011-03-26
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
Burmese, English
more
Description:
About 440 results (9 November 2017)
Source/publisher:
World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
Date of entry/update:
2017-11-09
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Description:
About 38,500 results (May 2018)
Source/publisher:
Various sources via Youtube
Date of publication:
2018-05-01
Date of entry/update:
2018-05-01
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Climate Change - climate education, introductions, films, guides, links, bibliographies, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
more
Individual Documents
Description:
"Myanmar’s rural population are extremely vulnerable given their low human development and high dependence upon natural resources for their livelihoods (including agriculture, fisheries and forestry). This has led to environmental degradation including deforestation and poor land use management practices, diminishing water sources and high rates of food insecurity and sickness etc. These pre-existing vulnerabilities combined with the large number of hazards affecting Myanmar including cyclones, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, fires, storm surges, droughts and landslides have resulted in a high risk rural society. In addition, climate change and its associated impacts are already, and will likely continue to exacerbate the situation further through more frequent, intense and widespread extreme hazard events including cyclones, floods and droughts, and through increased temperatures, rainfall variability and sea level rises.
Myanmar has taken steps to addressing risk to hazards including climate change at the national level through the development of Myanmar’s Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR) and the National Adaptation Program of Action on Climate Change (NAPA). However, in many cases rural communities are either not aware or have not yet benefited from the policies, strategies and actions outlined in these two documents. Communities are also those best placed to identify strategies and solutions to their problems as they are at the front line of hazard impact. It is therefore essential that urgent action is taken at the local level in partnership with communities, government, civil society and other stakeholders to implement actions identified in the NAPA and MAPDRR and increase the resilience of rural communities to hazards including climate change.
This Handbook outlines a process whereby Malteser International staff and their partners can work in partnership with rural communities and local governments to address risk to hazards including climate change and increase community resilience. Firstly the Handbook outlines hazards, their associated impacts and sources of vulnerabilities facing rural communities in Myanmar. It then provides example actions and measures for inclusive disaster risk management and climate change adaptation at the community, township and state level. The Handbook then presents the case for an integrated approach to resilience building which embeds climate change adaptation strategies within a disaster risk management approach. The steps and tools for this approach are then described, before outlining how community resilience plans should be integrated into development plans at township and state level..."
Source/publisher:
"Malteser" via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of publication:
2020-07-28
Date of entry/update:
2020-07-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate change and Natural Resources, Rural development in Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.05 MB
more
Sub-title:
climate change has the potential to destabilise various systems and institutions while simultaneously deepening the schisms between communities.
Description:
"climate change has the potential to destabilise various systems and institutions while simultaneously deepening the schisms between communities. The unpredictable and pervasive nature of COVID-19 has influenced security conflicts across the globe in numerous ways. A few broad trends have come to light. Firstly, terrorist and extremist groups have used the pandemic as an opportunity to step up their attacks across different conflict theatres. These include Nigeria where Boko Haram is active, and Syria and Iraq where the so-called Islamic State has been ramping up its presence.
Such an escalation of violence is due to the increased governmental reliance on military troops across different regions to handle the pandemic, reducing their capacity to effectively protect targets from attacks. For instance, the Indian military in Kashmir has been called on to engage with quarantine facilities as well as enforcement of social distancing, thus allowing terrorist groups to conduct more cross border attacks.
Secondly, terror groups have also launched viral misinformation campaigns to increase the mayhem and chaos that has stemmed from the crisis, and various governments’ (mis)handling of the situation. This included highlighting the failing official responses as a reason to contend against the legitimacy of different governments, as highlighted in Egypt and Libya, targeting minorities as the cause of spreading the virus as was done by far right groups in the West as well as Hindu extremists in India. This also helped in capitalising on the polarisation of society to recruit more people, as was attempted by pro-Islamic State entities in India.
Lastly, terrorist groups have also been engaged in providing emergency aid services to affected populations. This is both a matter of necessity, especially for terrorist groups that control territory (such as the Taliban), and an opportunity for those who want to underscore their ability to perform better than the government..."
Source/publisher:
"Observer Research Foundation (ORF)" (India)
Date of publication:
2020-07-29
Date of entry/update:
2020-07-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
COVID-19 (Coronavirus), Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Topic:
Climate Change, FAO, Forest Monitoring
Topic:
Climate Change, FAO, Forest Monitoring
Description:
"In Myanmar, a five-year project to monitor the country’s forests led by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is set to get underway.
Its goal is to measure and observe the country’s forests to evaluate efforts to curb greenhouse gases and prevent forest degradation.
According to the FAO, the project is unique due to its reliance on human rights and a conflict-sensitive approach to forest monitoring, a first in a country where the central government remains mired in intermittent clashes with ethnic armies, many of which reside in forested areas in Myanmar’s border regions.
In response to the announcement, Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw, director-general of Myanmar’s Forest Department in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, welcomed the FAO’s approach and took a conciliatory tone toward the country’s various ethnic groups.
“We are in urgent need of better and updated data about the state of all the forests in Myanmar. This data will help to better plan and evaluate sustainable forest use and conservation in our country together with all stakeholders, public and private, and also in the land areas of our ethnic brothers and sisters,” he said.
The project is a welcome addition to regional efforts to push back against the ill effects of deforestation and global warming. Its focus on human rights and sensitivity to conflict-prone areas, however, will depend on the backing of local communities to prevent good intentions from inflaming further conflict..."
Source/publisher:
"ASEAN Today" (Singapore)
Date of publication:
2020-07-05
Date of entry/update:
2020-07-10
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description:
"Monsoon wind is strong over South Bay of Bengal and southern parts of Myanmar and deltaic areas will have heavy rain, announced Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) on June 30.
Rain or thundershowers will be isolated in Nay Pyi Taw, lower Sagaing, Mandalay and Magway regions, and Eastern Shan State, scattered in Northern Shan State, fairly widespread in Yangon and Ayeyawady regions and Southern Shan State and widespread in the remaining regions and states with isolated heavy falls in Rakhine State.
The recorded rainfalls are 3.58 inches in Gwa, 2.56 inches in Myeik, 2.28 inches in Putao, 2.08 inches in Bago, 1.60 inches in Shan Ywar Thit, 1.57 inches in Theinzayet, 1.54 in Chaungsone, 1.50 inches in Mawlamyaing, 1.45 inches each in Thaton, Dawei and Longlon, 1.39 inches in Yay, 1.35 inches in Paingkyone and 1.34 inches in Mrauk-U.
Monsoon is moderate to strong over the Andaman Sea and South Bay and weak elsewhere over the Bay of Bengal. Rain or thundershowers will be isolated in Nay Pyi Taw and Magway Region, scattered in lower Sagaing and Mandalay regions, Kayah State, fairly widespread in Yangon and Ayeyawady regions, Shan State and widespread in the remaining regions and states with isolated heavy falls in upper Sagaing and Taninthayi regions, Kachin and Mon states. Degree of certainty is 80%..."
Source/publisher:
"Eleven Media Group" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2020-07-01
Date of entry/update:
2020-07-01
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
more
Topic:
Farming, Sand Mining
Topic:
Farming, Sand Mining
Description:
"“This land was mine, it eroded slowly from the riverbank and after a while, the whole chunk of land totally collapsed,” Than Zaw Oo, a farmer on the Salween River in southeastern Myanmar’s Mon State, told Reuters recently. He said he’s lost three-quarters of his land to erosion and is now a few thousand dollars in debt from paying for embankments to try to preserve his farm.
As COVID-19 shakes economies and lockdowns leave many without income, the pandemic raises questions about the security of our food supply. Agriculture in Southeast Asia is so far stable, though the region’s farmers were already struggling with significant challenges from drought and climate change before the pandemic hit.
But farmers are now also seeing impacts from sand mining, a sprawling industry fueled by demand for concrete and glass for cities and infrastructure projects.
Along rivers and off coasts throughout Southeast Asia, miners use dredging machines to extract the sand, piling it on barges to be sent to megacities like Bangkok and Jakarta or further afield. The world’s largest sand importer is Singapore, which uses it for land reclamation projects. The biggest sources for sand mining in the region are Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Vietnam.
According to a UN Environment Programme (UNEP) report, the global demand for sand has tripled over the past 20 years to around 50 billion tonnes per year, more than any other natural resource. The same report shows that sand extraction drives pollution, flooding, lowering of aquifers and drought..."
Source/publisher:
"ASEAN Today" (Singapore)
Date of publication:
2020-05-19
Date of entry/update:
2020-05-22
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Global, Smallholder farming and farmers in Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"The Department of Meteorology and Hydrology released a report on 18 May and the Emergency Management Centre of the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement also published its findings on the weather situation, according to state media.
The reports forecasted that the Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm (AMPHAN) over the West Central Bay and adjoining South Bay of Bengal is expected to cross India, West Bengal and coastal areas of Bangladesh, without heading to Myanmar at present.
Although the AMPHAN is not forecasted to move to Myanmar, scattered to fairly rain falls are possible across the country from 18 to 21 May..."
Source/publisher:
"Mizzima" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2020-05-19
Date of entry/update:
2020-05-19
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
more
Sub-title:
The on-going specter of COVID-19 demonstrates that no country is immune from global disaster and no one can self-isolate. When the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus as a pandemic, Dr. Henry Kissinger opined that the coronavirus pandemic will forever alter the world order. Many pundits stress any post-coronavirus world order should renew our recognition of our inter-connectivity and inter-dependence. That leads us to reaffirm our commitment to placing the planet’s long-term interests ahead of short-term political expediency.
Description:
"Antonio Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his recent op-ed in NYT dated on April 28, underscored the importance of not losing sight of the big picture and connectedness of issues. He eminently highlighted the nexus between the coronavirus and climate change.
He reiterated that climate disruption is becoming the new normal, human conduct is also leading to severe biodiversity loss, changing animal-human interaction and distorting ecosystem processes that regulate our planetary health. We should take heed of the Secretary-General’s sobering warning that we are approaching a point of no return for human health, which depends on planetary health. The famous disaster movie “Contagion” screened in 2012 is a chilling reminder, as it bore a striking resemblance of the killer virus’ transmission structure; from a bat, and intermediate body and finally to humans. Yet, more importantly, the film concluded by warning that unless human’s destruction of the climate and natural habitats stops, the reappearance of more deadly epidemics is just a matter of time. Indeed, it is startling to see infectious diseases of global magnitude, including SARS, H1N1, Ebola, Mers, Zika, occurring at disturbingly reduced intervals..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Times" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2020-05-07
Date of entry/update:
2020-05-17
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, COVID-19 (Coronavirus), South Korea-Burma relations
Language:
more
Description:
"On International Earth Day, and as the coronavirus epidemic rages on in Southeast Asia, and the rest of the world, regional MPs are today warning of the need to combat climate change and environmental destruction in order to lower the risk of future health emergencies.
“The coronavirus pandemic we are currently facing teaches us an important lesson; that we must anticipate and address crises before they are upon us, and panic sets in,” said Walden Bello, a former Philippines Member of Parliament (MP) and Board Member of ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights (APHR). “The good news is that we can reduce the risk of future epidemics by addressing climate change and deforestation. To do that, we need ASEAN governments to clearly and officially commit to submitting more ambitious climate action plans before COP26 in 2021.”
Research shows that the number of emerging infectious diseases, such as the coronavirus known as COVID-19, has grown considerably since the 1940s. Deforestation and urbanisation, by increasing our proximity to wildlife, have contributed to this alarming escalation. Yet, Southeast Asian governments have provided a worrying lack of protective measures against deforestation, ecosystem disruption and biodiversity loss in the region, APHR said.
“Evidence shows that deforestation and urbanisation increase our risk of catching infectious diseases like coronavirus. Southeast Asia’s staggering rate of deforestation, with more than 32 million hectares of forest lost since 1990, puts the region especially at risk,” said Sarah Elago, a Philippines MP and APHR member. “Our governments have to act swiftly against deforestation by increasing protected areas and environmental safeguards against investment projects if we want to reduce the risk of reliving covid19-like epidemics,” ..."
Source/publisher:
ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights (APHR)
Date of publication:
2020-04-22
Date of entry/update:
2020-05-17
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Global, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"The new State of Southeast Asia 2020 survey report released by Singapore’s ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute shows that climate change is now among the top security concerns expressed by regional experts and opinion leaders. 66.8% of the 1,308 Southeast Asian experts surveyed for the report from across ASEAN are concerned about climate implications, up from 52.6% in 2019.
It isn’t surprising to see a growing concern over climate threats in Southeast Asia. Over the past few decades, climate hazards have brought devastating impacts to the region. 52.7% of respondents in the State of Southeast Asia 2020 survey believe it is a severe and immediate threat to the well-being of their states. The view is heightened among survey participants from six ASEAN states: Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand, where exposure to climate hazards such as flood, drought, and extreme weather is immense..."
Source/publisher:
"ASEAN Today" (Singapore)
Date of publication:
2020-05-07
Date of entry/update:
2020-05-16
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
more
Sub-title:
Extreme weather wreaked havoc in Magwe and Mandalay regions in northern Myanmar, causing record temperatures and triggering windstorms that destroyed several houses.
Description:
"The Department of Meteorology and Hydrology recorded a temperature of 47.5C in Chauk township in Magwe on May 8, the highest in the country in 52 years.
U Kyaw Moe Oo, the agency’s director general, said on May 10, “Temperatures will be above normal throughout the country." He said the previous high temperature was 47.1C, recorded in Myinmu township in Sagaing Region in 2010.
U Kyaw Moe Oo said that while it is too early to compare the current average temperature with previous years, there are indications 2020 will be hotter than normal. He added that high daytime temperature can cause towering clouds in the afternoon and trigger rain in some areas.
On May 10, strong winds and rain whipped 17 villages in Yamethin township in Mandalay Region, destroying houses and other structures, including a temporary quarantine centre, U Aung Myo Oo, a regional legislator for Yamethin, said.
The strong winds and rain, which U Aung Myo Oo described as a tornado, lasted half an hour, and toppled electric posts and trees.
“Even the sacks of rice from the quarantine centre were blown away. The temporary structure and dining room were damaged. Some electricity posts and trees were downed,” he said, adding that 17 villages in Yamethin reported storm damage..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Times" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2020-05-12
Date of entry/update:
2020-05-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
more
Description:
"According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2020, Myanmar has had the highest weather-related losses in the past two decades, alongside Puerto Rico and Haiti. It is said that Myanmar is also one of the most vulnerable countries at risk of climate crisis. The consequences of climate change can be seen around the world, with natural disasters and rising sea levels headlining global news. In Myanmar, severe flooding in recent years and 2008’s disastrous Nargis cyclonic storm have affected the lives of millions of locals and caused over 100,000 deaths. The deadly tropical cyclone was deemed as the worst natural disaster recorded in Myanmar’s history. The dry zone of Myanmar lies in the central portion of the country, home "to nearly a third of Myanmar’s total population. According to media reports, temperatures there are projected to rise by up to three degrees Celsius (3° C) after 2040. In the Irrawaddy delta, in the south – the mid-level projection for sea-level rise is up to 40 centimetres (cm) by 2050...
Source/publisher:
"The ASEAN Post" (Malaysia)
Date of publication:
2020-03-18
Date of entry/update:
2020-04-24
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description:
"United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres said in his recent report on the Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19 that governments should not respond to the COVID-19 crisis by making policy and investment decisions that exacerbate existing crises such as air pollution and the climate emergency.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has made its commitment to “building back better” clear through, among other things, its ongoing work to promote the creation of green jobs and facilitating the transition to a carbon neutral future. Here’s one example from Asia.
Myanmar is widely considered one of the most vulnerable countries in the world in terms of the impacts of climate change. More intense and frequent floods, cyclones and droughts have caused immense loss of life and damage to infrastructure and the economy and put its renowned biodiversity and natural resources under increasing pressure.
Compared to many other countries in the region, Myanmar is currently much less prepared to respond to the challenges of global heating..."
Source/publisher:
UN Environment Programme (UNEP) (Nairobi)
Date of publication:
2020-04-21
Date of entry/update:
2020-04-23
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description:
"From a boat on the Salween River in southeastern Myanmar, Than Zaw Oo pointed to a brown stretch of water he said was once full of lush paddy fields. “This used to be my land,” said the 51-year-old farmer, frowning at the murky waves.
All but six of the 24 acres where he used to grow rice and vegetables have slipped into the water in recent years, he said. Another farmer, Than Tun, said he had lost 15 acres of his land to erosion. While official records were not available, other villagers backed their accounts.
Farmers and politicians in Chaungzon township, just outside the southern town of Moulmein, worry that erosion in the area is being exacerbated by the ships that dredge its bed for sand each night. The sand is mainly bound for Singapore, the world’s biggest importer, for use in reclamation and construction projects. Both the Myanmar government and the company whose ships do the dredging in Chaungzon deny the dredging is causing the erosion. But the dispute highlights the fractious issue of sand-mining in Southeast Asia as Singapore is forced to look farther afield to slake its thirst for the mineral following bans on the trade in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia over environmental concerns..."
Source/publisher:
"Reuters" (UK)
Date of publication:
2020-03-04
Date of entry/update:
2020-03-04
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Environmentalists of Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Singapore-Burma relations
Language:
more
Description:
"Three years ago, the villagers watched as the Sittaung River on Myanmar’s southeast coast crept closer to them, swollen by powerful tidal surges from the Gulf of Mottama that eroded its banks. Eventually, the 1,500 residents of Ta Dar U had to accept the inevitable: move or be washed away.
Dismantling their wooden homes, they relocated several kilometers inland, away from the fertile fields they had cultivated for decades.
“Where we now see water, our farming land used to be,” said farmer Tint Khaing. “It was very big, nearly three hours’ walking distance. We all lost our farmland to the sea.”
Ta Dar U is among hundreds of villages at the frontline of Myanmar’s climate crisis, where extreme weather patterns and rising sea levels have amplified and accelerated natural erosion. Environmentalists consider Myanmar to be particularly vulnerable. It was among the top three countries affected by extreme weather between 1998 and 2018 on the Global Climate Risk Index, published by environmental think tank Germanwatch..."
Source/publisher:
"Reuters" (UK)
Date of publication:
2020-02-27
Date of entry/update:
2020-02-27
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Sea-level rise, Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
more
Sub-title:
Myanmar’s rice growers are increasingly concerned about the amount of water in the country available for the irrigation of their crops, industry insiders say.
Description:
"U Myo Tint Tun, assistant secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation recently said: “A reduction in water available for crop irrigation is likely. Right now, the rainfall the country receives has been lower than in previous rainy seasons. Water flowing into the county’s dams has been fluctuating over the recent years and the amount cannot be estimated accurately. What is definitely known is that the country has to be more effective in saving water.”
Rice is one of Myanmar’s major exports, and if shortages of irrigation water occur it would negatively impact a revenue source for the country. U Myo Tint Tun, says building more dams will not help the situation as there are already enough and that the problem is solely due to the climate.
Being an agricultural country, irrigation water is a critical issue for Myanmar, he added.
“Being an agricultural country, it is very important to have sufficient irrigation water. As rice is a major crop, Myanmar needs more water. The crop grows with rain water during the rainy season but in dry areas, irrigation water has to be supplied. If that insufficiency of irrigated water persists, it will be a great challenge for the agriculture sector,” said U Myo Tint Tun.
To address the situation, the Agricultural Development Strategy was drafted about two years ago under the present government and it features solutions to uncommon weather conditions, he said.
Myanmar’s 15 states and regions have different weather patterns, geographical features and water resources so approaches to deal with these are not the same, said U Myo Tint Tun..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Times" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2020-01-13
Date of entry/update:
2020-01-13
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Adaptation to climate change, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Water resources of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
""We live in a part of the world that will be hit incredibly hard by climate change. The disruptions to agriculture and food security will be enormous. People will simply not be able to live as they are, where they are"
Thant Myint U, 2018
“Climate Change” and “Migrations” are two international growing issues discussed everywhere but too rarely related to each other. From Myanmar’s perspective, not only as an agriculture-based country but also as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, “Climate Change” and “Migrations” are strongly related to each other.
According to the World Bank, “by 2050 climate change could force more than 143 million people to move within their countries.” This includes 40 million people in South Asia neighboring Myanmar. At present, human beings are already fleeing dry zones turning into desert, river-delta being stroke by heavy monsoon and tropical cyclone. People are forced to escape the effects of climate change and the future only seems to get worst. Myanmar is no exception..."
Source/publisher:
"Mizzima" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2020-01-11
Date of entry/update:
2020-01-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Glacier reduction - Impact on water supply
Language:
more
Sub-title:
THIMPHU (Kuensel/ANN) - Even if global temperature change remains under 1.5°C to avert the worst impact of climate change, the Himalayan region would be two degrees hotter by 2100.
Description:
"Even if global temperature change remains under 1.5°C to avert the worst impact of climate change, the Himalayan region would be two degrees hotter by 2100.
With rising temperatures, about 36 percent of the glaciers in the region will be lost by the end of the century. This is according to a study conducted by Kathmandu-based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).
From shifting weather patterns that threaten food production to rising sea levels that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, the impacts of climate change are global in scope and unprecedented in scale.
Climate change and other environmental and socioeconomic drivers of change are testing the resilience of ecosystems and communities in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH), said Nand Kishor Agarwal, an official with ICIMOD. “And if further changes happen in the earth’s climate, the region will suffer the most.” Even a slight climatic change could affect more than a billion people downstream who depend on the Himalayan Mountains for freshwater, energy and other ecosystem services..."
Source/publisher:
"Eleven Media Group" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2019-12-21
Date of entry/update:
2020-01-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Adaptation to climate change, Sustainable agriculture - Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Topic:
Climate change, environment, Karen
Sub-title:
Communities in rural Karen State don’t refer to climate change by name, but they have experienced its negative impacts and are responding.
Topic:
Climate change, environment, Karen
Description:
"At the foot of Maw Law Ei Mountain, the highest peak in eastern Myanmar’s Karen State, increasing temperatures, drought and extreme weather events, such as flash-flooding, have become common.
Members of the indigenous groups that make up the majority of the population here, talk about the significant changes they’ve seen in both the natural environment and the climate.
“In the past, it was cooler because we had many big trees,” said Kyaw Blar, a villager from Ta Deh Koh village, one of the villages at the foot of Maw Law Ei mountain (pronounced Mulayit). “It’s all plain area now… it is hotter now.”
Myanmar, also known as Burma, is among the countries most vulnerable to extreme weather events related to climate change. In 2019 Germanwatch, ranked Burma 3rd in its Global Climate Risk Index on the long-term climate change risk table, which analyses quantified impacts of extreme weather events both in terms of fatalities as well as economic losses that occurred in the 20-year period; from 1998-2017 (link here).
Yet not many people in rural Karen State are aware of climate change’s direct causes or even use the term to refer to the changes they’re seeing. They are, however, among a growing number of vulnerable people forced to cope with the impacts of extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change..."
Source/publisher:
"Karen News" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2019-11-13
Date of entry/update:
2019-11-17
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Migration Regional, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar, Basic information on the geography and environment of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"Myanmar is facing the risks of climate change impacts as the country’s annual deforestation rate between 2010 and 2015 reached 1.72 per cent, said Ohn Win, Union Minister for Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation at a workshop on the suggestion on the analytical results of the village firewood plantation law and bylaw, at Tungapuri Hotel in Nay Pyi Taw on June 7.
In his opening speech, the Union Minister said, “The country’s forest resources are declining due to the facts such as agricultural extension, rapid urbanization, high demands for firewood, excessive timber extraction and illegal timber logging. According to the FAO’s FRA-2015, the forest coverage area accounts for 42.92 per cent of the country’s total area. The climate changes hamper the sustainable development of the country.
It is found that the country is in need of village firewood forest plantations for the firewood, fuel and other basic forest products which are essential for the people. To satisfy the firewood needs of the rural people, the establishment of 1.35 million acres of the village firewood plantations and 2.27 million acres of community-owned forest plantations, from 2010 to 2030, is clearly described in the major project for the National Forest Sector, the Union Minister added..."
Source/publisher:
"Eleven Media Group" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2019-06-09
Date of entry/update:
2019-11-17
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, The forests of Burma/Myanmar - general, Deforestation
Language:
more
Topic:
Health
Topic:
Health
Description:
"Like it or not, daily decisions we make – from our methods of transportation, what clothes we buy, to the food and drinks we consume – directly impact the environment by contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and the production of harmful waste. Millions of people around the world, often led by school children and young people, recently took to the streets to protest widespread political inaction. Despite compelling evidence that the earth is warming at unprecedented levels, they were frustrated that nothing was happening in the world’s parliaments and company boardrooms.
Climate change is a health emergency as much as it is a global emergency with far reaching socio-economic and geo-political consequences. While global warming is poised to hit developing nations the hardest, these countries will also be the least prepared to cope with its consequences. Naturally, doctors around the world are adding their voices to the rising and compelling calls for action, in the hopes of saving more than a quarter of a million lives if our civilisation carries on ‘business as usual’. “Anthropocene”: Evidence continues to mount that human activities are leaving indelible marks on the planet leading it on a path of irreversible change. Some experts believe human activities have even ushered in a new geological epoch on earth, called the “Anthropocene” (anthropo, for “human,” and cene, for “new”) characterised by plastic pollution, mass animal extinctions and traces of radioactive substances dispersed across the earth from nuclear tests. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has produced reports detailing just how much more drastic and hazardous the effects would be if the earth warmed by 2 degrees, compared to 1.5 degrees, by 2030..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Times" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2019-11-15
Date of entry/update:
2019-11-15
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Public Health, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"According to the observations at (18:30)hrs M.S.T today, the Very Severe Cyclonic Storm "BULBUL" over the Westcentral Bay and adjoining Eastcentral Bay of Bengal moved Northwards is centered at about (145) nautical miles South-Southeast of Paradip (Odisha), India, (220) nautical miles South -Southwest of Sagar Islands (West Bengal)၊ (275) nautical miles South-Southwest of Khepupara (Bangladesh), (320) nautical miles Southwest of Sittwe (Myanmar) and (315) nautical miles Southwest of Maungdaw (Myanmar).
It is not moving towards Myanmar coasts, the present stage of the Very Severe Cyclonic Storm "BULBUL" is coded yellow stage.
Position of Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, center pressure and wind
The Very Severe Cyclonic Storm "BULBUL" is located at Latitude (18.1) degree North and Longitude (87.6) degree East, centre pressure of the Very Severe Cyclonic storm is (982) hPa and maximum wind speed near the center is (80)miles per hour at (18:30) hrs MST today. It is moving with a speed of (10)mph.
During next (48)hrs forecast: The Very Severe Cyclonic Storm "BULBUL" is likely to move Northwards initially and then continuously move to Northeastwards. It is forecast to cross West Bengal and Bangladesh Coast between Sagar Islands and Khepupara as a Severe Cyclonic Storm in the morning of 10th, November..."
Source/publisher:
Government of Myanmar via Reliefweb (USA)
Date of publication:
2019-11-08
Date of entry/update:
2019-11-09
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description:
"The Pyinoolwin Green Organization claims that despite their efforts to highlight the environmental damage caused by the building of the Sino-Myanmar oil and gas pipeline, officials have done little to respond.
Sai Min Latt from Pyinoolwin Green Organization said, “The gas pipeline has destroyed springs and other water sources but the local people do not understand this. We presented the destruction of the ecosystem and forest to the officials concerned but they did not take any effective measures. So we do not know what we shall do as they did not do anything in response to our presentations. So I came to this opening ceremony of a school built by the company held today to tell them this is not enough for the destruction they caused.”
Sai Min Latt expressed these concerns during the handing over ceremony of a school donated by SEAOP-SEAGP Sino-Myanmar oil and gas pipelines, held in Thone Daung village, Pyinoolwin Township on October 25.
“The local people want to see the repair of the damage of ecosystem caused by the building of this Sino-Myanmar gas and oil pipeline. Not only giving this school building. They want the company to give them other things that are needed. Pyinoolwin was once a famous hill resort but now destruction of ecosystem worsens climate change damage here,” he added..."
Source/publisher:
"Mizzima" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2019-10-26
Date of entry/update:
2019-10-26
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar, Studies of the regional environment, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Oil and gas - general, China-Burma relations
Language:
more
Sub-title:
The Chindwin River, the largest tributary of the Ayeyarwady River, is vital to the lives of thousands of communities in Myanmar. Its basin ecosystem offers ecological services and biological diversity that provide the essential needs for six million peopl
Description:
"The Chindwin basin’s rich natural resources face a range of threats due to unchecked development, which include mining and logging that are clearing forests, hydropower dams, expansion of crops and irrigated farmland as well as the impact of climate change. These threats directly affect the health, well-being and income of the basin’s communities, and its biodiversity. The changes in the basin –water pollution, river bank erosion, and sedimentation, which causes narrowing or shallowing of the riverbed – are key environmental concerns for local communities.
While Myanmar’s forests have been rapidly disappearing, the Chindwin Basin is still one of the country’s most densely forested areas, with nearly half (47.7 percent) covered with a variety of forest types, including montane, deciduous, temperate, subtropical, dry, and rainforest.The basin hosts 14 of the country’s “key biodiversity areas,” which are considered crucial to maintaining global biodiversity. These key areas cover over 51pc of the basin, which is home to a number of rare and endemic species of flora and fauna. The endangered Burmese roofed turtle, for instance, is only found in the Ayeyarwady, Chindwin, Sittaung, and lower Thanlwin rivers..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Times" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2019-02-26
Date of entry/update:
2019-10-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Biodiversity - Burma/Myanmar-related, Basic information on the geography and environment of Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"Q&A: This workshop will discuss the SR15 and AR5 key messages with a specific focus on the
region as well as the AR6 scoped outlines and what it means for the science-policy interface. It will
provide an opportunity for dialogue between local, regional and national policymakers and other
stakeholders on the challenges and priority actions on climate change with the input from IPCC
scientists. It will reply to questions such as:
• What are the most troubling aspects of climate change for the country and region? (Water,
food, flooding, draught, other?)
• How is climate change already affecting the country and region?
• What are the most effective actions currently underway in the region for adapting to climate
change?
• What are the most effective actions currently underway for reducing greenhouse gas
emissions?
• How can the business community help prevent climate change?
• What can everyday people do to curb climate change and to adapt to it?
• What lessons can other countries learn from your country’s example?..."
Source/publisher:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Switzerland)
Date of publication:
2019-05-31
Date of entry/update:
2019-09-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
105.4 KB
more
Sub-title:
Myanmar is no stranger to environmental disasters related to climate change. From Cyclone Nargis in 2008 to the recent landslides that took the lives of over 80 people, local communities have been adversely affected by climate change. In response, countle
Description:
"Community forestry, in which local people are the decision-makers in managing forests and natural resources, strengthens community land rights, develops local livelihoods, and conserves precious ecosystems. These elements are important for Myanmar’s fight against climate change. Recognising this, the government aims to establish 920,000 hectares of community forests throughout the country under its Forestry Master Plan (2001-2030).
But will community forests bring substantial benefits to local communities and allow them to better tackle climate change?
As part of a research team from The Center for People and Forests and the University of Toronto, Canada, we conducted a study of Myanmar’s dry zone, which found that community forestry can be a viable strategy for communities to adapt to climate change, but only if certain challenges are addressed first.
Community forests must first gain certification from the government through a highly complicated process that could act as a deterrent for potential new community forests.
Much of the land designated as community forests is actually degraded and cannot provide socio-economic benefits. Communities also lack the tools that they need to produce and market their products, including machinery and roads..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Times" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2019-09-27
Date of entry/update:
2019-09-27
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, The forests of Burma/Myanmar - general, Natural Disasters - General
Language:
more
Description:
"People took to the street in Yangon on September 22 to participate in the Global Climate Strike Myanmar.
The activity was led by youth organizations and students numbering about 200 or more people. They marched from new Bogyoke Market to Sule Pagoda, and then gathered outside Mahabandoola Park.
Activists from Myanmar joined the movement since the global climate strike movement began on May 24.
Strike for Climate Myanmar has made three basic demands. Firstly, they have urged the government to officially recognize emergency situations related to climate and to take the required action. Secondly, they have called for a stop to all projects that can harm the natural environment and climate as soon as possible. And, thirdly, they called for environmental justice for all in Myanmar society.
Strike for Climate Myanmar says the situation of the natural environment is bad in developing countries like Myanmar, so they think they should urge relevant authorities to establish suitable policies for natural disaster management and to implement those policies, and that’s why they organized the activity..."
Source/publisher:
"Mizzima" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2019-09-23
Date of entry/update:
2019-09-23
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - governmental and inter-governmental bodies, treaties, meetings, reports, commentaries, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Myanmar climate change networks, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Biodiversity - global and regional, Natural Disasters - General
Language:
more
Sub-title:
Myanmar faces many development challenges, but climate change presents the greatest of all. While the effects of climate change are felt in many ways, it is the threat to the country’s future development that makes it so significant.
Description:
"Myanmar’s location and physical diversity means climate change takes many forms – in the dry zone, temperatures are increasing and droughts are becoming more prevalent, while the coastal zone remains at constant risk of intensifying cyclones. Extreme flooding in the current wet season has seen over 190,000 people seek emergency shelter, with the damage to homes, schools and farms compounding the impact of last year’s floods, and those from the year before.
More intense and frequent climatic events would greatly affect Myanmar, which is already one of the most vulnerable countries to extreme weather events. With memories of 2008’s catastrophic Cyclone Nargis still vivid, the development gains that have been made in recent years remain highly susceptible to such risks.
The need to prepare for, respond to, and recover from, these natural disasters costs time and resources that could otherwise be spent on more pressing development priorities. There is no question that Myanmar must work with the international community to slow down and reverse global warming, while also building its resilience.
The government of Myanmar recognises that a clean environment, with healthy and functioning ecosystems, is the foundation upon which the country’s social, cultural and economic development must be sustained. It has therefore committed to a national development framework that incorporates the notion of environmental sustainability for future generations by systematically embedding environmental and climate considerations into all future policies and projects..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Times" (Myanmar)
Date of publication:
2019-09-20
Date of entry/update:
2019-09-20
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Natural Disasters - General, Flooding in Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar, The impact of natural disasters on the environment and people of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Topic:
Bamboo construction, Climate Change, Global Warming, ASEAN
Topic:
Bamboo construction, Climate Change, Global Warming, ASEAN
Description:
"The world has 11 years left, as reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to beef up its efforts to reduce global temperatures before it crosses the threshold leading to climate catastrophe. While ASEAN countries have expressed their joint commitment through national pledges to take action and fight climate change, they are also focusing on developing their nations as well. GlobalData’s lead economist for Construction Industry, Danny Richards, said that construction output among ASEAN member states will grow six percent annually over the next five years.
However, the building sector accounts for 39 percent of global carbon emissions, where 28 percent is from building operations (heating, cooling, lighting, etc.) and 11 percent is attributed to embodied-carbon emission which refers to carbon that is released during the construction process and material manufacturing. Cement and steel emit eight percent and nine percent, respectively of the total amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world.
Director of the World Green Building Council (World GBC), James Drinkwater, says that once a building of high-embodied-carbon emission is constructed, those emissions add to the total amount of carbon in the air. The construction sector can reduce carbon emission by using materials with low or no embodied carbon..."
Source/publisher:
"The ASEAN Post"
Date of publication:
2019-05-09
Date of entry/update:
2019-09-18
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar, The impact of natural disasters on the environment and people of Burma/Myanmar, ASEAN-Burma relations
Language:
more
Description:
"The risks of climate change to Myanmar were discussed at a seminar for MPs organised by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Naypyitaw this week.
The event held on September 9 gave MPs from seven Hluttaw committees a chance to discuss the issue with three international climate and environment experts working in South East Asia – including Camilla Fenning, the Head of the UK Government’s South East Asia Climate and Energy Network.
Camilla Fenning, Head of the South East Asia Climate and Energy Network, UK Foreign Office, commented that:
“Hearing from MPs about Myanmar’s climate and environmental challenges underlined the need for urgent climate action by all countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and step up collaboration on resilience and climate finance. Discussions also highlighted Myanmar’s huge potential for renewable energy and the economic and environmental benefits investment in green growth could bring.”..."
Source/publisher:
"Mizzima"
Date of publication:
2019-09-14
Date of entry/update:
2019-09-14
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Natural Disasters - General, Flooding in Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"When Cyclone Komen hit Myanmar in 2015, Daw Lawng Hngel and her family had barely a moment’s notice to pack up their lives and escape the devastating landslides.
In the same year, tropical storm Mayak uprooted 6,500 islanders of the Federated States of Micronesia, including Detora and her family, who have lived on the island of Chuuk state for generations.
For several years now, the threat of drought and famine in southern Madagascar has forced farmers like Amadou Botokeky to burn their fields and look for livelihoods in other parts of the country.
Meanwhile, in the vast expanse of the Mongolian grasslands, T S Munkhsukh worries about the harsh winters and summer droughts, and the future of nomadic herders and their livestock.
The stories of Daw Lawng Hngel, Detora, Amadou Botokeky and T S Munkhsukh are part of a growing group of migrants on the move because of climate change. They may live thousands of miles apart from each other, but they share a common reality: accelerated climate change is threatening their homes and drastically altering their way of life.
Hazards such as floods, storm surges, droughts, cyclones and heavy precipitation, accentuated by climate change, take a huge toll on communities and force millions of people out of their homes every year.
Climate migration is one of the biggest challenges of our time. Unless action is taken, by 2050, there will be over 143 million people forced to migrate due to climate change across these three regions alone. Migration due to environmental changes is not a new phenomenon – what is new is the intensity and severity of these drivers due to our changing climate..."
Source/publisher:
"Reliefweb" via International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Date of publication:
2019-09-10
Date of entry/update:
2019-09-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Natural Disasters - General
Language:
more
Description:
"When Cyclone Komen hit Myanmar in 2015, Daw Lawng Hngel and her family had barely a moment’s notice to pack up their lives and escape the devastating landslides.
In the same year, tropical storm Mayak uprooted 6,500 islanders of the Federated States of Micronesia, including Detora and her family, who have lived on the island of Chuuk state for generations.
For several years now, the threat of drought and famine in southern Madagascar has forced farmers like Amadou Botokeky to burn their fields and look for livelihoods in other parts of the country.
Meanwhile, in the vast expanse of the Mongolian grasslands, T S Munkhsukh worries about the harsh winters and summer droughts, and the future of nomadic herders and their livestock.
The stories of Daw Lawng Hngel, Detora, Amadou Botokeky and T S Munkhsukh are part of a growing group of migrants on the move because of climate change. They may live thousands of miles apart from each other, but they share a common reality: accelerated climate change is threatening their homes and drastically altering their way of life.
Hazards such as floods, storm surges, droughts, cyclones and heavy precipitation, accentuated by climate change, take a huge toll on communities and force millions of people out of their homes every year.
Climate migration is one of the biggest challenges of our time. Unless action is taken, by 2050, there will be over 143 million people forced to migrate due to climate change across these three regions alone. Migration due to environmental changes is not a new phenomenon – what is new is the intensity and severity of these drivers due to our changing climate..."
Source/publisher:
"Reliefweb" via International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Date of publication:
2019-09-10
Date of entry/update:
2019-09-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Natural Disasters - General
Language:
more
Sub-title:
Yay Chann argues that it is time for Yangon City to build climate resilienc
Description:
"Last June, a local policy think tank, Another Development, produced a research report related to green spaces in Yangon City. The report pointed out that green spaces in Yangon City had been reduced by nearly 40% over the course of 25 years. In addition, more green spaces in city areas have begun to face the challenges that come along with economic development, population growth, and rapid urbanization. A decline in the number of green spaces in Yangon City is bad, particularly when it comes to building a climate resilient city.
Green spaces are critical in building the environment of a climate resilient city. As a forestry term, green spaces are described as the metaphor of the “sponge” (like those used in washing dishes) because such spaces act like a sponge: they generally absorb and maintain water in rainy season, and gradually release it recharging ground water in summer. Green spaces also play a key role in regulating climate, filtering pollution, and cooling the environment. Therefore, protecting green spaces is important to building climate resilience..."
Source/publisher:
"TEACIRCLEOXFORD"
Date of publication:
2019-09-12
Date of entry/update:
2019-09-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate change and cities, Climate Change - Migration Regional, The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar, Urban development
Language:
more
Sub-title:
Salt water is seeping into freshwater underground aquifers that are used to irrigate crops and provide communities with water for drinking and washing, but because these aquifers are out of sight, they get less attention than surface water...
Description:
"U Myint Thein, a senior hydro-geologist, has urged government agencies in Myanmar to create policies, legislation and other supporting tools to help preserve groundwater.
“To control and reduce vulnerability to climate change – as well as to the overexploitation by human activity – policies, legislation and other supporting tools should be developed by government agencies in a coordinated manner when enacting norms and regulations,” U Myint Thein said.
Meanwhile, farmers in need of a quick fix and engineers concerned about the safety of coastal communities are calling for protective polders that can be used to reduce flooding and allow for seasonal planting.
Polders are low-lying tracts of land that have been reclaimed from the sea and are surrounded by dikes that create boundaries where the water may be drained off through tide gates and automatically closed to prevent re-entry of seawater at high tide. The land surface here suffers less saltwater intrusion and allows fresh water to recharge the aquifer. Therefore, even though the groundwater cannot be used for domestic purposes, farmers can still use the land to grow rice paddy and create a reservoir to store rainwater.
Polders created in Pyapon and Bogale townships in the lower Ayeyarwady delta by the Paddy I Project, initiated by the World Bank from 1976 to 1985, for many years helped reclaim abandoned farmland in lower Myanmar. The project has helped to reduce flooding, control fresh water and allow for seasonal planting.
But the polders need to be built higher in order to prepare for climate change and protect against extreme cases like Cyclone Nargis, according to local engineers. That cyclone destroyed over 23,000 hectares of paddy fields in 2008, causing over 100,000 deaths in the delta..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Times" via Myanmar Water Portal
Date of publication:
2019-09-10
Date of entry/update:
2019-09-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Sea-level rise, Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"IN RESPONSE to emerging environmental issues caused by heavy reliance on natural resources, Myanmar has come up with new policies on national environment and climate change as well as a master plan, Kyaw Zaw, deputy permanent secretary at the natural and environmental conservation ministry, said.
The official told The Nation on Tuesday that Myanmar’s efforts in conserving the environment will become more effective once the new policies and guidelines are in place. “In the past, some of our operations were not as effective as expected because we lacked concrete policy framework and rules,” he said. “Our president recently announced the national environment policy and the climate-change master plan, with support from the United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP] and other development partners. We are now implementing these policies to ensure we protect our environment well.” Kyaw Zaw said the policies would be implemented through short- and long-term development plans. Also, he said, investment will be made in the implementation of policies in cooperation with development partners. President Win Myint announced the launch of the policies on June 5, World Environment Day. He said the aim was to ensure a clean environment with healthy, functioning ecosystems as well as a carbon-resilient, low-carbon society. He also urged investment in renewable energy. Kyaw Zaw, meanwhile, stressed on the need to cooperate with the private sector, urging businesses to follow the environment ministry’s instructions to create a sustainable society. “Whenever a development project is implemented, there can be adverse impacts – both socially and physically. As a regulator, we are trying to minimise such impacts,” he said. On Monday, the environment ministry held talks with World Bank Myanmar to foster cooperation in conservation work. The discussion focused on investment issues, development and capacity building works in prioritised regions, translating newly-prepared instructions into ethnic languages, effective cooperation with locals, drawing up programmes for joint funding to implement waste-management strategy, cooperation with respective states and regions to manage tourism-related wastes..."
Source/publisher:
"The Nation Thailand"
Date of publication:
2019-06-12
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-31
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, The impact of climate change on the global environment, Studies of the regional environment, World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Sub-title:
Every year, June 5 marks World Environment Day. As protecting the environment is a global concern, this international day provides an occasion to question what is being done locally to fight climate change and protect our planet.
Description:
"And as the degradation of the environment will be tougher on future generations, it is no surprise to see the youth raising awareness about the issue both internationally and at home.
Greta Thunberg, a 16-years-old Swedish student, made the news this year by starting an international student strike, driving hundreds of thousands to the streets, with a simple question: “Why should I study for a future that soon may be no more when no one is doing anything to save that future?”
Recently, the local youth took part in the global movement called “Fridays for Future”, also known as “School Strike for Climate”, to voice their concerns about the climate crisis in Myanmar..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Times"
Date of publication:
2019-06-21
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-31
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description:
"Climate change doesn’t always mean extreme events that leave behind mass destruction and chaos, it isn’t always loud, . Often it’s slow and spookily quiet. This is true for the people of Pakokku, in the dry zone of Myanmar. The land is flat, hot and dry and extremely vulnerable, climate change aggravates these already extreme conditions. People from areas along the river experience flooding and are often forced to leave their homes and take refuge in the local town monastery. Further inland, the region is experiencing chronic water problems, with struggles to continue traditional farming such as growing rice paddy. Myanmar Climate Change Alliance has conducted studies on the current vulnerabilities and projections reveal that temperatures may increase up to maximum 2.7 degrees by 2050 with up to 4-17 hot days per month in the summer season compared to one hot day per month defined historically.
With a loss of traditional livelihoods, many (mostly men) have had to migrate to cities or to neighbouring Thailand in search of work, which makes Pakokku more vulnerable for lack of skilled human resources in the townships, leaving women led households without alternative sources of income..."
Source/publisher:
"The Global Climate Change Alliance Plus Initiative (GCCA+)"
Date of publication:
2019-03-19
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-31
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description:
"Last two weeks on the 5th of June during World Environment Day celebrations, I was in Nyaungshwe town. By 5pm Saya O-pekyal and I attended the planting ceremony. Planting trees are higher than the height of a man; trees are known to be of species of persimmon. I haven’t asked whether it was Myanmar family or that of a neighboring country. As far as I understand whether they are of Myanmar family or foreign ones, it is important that they grow well in our homeland.
During the ceremony, an authority from Town Development Committee said that something I could not ignore in accordance with the 2006 survey: the untimely death rate was as high as 20,000 because of air pollution and its related conditions. The day happened to be “ World Environment Day”; the celebrations on the theme of “ Beat Air Pollution” are being held throughout the world..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Digital News"
Date of publication:
2019-06-29
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-31
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description:
"After eight years collecting dust on the planning shelves and also at the confluence of the Mali and N’mai Rivers in upper Burma, the Chinese are seeking to revive the Myitsone Dam, which has been stalled since 2011 after then-President Thein Sein, in an unprecedented about-turn, put it on hold amid massive protest.
In late 2009, as Asia Sentinel reported, a team of 80 Burmese and Chinese scientists and environmentalists conducted a 945-page environmental impact study of the Myitsone Dam for China Power Investment itself and concluded that the dam should never be built. Although the Chinese government ignored the recommendations of its own scientists, the Burma Rivers Network, which opposes the dam, obtained a copy of the assessment and made it public. Nonetheless, the Ministry of Electric Power-1 said it had done its own environmental assessment and the dam would be built regardless.
The Myitsone dam was opposed by a wide range of environmentalists, social activists, artists and others including Aung San Suu Kyi, who requested a review of the facility earlier this year. Thousands of people have been displaced from its catchment area, which is said to be as big as the island of Singapore. Beijing nonetheless sees Myanmar’s Rohingya crisis as a perfect opportunity to rekindle the dam, which would displace thousands of local people in Kachin State and flood a vast area of significant biodiversity and natural resources..."
Source/publisher:
"Asia Sentinel"
Date of publication:
2019-08-02
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-18
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Biodiversity - Burma/Myanmar-related, The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar, The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar, Dams and other projects on the Irrawaddy and its tributories
Language:
more
Sub-title:
The anticipated hot weather in India has been coming and going this year but in Myanmar, it has been breaking records.
Description:
"Yangon, the commercial capital of Myanmar, recorded 42 degrees Celsius on Friday. According to records retrieved from archives held by the Deutscher Wetterdienst, this was a new record for the city.
The previous April high temperature was listed as 41.1C. These records go back to 1881.
The Department of Meteorology and Hydrology in Myanmar noted new records for five cities on Friday and Yangon was not the hottest. The city and port of Chauk, on the banks of the Irrawaddy River in central Myanmar, has been hitting 45C regularly since April 12.
On Thursday, Chauk notched up 46.4C, which is 5C above the average and with the air from the river keeping the relative humidity at 25 percent, these conditions are difficult to endure.
U Kyaw Moe Oo, director general of the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, warned that temperatures may be higher than normal this summer: it is an El Nino year and that can mean drier and hotter weather than is normal.
At the moment, El Nino is weak and is forecast to stay that way throughout the summer. The monsoon rains should arrive as normal under such conditions. May is when it should start raining in Yangon. That would induce a fall in temperatures, but a rise in humidity.
Nevertheless, the combination of a warming climate and a weak El Nino in the Pacific could both weaken the monsoon rains and allow a consequent hotter than normal summer..."
Source/publisher:
"Al Jazeera"
Date of publication:
2019-04-28
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-13
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Natural Disasters - General, Basic information on the geography and environment of Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
more
Sub-title:
Flood waters in most parts of Ye township in Mon State began to recede on Sunday, dropping by 30 centimetres as rain that has been hitting the area has stopped for now, said Amyotha Hluttaw (Upper House) MP U Myo Win.
Description:
"“The worst flooding seen in Ye was recorded in 1942, and this is the second-worst flooding in 70 years. At present, water is falling gradually although people are still worried and praying there is no more heavy rain coming,” U Myo Win said.
“Last night, the water rose to the upper level of two-storey houses at about 30cm per hour and people were frightened and asking for help before phone connections were lost,” he added.
An estimated 5000 people who were trapped all Saturday night were rescued, and most people have been evacuated to higher ground, including Shwesandaw Pagoda and the train station in town, he said.
“All phone lines were down after 5pm yesterday (Saturday). Of four major phone lines, only one worked but the connection was intermittent. We had no communications with villages, and we dared not go to Chaung Taung village, which was closest to us, because the floodwaters were so strong. We are still disconnected from Han Gan, Chaung Taung, Kyaung and Kyauk Mee Chaung villages,” he said.
In the morning, the sun came out and two motorboats from the regional government arrived, he said..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Times"
Date of publication:
2019-08-12
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Natural Disasters - General, Flooding in Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Regional, Sea-level rise, Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"• Continuous Monsoon rain since the start of the month resulted to flooding in several areas in Southern Myanmar – Ayeyarwady, Bago, Kayin, Mon, and Tanintharyi.
• According to the Department of Disaster Management (DDM), a rain-induced landslide occurred in a village in Paung Township (Mon State) on Friday. Search & Rescue operations has so far recovered 41 dead bodies, and believed another 41 are still missing. Rescued injured residents are immediately sent to hospitals for medical care.
• DDM is providing relief and cash assistance to affected families. In addition, key Government officials (including the Vice President) inspected the ongoing Search & Rescue operations in the landslide area today, and visited affected families in several areas to provide encouragement and assistance.
• Initial impact data estimates at least 46,000 were displaced across Southern Myanmar due to the flooding, and at least 4,000 houses were damaged. Several bridges and roads were also damaged, further adding challenge to the ongoing disaster response operations. Damage assessment and data gathering is continuously being conducted..."
Source/publisher:
"Reliefweb" via ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance
Date of publication:
2019-08-11
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Natural Disasters - General, Flooding in Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
352.18 KB
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Sub-title:
Flooding caused by the first monsoon of the season displaced more than 45,000 people, according to a statement issued by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs-Myanmar (OCHA) on Thursday.
Description:
"Flooding has affected Kachin, Rakhine, Mon and Chin states and Mandalay, Sagaing, Bago and Magwe regions.
Many people have returned home, but more than 11,500 people remain at evacuation centres, as it has not rained for four days at higher altitudes and water is draining to lower-lying areas.
However, rivers are still overflowing their banks and remain at dangerous levels, upstream and downstream. Water flowing along the path of the Ayeyarwady River towards lower Myanmar poses a risk in Mandalay, Magwe and Pyay.
U Kyaw Moe Oo, director general of the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, said July and August are among the heaviest for rainfall in Myanmar. This is the beginning of the monsoon season, and heavy rains are expected to continue across the region..."
Source/publisher:
"Myanmar Times"
Date of publication:
2019-07-22
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Natural Disasters - General, Flooding in Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
more
Description:
"The Government of Myanmar today announced its vision for the country’s environmental protection and climate action, launching two new policies that will guide Myanmar’s environmental management and climate change strategy.
Myanmar is widely considered one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to the impacts of climate change, and its renowned biodiversity and natural resources are under increasing pressure as the country develops. More intense and more frequent floods, cyclones and droughts have caused immense loss of life and damage to infrastructure and the economy.
President U Win Myint announced the two new policies – the National Environmental Policy and the Myanmar Climate Change Policy – at an event marking World Environment Day in the capital. More than 400 attended the announcement, including senior government officials from Union ministries, states and regions and representatives from civil society, academic institutions, businesses and the international community, including the acting UN Resident Coordinator and EU Ambassador..."
Source/publisher:
"UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)"
Date of publication:
2019-06-05
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-10
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Burma/Myanmar reports to international bodies and mechanisms, Publications on the environment of Burma/Myanmar, Biodiversity - Burma/Myanmar-related
Language:
more
Description:
"In Myanmar's central dry zone, many villages and their inhabitants are in danger. Due to climate change, which causes both excessive rainfall and prolonged droughts, the Irawaddy river is bursting its banks more often and more destructively.
Hundreds of acres are now permanently underwater, farmers have lost their land and livelihood and many villagers have lost their homes.
Those who have been able to reconstruct their houses away from the flood-prone areas are now in danger of losing their homes again. Moving away even further is not an option for most, since the river they now fear, is also the main source of livelihood of this community of farmers and fishermen.
Cordaid helps the community by mapping the risks and creating contingency and mitigation plans following a proven disaster risk reduction method.
The villagers themselves express and document their greatest worries and needs, after which Cordaid's local resilience partners help the community to find a solution to their problems.
This could entail planting trees to prevent the soil from eroding or the construction of dikes to stop the floods, just to name a few examples..."
Source/publisher:
Cordaid International, Cyril Myint Soe
Date of publication:
2019-07-04
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma, Rural development in Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"People living in Myanmar's Dry Zone are facing the impact of climate change on their lives. The project, Addressing Climate Change Risks on Water Resources and Food Security in the Dry Zone of Myanmar aims to reduce vulnerability and increase adaptive capacity of the dry zone communities through improved water management, crop and livestock adaptation programme in five of the most vulnerable townships of Myanmar’s Dry Zone. The Adaptation Fund project is being implemented by UNDP in collaboration with the Government of the Union of Myanmar.
Category..."
Source/publisher:
UNDP Myanmar
Date of publication:
2017-03-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Smallholder farming and farmers in Burma/Myanmar, UNDP - Burma/Myanmar, The forests of Burma/Myanmar - general, Water resources of Burma/Myanmar, Water security in Burma/Myanmar, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma
Language:
more
Description:
"Myanmar is generally regarded as a country endowed with rich
natural resources: minerals, forests, fertile agricultural lands with
plentiful of Monsoon rains, and opulent marine resources.
• Located between the east Himalayan syntaxis and the Andaman Sea to
the south, washed by the Bay of Bengal on the west, Myanmar links
Alpine- Himalayan orogenic belt to the west with its extension in the
rest of Southeast Asia.
• Myanmar is natural hazard or disaster prone country, being located
in the tectonically active Alpide Seismic Belt.
• Because of rapid growth in population, industries and urban areas,
like elsewhere in the developing world, environmental degradation
and other man-made hazards or disasters are also on the rise...ဓ
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Environment Institute (MEI)
Date of publication:
2015-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, The impact of natural disasters on the environment and people of Burma/Myanmar, The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.2 MB
more
Description:
"Their village of Sin Ka in Chauk Township, in the Magway Region, has only one well that serves 700 people. It is a 20 minute walk away and costs US$0.60 to fill a 200 litre barrel. This is a serious burden on Daung Yi and her husband, who look after a family of 12, including children and grandparents.
Many landless people in Myanmar’s Dry Zone work as seasonal farm labourers, migrating to urban areas during non-planting time to find temporary employment. Chronic poverty is directly correlated with the effects of drought and climate change..."
Source/publisher:
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)
Date of publication:
2016-09-08
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
UNDP - Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Water resources of Burma/Myanmar, Water security in Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"World leaders are gathering in Poland for the COP24 summit. They will be discussing ways of implementing the historic Paris Accords, aimed at reducing global warming and cutting emissions. Myanmar may be a long way from where the conference is being held, but it is a country where climate change is having a dramatic effect. Nick Davies-Jones reports..."
Source/publisher:
TRT World
Date of publication:
2018-12-05
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-28
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Cyclones - regional, Urban development, Rural development in Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"The greenhouse is present for two centuries. Greenhouse gases are necessary because without it the earth would be too cold to hold liquid water but limited. From those years the greenhouse gases called Carbon dioxide effect has increased in concentration by about 50%. That is boosting to change climate “Climate Changes”. Climate change has profound impacts on the earth's resources and the environment in onshore as well as offshore. Here one of the earth's resources is Groundwater that is threading by climate change. In Myanmar, Groundwater in coastal areas and delta area closed to the sea are starts facing that effect. Of that sea level rising by ice, glaciers melting are causing the greatest sign of seawater intrusion to Groundwater at Ayeyarwaddy delta area in Myanmar, mostly in the lower part of widening delta area. And impacts of climate change on Groundwater are slower than others such as surface water but permanently worsen the groundwater by depletion and degradation. Climate changes are linking with sea level rising, saltwater intrusion, increasing temperature, precipitation and recharge to groundwater. These points are threatening to Groundwater in the long-term. According to the Global Climate Risk Index, Myanmar is the second most vulnerable in the world to the impacts of climate change from 1993 to 2014 (Kreft et al., 2014). 2 - Ayeyarwady Delta and Coastal Region
The Ayeyarwady Delta fans out from the limit of tidal influence at Myan Aung to the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.
The low land (Alluvial plain) of Delta is as low as just 3 meters above sea level. Length of the coastal of the lower seaward third of the delta is completely flat with no local relief and stretches for 130 kilometers from east to west. The sea is very shallow with depths less than 5.5 m across the coastline. Deforestation has changed the landscape. As a result of constant accretion into the sea, the delta is advancing year by year. One scientific study estimated that the Delta lost 1,685 km2 (651 mi2) from 1978 to 2011..."
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Water Portal
Date of publication:
2019-07-18
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-26
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Sea-level rise, Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
137.51 KB
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Description:
"Within the framework of the capacity building program for Myanmar urban services providers implemented by GRET (ROSAMUR project), a comprehensive assessment study on sanitation in Magway city was conducted with the key following objectives:
To gather and analyze data and information on sanitation conditions, including all different aspects: regulatory, institutional, financial, capacity, technical, etc.
To draw the faecal waste flow in Magway city to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the current system
To suggest priorities improvement for each component of the sanitation service chain according to the conclusion of the assessment
The following report is in Myanmar language and presents the conclusions of this study.....ဤအစီရင်ခံစာတွင်၂၀၁၇ခုနှစ်၊စက်တင်ဘာလမှ၂၀၁၈ခုနှစ်၊ဇန်နဝါရီလအထိ လေ့လာတွေ့ရှိရသော
ရေဆိုးစွန့်ပစ်စနစ်နှင့်ပတ်သက်သည့်လေ့လာချက်များနှင့်အနှစ်ချုပ်တွေ့ရှိချက်များကိုတင်ပြထားပါသ
ည်။ ဤလေ့လာမှုသည်GRETမှအကောင်အထည်ဖော်ပြီး ပြင်သစ်အလှူရှင်များမှ ရန်ပုံငွေ မတည်
ထားသော Rosamurပရောဂျက်၏ တစ်စိတ်တစ်ပိုင်းဖြစ်ကာမကွေးမြို့အတွက် ရေပေးဝေမှုစနစ်
ရေဆိုးစွန့်ပစ်မှုနှင့် အမှိုက်သရိုက်အညစ်အကြေးများစီမံခန့်ခွဲမှုလုပ်ငန်းများ ဖံ့ွ ဖြိုးတိုးတက်စေရန်
ရည်ရွယ်ချက်အတွက်ဖြစ်ပါသည်။
ကနဦးလေ့လာတွေ့ရှိချက်များနှင့်ကွင်းဆင်းလေ့လာမှု့များအရ
မကွေးမြို့၏ရေဆိုးစွန့်ပစ်မှုအခြေအနေနှင့်ပတ်သက်၍အားကိုးအားထားပြုရမည့်အချက်အလက်များ
လုံးဝမရှိသည့်အပြင်ရေဆိုးစွန့်ပစ်စနစ်နှင့်ပတ်သက်ပြီးမြို့၏အခြေအနေနှင့်ပြည်သူလူထု၏လက်တွေ့
ကျင့်သုံးမှုအပိုင်းမှာလည်း စိတ်ကျေနပ်မှုမရှိသည်ကို တွေ့ရှိရပါသည်။
ထိုအခြေအနေကိုကောင်းမွန်လာစေရန်အလို့ငှာမြို့၏လက်ရှိအခြေအနေကိုနားလည်ပြီး တိကျ
မှန်ကန်သော သတင်းအချက်အလက်များစုဆောင်းရန်လိုအပ်ပါသည်။
ထိုသို့သောအကြောင်းအရာများကြောင့်GRETမှမကွေးမြို့တွင်ရေဆိုးစွန့်ပစ်စနစ်နှင့်ပတ်သက်သော
ရှင်းလင်းသည့် လေ့လာအကဲဖြတ်မှုများကို အောက်ပါရည်ရွယ်ချက်များဖြင့် ပြုလုပ်ပါသည်။
1) ရေဆိုးစနွ့်ပစ်မှုအခြေအနေများနှင့်ပတ်သက်၍သတင်းအချက်အလက်များကိုစည်းမျဉ်းစည်းကမ်း
ဆိုင်ရာ၊ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံဆိုင်ရာ၊
ငွေကြေးဆိုင်ရာ၊စွမ်းဆောင်ချက်ဆိုင်ရာ၊နည်းစနစ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာစသည်တို့ကိုရှုထောင့်အမျိုးမျိုးမှပါ
ဝင်အောင်စုဆောင်းရန်။
2) မကွေးမြို့၏မိလ္လာအညစ်အကြေးစီးဆင်းမှုကို ရေးဆွဲပြီး လက်ရှိမိလ္လာရေစီးလမ်းကြောင်း စနစ်၏
အားသာ ချက်နှင့် အားနည်းချက်တို့ကို လေ့လာရန်။
3) လေ့လာတွေ့ရှိချက်များအပေါ်မူတည်၍ရေဆိုးစွန့်ပစ်စနစ်လုပ်ငန်းစဉ်၏ ဦးစားပေး လုပ်ငန်း
တစ်ခုချင်းစီ ဖံ့ွ ဖြိုးတိုးတက်မှုအတကွ ် အကြံပြုရန်။..."
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Water Portal
Date of publication:
2019-07-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-26
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Urban development, Rural development in Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Water resources of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
3.55 MB
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Description:
"THE IMPACT of climate change in Myanmar is likely to be immense and will play out in multi-dimensional ways. Beyond that, though, it is difficult to predict. In remote, upland areas of the country that are controlled or influenced by ethnic armed groups, political, economic and social trajectories are likely to diverge from the rest of Myanmar.
Already, in some parts of the country, the monsoon – which provides most of the rainfall for agriculture on which about 70 percent of the population depends – is up to 30 days shorter, according to the World Wildlife Fund. Upland areas are projected to experience particularly steep rises in average temperatures, with devastating impacts on harvests, livelihoods and possibly the bare sustainability of human life. However, upland areas will be less severely affected by the rising sea levels that could destroy coastal areas.
Myanmar is among the countries most vulnerable to rising sea levels. Low-lying farmland, such as in the Ayeyarwady delta, is at risk of flooding and salination, as well as being exposed to extreme weather, such as the devastation wrought by Cyclone Nargis in 2008. Neighbouring Bangladesh faces the same dangers, and in the not too distant future millions of Bangladeshis may become climate change refugees. Many of them may have little choice but to head east to Myanmar, as well as north and west to India. Combined with the domestic impacts of climate change, this would be highly destabilising, and could even undermine the viability of the state.
Although not much discussed in the mainstream media, the possibility of climate change severely disrupting the basic parameters of modern social and economic life cannot be discounted. In this context, Myanmar's ethnic armed groups may receive a new lease of life.
In Southeast Asia since the end of the Cold War, the viability of armed struggle by insurgent groups to achieve political goals has been in decline. Only in Myanmar and the Philippines do significant non-state armed groups remain active. Amid a failing peace process, and despite their political legitimacy among many conflict-affected communities, ethnic armed groups in Myanmar are struggling to demonstrate continued political relevance. However, they may experience a revival in fortunes if the state in Myanmar is severely weakened by the impact of climate change..."
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Water Portal via "Frontier Myanmar"
Date of publication:
2019-07-12
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-25
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Policies and projects
Language:
more
Sub-title:
A young Yangonite looked up at a darkened sky above. The wind drove a bank of black clouds immediately overhead, and his face suddenly became more sullen, "Not again!" He was about to cross Sule Pagoda Road, which was congested with cars and trucks blasti
Description:
"When it rains on Saturday, people will say, "It always takes longer on Saturday for the rain to come." This means that either sporadically or continuously, it will usually rain all day that day – even if it is just a drizzle.
He had just stepped out on the pavement when the raindrops suddenly came down from the sky, hitting his upturned face. He had to run to a place where he could shelter for half an hour or so, and he knew that most of the teashops were already full of people sipping sweetened tea and keeping dry. He understood that he had to wait for 15 or 20 minutes until the rain would let up.
But today he forgot his umbrella.
Travelling through the city on foot during the monsoon season can be tricky, especially without an umbrella – assuming, of course, you want to stay dry. The streets are full of people drenched in water, longyis and tee-shirts clinging to their bodies, as they make their way home.
Most people in Yangon carry umbrellas, rather than wear raincoats. Even when it's not raining, pedestrians need to give others a wide-berth on the sidewalks – people of all heights and numbers sheltering themselves from the sun with their umbrellas, as they walk from street to street. Innocent passersby, while making haste through the crowd, get poked by the odd umbrella spoke.
Sometimes umbrellas clash, given how narrow the elevated streets in the city are. It can be quite an art sometimes, holding an umbrella up high, and trying to angle it to pass through the sea of heads, other umbrellas and shop signs.
Everyone notices that the rain is punctual, especially during the rush hours. You will find files of people waiting for the buses at bus stops, while the rain falls heavily. They'll all be tightly clinging to an umbrella.
Umbrellas come from various countries, such as China and Thailand. There are different brands names too – Yamasu, Pigeon, Sonata, Susino, Asahi, Eagle Force, etc. Some golf umbrellas are used by taller people not wanting to get the bottoms of their longyis we..."
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Water Portal " Myanmar Times"
Date of publication:
2019-07-19
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-25
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
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Sub-title:
Updating National Master Electrification Plan
Description:
"Reliable and sustainable access to electricity in Myanmar is a challenge. Currently only 32% of Myanmar
households have access to grid electricity. The rest of the population either has no access or must rely on unreliable
or badly maintained diesel micro-grids and small solar systems. Most grid electricity is generated by hydropower
and burning fossil fuels. Myanmar must meet its rapidly growing energy needs. The critical question is how.
This comprehensive study proves that renewable energy for Myanmar is not only technically feasible but also
economically feasible compared to the so-called “cheap” traditional technologies. The development of Myanmar’s
power sector will require multi-billion dollar investment over the next three decades and our analysis shows that a
diverse mix of renewable energy, in combination with energy efficiency measures, will be the best solution for the
sustainable power development of Myanmar.
Renewable energy goes far beyond the common perception of solar lanterns and solar home systems. Large scale
progress can be very fast. Italy installed 9,000 MW of solar power in 2011, almost twice the installed capacity of
Myanmar which is currently around 5,000 MW. In 2015, Japan also installed 9,000 MW of solar power within a
year.
The first step to renewable energy deployment is acceptance and it is usual for there to be concerns about new
technologies. It has been recorded that grid operators are concerned about solar and wind power being fed into
the grid, concerns also seen in Germany and Ireland but today both countries have a high share (31% and 25% respectively) of renewable energy in their generation mix. Recent practices of grid-interconnection in developing
countries as Sri Lanka, Nepal and Indonesia are also strong, providing promising examples of technological,
regulatory and financial management from which Myanmar can learn.
Myanmar must shape its future sustainably. To do so the right decisions must be made now. The “traditional”
approach will repeat the mistakes of its neighbors, while Myanmar has the opportunity to leapfrog to renewable
energy technologies. Recent developments in the telecommunication sector have shown that both decision makers
and the public are willing to make such a leap, why should this not also occur in the power sector?
Developing a vision is not an end goal, but rather the first step of systematic solution planning. We are looking
forward to supporting sustainable power sector development in Myanmar..."
Source/publisher:
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Date of publication:
2017-03-11
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-23
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
General articles and reports, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Biodiversity - Burma/Myanmar-related, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
6.63 MB
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Sub-title:
Volume ll: Ayeyarwady Futures
Description:
"WWF Myanmar, through the River in the Economy project, brought together
people from diverse backgrounds, to imagine what the future of the Ayeyarwady
Basin could look like.
Some futures look good, some futures look bad. Some futures are good for a few,
other futures are disastrous for the ecosystems that keep us alive and resilient.
WWF Myanmar undertook this process to better understand the drivers of
change that help or hinder our progress towards an equitably beneficial future.
By imagining the possible directions the future could take, we can imagine
what sort of actions we need to take. This is to make sure we collectively follow
the future that we want, and not the future that we do not want.
This report has been developed from the culmination of workshops in 2017
and 2018, collecting the perspectives of government, civil society, academia
and business in the Ayeyarwady Basin, including the Delta, Middle Basin,
Lower Basin and Chindwin Basin. 103 participants attended these workshops.
They represented:
INTRODUCTION
This is the second volume of a two-part series of reports highlighting
perspectives of diverse stakeholder across the Ayeyarwady Basin. The
first workshops were centred on creating a common understanding of the
Ayeyarwady River Basin and the risks and opportunities associated with living
in the basin. The second series of workshops were then focused on the future,
and what the possible development pathways in the future may look like..."
Source/publisher:
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Date of publication:
2018-08-29
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-22
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Dams and other projects on the Irrawaddy and its tributories, Fisheries (including aquaculture and fishing), Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
4.11 MB
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Sub-title:
VOLUME 1: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PEOPLE LIVING AND WORKING IN THE BASIN
Description:
"The Ayeyarwady is at the heart of many activities in Myanmar. In each of its sub basins, a unique set of
needs and risks is associated with the river. As part of the WWF-funded Ayeyarwady River in the Economy
Project, a series of workshops were held in each of these sub basins (upper, Chindwin, middle, lower and
delta) to identify the goods and services provided by the river, but also to identify how these demands are
putting the river at risk, and ultimately the sectors themselves, which depend on a healthy Ayeyarwady.
30 participants attended each workshop. They represented a diversity of backgrounds; academia,
government, private sector and civil society. They identified the goods and services provided to their
sub basins that depend on their stretch of river. These include provisioning services such as water for
irrIgation, regulating services such as flood recession ponds for fish spawning, supporting services such as
safe habitats for biodiversity, and cultural services for tourism, as well as spiritual sites along the basin.
They were also asked to identify how these sectors providing goods and services are impacting upon the
river system, creating risks for the stretch of river in their region.
The top risks identified in each sub-basin are shown in the following figure. These include flooding,
mining, bank erosion, pollution, sedimentation, navigation challenges, river morphology changes, and fish
species degradation.
In addition to the individual risks identified within each localized sub-basin, there are also interlinked
risks from up to downstream.
For instance, increased mining or deforestation in the upper catchment may shift the sediment dynamics
downstream, causing bank erosion or sedimentation. As the Ayeyarwady flows through the country,
hydropower dams trap sediment and may reduce the valuable ecosystem services provided to flood
recession agriculture in its lower stretches. Because of this sedimentation the river widens and becomes
more shallow, causing significant challenges for boats navigating the waters. The use of pesticides and
fertilizers upstream also causes pollution for those using the river downstream. These are just a few of the
ways that risks are transported geographically throughout the entire river basin.
It is of paramount importance that economic development plans taking place, especially
in the upper reaches of the Ayeyarwady and its tributaries, take into account their impacts on the users
downstream. This includes not only water availability and quality, but also the timing of flows and
sediment dynamics. For instance, the flooding risks identified by stakeholders in the lower basin may
be due to a sediment deficit in the upper reaches. This in turn limits the flow of sediment to the delta,
contributing to its sinking. The lack of sediment may be due to a number of factors including regulation
of flows from dams, the trapping of actual sediment from dams or perhaps the extraction of sediment
for the construction sector. Individually these impacts may be small, but cumulatively they may result in
a vulnerable delta, the home of the majority of Myanmar’s population, infrastructure, and fish and rice
production..."
Source/publisher:
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Date of publication:
2018-05-11
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-22
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Dams and other projects on the Irrawaddy and its tributories, Fisheries (including aquaculture and fishing), Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Biodiversity - global and regional
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.97 MB
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Description:
"2017 has been a year of
considerable progress in
the Dawna Tenasserim
Landscape (DTL). This report
highlights WWF’s successes
on the Myanmar side of the landscape, and demonstrates how
donor support is helping us to setup and develop projects that are
and will continue to contribute to the overall goals for this vast
and ecologically rich landscape.
Across the board, WWF is working to show the significance of
the DTL and to protect it. Biodiversity surveys have shown that
key species including tiger and Asian elephant roam the DTL’s
critical corridors, demonstrating to partners this landscape’s
biodiversity values. Four Wildlife Protection Units (WPUs) have
been established to enhance the protection of these animals and
the areas in which they live. Together with partner organisations,
a project collaboration has been established, leading to the
development of a land use and management plan for the
Tanintharyi Landscape Corridor which will secure its vital
long-term protection. As funding for the landscape programme
has also increased, WWF has now secured crucial support
for the protection and effective management of the proposed
Tanintharyi National Park. WWF’s signing of an MoU with the
Karen National Union exemplifies the strong partnerships that
are being developed in the DTL, and our growing credibility
has enabled us to secure funding to begin rubber-focussed
conservation work.
The DTL is an inherently transboundary landscape, straddling
the Myanmar-Thailand border. Critical corridors enable the free
movement of key populations of terrestrial species. For example,
where Thailand has lost its forested corridor connecting Kaeng
Krachan Forest Complex (KKFC) to the Western Forest Complex
(WEFCOM), connectivity between these two significant forested
areas is preserved by the Tanintharyi Landscape Corridor on
Myanmar’s side of the DTL. Species moving between the two
forest complexes have no choice but to move back and forth over
the border.
This is a critical moment for progress in this spectacular
landscape. Though we are at an early stage of engagement,
funding has enabled us to embrace this key time frame, initiating
and scaling up engagement whilst allowing us the flexibility to
move on opportunities and deliver concrete support to local
partners..."
Source/publisher:
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Date of publication:
2018-08-11
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-22
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
The impact of natural disasters on the environment and people of Burma/Myanmar, Biodiversity - global and regional, Biodiversity - Burma/Myanmar-related, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.55 MB
Local URL:
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Description:
"This has been a year of results.
From zero elephant rangers we now have 220 on the ground in our Central
Elephant Landscape and have gone from one elephant poached per week,
to one a month and now one every six months.
We have achieved one of the toughest wildlife laws in Asia with a
mandatory minimum three years imprisonment for poaching or trade
of completely protected species and seen it implemented in the courts.
Through the Voices for Momos campaign we have secured a ban on illegal
wildlife sales in Yangon region.
It has also been a year of challenges.
The Dawei Road project has re-awoken and is pushing ahead with
potential devastating impacts to a critical tiger corridor. Conversations
around dams are becoming louder and more frequent and everyone is
aware of the challenges Myanmar is facing in its transition to democracy.
To meet these challenges we are expanding our presence with offices now
in Naypyidaw, Hpa-An, Dawei and Yangon, and work focused across three
landscapes –Dawna Tenasserim, Central Elephant and Ayeyarwady.
Our work in natural resource protection and management is investment in
the peace, stability, and prosperity of an entire nation. This is evidenced
in our Dawna Tenasserim projects where we are working alongside
returning Karen refugees supporting livelihoods through a sustainable,
inclusive, landscape approach.
Now more than ever we need to ensure Myanmar’s natural heritage
remains and underpins sustainable, inclusive development for the good of
all its people..."
Source/publisher:
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Date of publication:
2018-11-28
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-22
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Biodiversity - Burma/Myanmar-related, Biodiversity - international standards and mechanisms, The impact of natural disasters on the environment and people of Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Illegal Economy - general
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.61 MB
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Description:
''ပခုက္ကူမြို့ ဘက်စုံသုံးရာသီဥတုဒဏ် အဆောက်အဦးတွင် မြေနေရာ ရာသီဥတုဒဏ်ခံနမူနာအိမ် ဂါလံ (၄၀၀၀)ဆံ့ ရေစင်၊ ပေ (၃၅၀) စက်ရေတွင်းနှင့် ရေနုတ်မြောင်းအား လွှဲပြောင်းပေးအပ်ခြင်းအခမ်းအနား ကျင်းပခြင်းကို MRTV မှရိုက်ကူးတင်ဆက်ပေးသည်။
Handing over ceremony of multi purpose flood shelter in Pakokku broadcasted by MRTV...''
Source/publisher:
MRTV via HABITAT Myanmar
Date of publication:
2018-04-30
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-17
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Urban development
Language:
more
Topic:
Handing over ceremony of multi purpose flood shelter in Pakokku broadcasted by Eleven.
Topic:
Handing over ceremony of multi purpose flood shelter in Pakokku broadcasted by Eleven.
Description:
"ပခုက္ကူမြို့ ဘက်စုံသုံးရာသီဥတုဒဏ် အဆောက်အဦးတွင် မြေနေရာ ရာသီဥတုဒဏ်ခံနမူနာအိမ် ဂါလံ (၄၀၀၀)ဆံ့ ရေစင်၊ ပေ (၃၅၀) စက်ရေတွင်းနှင့် ရေနုတ်မြောင်းအား လွှဲပြောင်းပေးအပ်ခြင်းအခမ်းအနား ကျင်းပခြင်းကို ELEVEN မှရိုက်ကူးတင်ဆက်ပေးသည်။
Handing over ceremony of multi purpose flood shelter in Pakokku broadcasted by Eleven..."
Source/publisher:
HABITAT Myanmar via Eleven Media
Date of publication:
2018-04-30
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-17
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - climate education, introductions, films, guides, links, bibliographies, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar
Language:
more
Description:
"Understanding climate – its drivers, variabilities, extremes, and trends – is essential for facilitating
better risks and resources management, and development of planning initiatives. Historical climate
data, which is a record of past climate, can reinforce short term, medium term, and long term
preparedness. Historical climate data, along with other variables, provides a range of utility, viz:
o identification of climate’s location specific seasonality, variations and trends, and climate
correlation to other relevant variables (e.g. rainfall and/or temperature and crop growth,
crop yield and/or crop damage; rainfall and/or temperature and insect infestation; rainfall
and/or temperature and disease outbreak; rainfalland/or temperature and drought; rainfall
and flooding; temperature and/or rainfall and energy generation and consumption; rainfall
and temperature and reservoir operation; and wind speed and wind energy generation, etc.),
for guiding effective planning and decision making in various sectors, pricing premiums and
identification of incentive packages to clients in insurance industry, and better analysis and
presentation of reports by media
o validation of community experiences, for fostering national, sub national and local
stakeholders’ understanding of climate risks and strengthening design of interventions for
resilience
o development and updating of location specific hazard and/or risk maps, for guiding disaster
risk reduction decisions
o refining weather/climate forecasting models
o providing reference for analysis of forecast of various timescales, and generation of
advisories for risks and resources management
o providing reference against which to compare current climate, and a baseline for anticipating
potential future scenarios
The key focus of this analysis is to provide evidence to/support community climate related
experiences and perceptions, in key townships in Myanmar’s Central Dry, coastal and hilly zones; and
develop inferences vis à vis opportunities and risks offered by location specific climate variabilities,
extremes, and trends.
1.2. Objectives
While providing opportunities for various uses of analysis outputs, this study is undertaken to provide
evidence to/support community experiences and perceptions on climate variabilities, extremes and
observable trends in select priority areas in different climate zones, in Table 1, for evolving better
understanding of past, current and potential future climate opportunities and risks..."
Source/publisher:
HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)
Date of publication:
2018-06-07
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-14
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
3.02 MB
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Description:
''The Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA) was launched in 2013 with the joint efforts of the United Nations
Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MNREC) and its Environmental Conservation
Department (ECD). The programme also works closely with several other ministries and government agencies,
including the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement (MSWRR) and its Relief and Resettlement
Department (RRD). The overall objective of MCCA is to mainstream climate change into the policy development
and reform agenda of Myanmar.
The country is highly vulnerable to climate change and hazards. At a local level, climate change is already resulting
in more frequent and severe disasters such as devastating cyclones, frequently recurring floods and
storm surges, droughts and consequent climate driven migration, and loss of productivity in the agriculture
sector, among others. In the context of increasing climate-induced risks, local administrations need to enhance
their capacities for climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR). In response, MCCA
and ECD designed a training course entitled “Building Local Level Resilience to Climate Change in Myanmar”.
The overall aim of the training course is to build the capacity of national and local governments for integrating
CCA and DRR measures into local development plans. The course modules are tailored to equip government
officials with robust knowledge on climate change and its impacts in Myanmar, as well as with analytical and
technical skills on how to develop local CCA and DRR strategies and plans based upon vulnerability assessments...''
Source/publisher:
HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)
Date of publication:
2019-03-26
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-14
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Adaptation, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Urban development, The impact of natural disasters on the environment and people of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
3.86 MB
Local URL:
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Description:
"In 2016 the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA), implemented by
UN-Habitat and UN-Environment, on behalf of the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environmental Conservation, conducted a detailed
climate change vulnerability assessment of Labutta Township, in
collaboration with WWF and Columbia University...."
Source/publisher:
HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)
Date of publication:
2018-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-14
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Adaptation, The impact of natural disasters on the environment and people of Burma/Myanmar, The forests of Burma/Myanmar - General
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.29 MB
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Description:
"Vulnerability is the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, the adverse
effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. This notion is used to describe
socio-economic, physical and environmental factors, which determine the sensitivity/susceptibility
of a country, town, community or individual to the impact of climate change (e.g. change in seasonal
patterns) and/or hazard (e.g. flood).
For example, socio-economic factors of vulnerability are poverty, low level of awareness on climate
change, and dependence on climate-sensitive agricultural production. Land degradation and
unsustainable natural resources management are environmental factors of vulnerability. For
instance, cutting mangroves in populated coastal areas increases the vulnerability of communities
because mangroves help in reducing wind speed, flooding and coastal erosion. Physical vulnerability
relates to the state of infrastructure and human settlements.
Countries and communities are more vulnerable when they have low adaptive capacity. The latter
specifies their ability to adjust to climate change (including to climate variability and extremes) and
moderate or cope with its potential negative impacts. Adaptive capacity also relates to the ability of
people to take advantage of opportunities and benefits from climate change. For example, a longer
growing season due to changing climate offers opportunity to farmers to increase their income.
However, their adaptive capacity is often constrained by the limited access to knowledge and
technology on how to increase their production under longer growing season conditions.
Adaptation to climate change aims at reducing vulnerability and building climate resilience. Climate
resilience is the ability of a system to (i) absorb stress and cope with climate change and hazards,
including maintaining its basic structure, functions and adaptive capacity, and (ii) recover, adapt and
transform in ways that improve its sustainability, leaving it better prepared for future climate change
impacts. In this context, climate-resilient development of townships of Myanmar suggests
development that ensures townships' ability to cope with current climate and its impact and to
adapt to future climate change, by preserving development gains and minimising damages..."
Source/publisher:
HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)
Date of publication:
2019-03-26
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-14
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Adaptation, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Environmentalists of Burma/Myanmar, Urban development
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.21 MB
Local URL:
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Description:
The climate of an area is usually described as average weather condition experienced over a long period of time. Climate change is the change in climatic elements over the time period that ranges from decade to centuries. This change can be measured by changes of temperature, precipitation, and ext reme weather events. This paper aims to assess climate change and its affect on Myanmar and to evaluate the climate o f Yangon City in context with g lobal warming. Climate change, in this study is variation in normal condition of majo r climatic elements of temperature and precipitation. A mount of rainfall, rainy days, and onset and withdrawal of monsoon system are considered in this study because they can highlight the affect of climate change over Myanmar. Observed climat ic data mainly fro m Depart ment of Hydrology and Meteorology and other departments concerned are used in this research. Time-series analysis, statistical co mputation, trend line analysis, and graphical analysis are applied to understand changing climat ic elements. The research reveals that climate of Myanmar is changing in line with global warming. The analysis point ou t the gradual change has pronounced since 1979. In Yangon, slight increase rainfall is found at central part of the City than surrounding area. Peak monsoon rainfall is increasing but early and late monsoon rainfall is decreasing in Yangon City. The noteworthy fact is found that the average maximu m temperature of Yangon City is increasing with a something rate wh ile the average minimu m temperature is significantly decreasing over a period of 60 years. This case leads to the increasing trend in DTR. And also contribute to decrease daily mean temperature. The decrease in daily mean temperatures per decade by decade is experience in this study. This factor opposes to global warming that is both maximu m and minimu m temperatures are increased. Therefore understanding on localized variat ion and microclimate condition are important to conduct more convenience adaptation and planning for local inhabitant. Key words; climate change, global warming,, maximu m and minimum temperature, d iurnal range of temperature (DTR), and rainfall ano malies..."
Source/publisher:
Ministry of Education Myanmar
Date of publication:
2012-03-00
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-14
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Urban development, Climate Change science - Global Warming
Language:
more
Description:
"Warming of the Earth's climate system is evident from the observed increases in the average global
air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.
Weather events of all kinds are getting more extreme. In arid areas, droughts and wildfires intensify.
Number of cold days and nights decreases, while winter temperatures and precipitation become
more extreme. Cities experience more frequent and extreme heat waves.
Temperatures will continue to rise in future. Most scientists agree on the "threshold" of a 2°C
increase in global average temperature on the pre-industrial levels, above which humans and nature
will not be able to cope with the negative effects of climate change. Myanmar is already
experiencing significant losses due to climate change, and without adaptation, country's future
development will be impeded.
There are eight major physiographic regions in Myanmar: the Ayeyarwady Delta, Central Dry Zone,
Northern Hilly Region, Rakhine Coastal Region, Eastern Hilly Region, Southern Coastal Region,
Yangon Deltaic Region, and Southern Interior Region. These regions form three main agroecological
zones: i) Central Dry Zone; ii) Coastal Zone; and iii) Hilly Zone (Figure 1). The latter are used to
describe climate variability and change at the sub-national level.
The country's climate is tropical to subtropical monsoon with three seasons: (i) hot, dry intermonsoonal
(mid-February to mid-May); (ii) rainy southwest monsoon (mid-May to late October);
and (iii) cool, relatively dry northeast monsoon (late October to mid-February). Annual climate
patterns, as well as seasonal temperatures and precipitation vary across the country, as summarized
below..."
Source/publisher:
HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)
Date of publication:
2019-03-26
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-14
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Policies and projects, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Urban development
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
722.38 KB
Local URL:
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Description:
"In 2016 the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance, comprised of UNHabitat,
UN-Environment and the Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environmental Conservation, in collaboration with WWF and
Columbia University conducted a detailed climate change vulnerability
assessment of Pakokku Township..."
Source/publisher:
HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)
Date of publication:
2018-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-14
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Policies and projects, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Adaptation, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.14 MB
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Description:
"This assessment analyses the vulnerability of the
ecosystem, infrastructure, and socio-economic
conditions in Hakha Township located in Chin State,
Myanmar in relation to present and projected climatic
conditions. It concludes that the current vulnerability
of Hakha Township is high, and with
the predicted changes in climate, decision
makers in Hakha Township will need to plan for
increased flash floods and landslides, strong winds,
increased temperature, and erratic rainfall with
greater amounts of rain within a shorter monsoon
season. Based on these findings, required actions
for building resilience over the medium to long term
are proposed in this report. In 2017–18 the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA), implemented by UNHabitat and UN-Environment, in partnership with the Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environmental Conservation and in collaboration with the International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), conducted a detailed
climate change vulnerability assessment of Hakha Township, which is located in
the mountainous China State of Myanmar. Chin State spans 36,019 km2 and is
bordered by Sagaing Division and Magway Division to the east, Rakhine State to the
south, Bangladesh to the south-west, and the Indian states of Mizoram to the west
and Manipur to the north (Figure 1). The capital of the state is in Hakha and the
population is approximately 478,801 as per the 2014 Census.
The present study analyses current vulnerability and predicts future vulnerability of
Hakha Township by projecting future changes in climate for a period up to 2050.
On this basis, scenarios that describe the potential impact of climate change and
adaptation solutions to avoid the worst-case future scenario are proposed. These
solutions have been compiled after several consultations with local communities
and decision makers following a bottom-up approach. The study also describes
the expected outcomes and results, and priority activities identified by communities
during the course of the assessment. We use downscaled climate projections that
were developed using ICIMOD datasets at a 10 x 10 km grid for predicting climate
change impacts for the period up to 2050. The projections show an increase in
temperature by as much as 1.7°C in 2050. Rainfall patterns are also predicted to
change, with a possible increase in total annual rainfall by 150–300 mm and a
shortening of the rainy season that will bring more frequent heavy rainfall events..."
Source/publisher:
HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)
Date of publication:
2019-06-24
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-13
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Glacier reduction - Impact on water supply
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Description:
"Based on analysis of data from 1996-2015, Myanmar was ranked second in long-term climate risk
index (Kreft, et al., 2016), indicating higher impacts of climate events within the 10-year period.
This, even with Myanmar recording the least number of climate events among the countries
included in the list (i.e. Myanmar recorded 41 climate events; the nine (9) other countries had
climate events ranging from 44 to 283).
The current socio-economic conditions in Myanmar make it more susceptible to impacts of
hazard events – cutting across lives, livelihoods and assets. Hazard impacts are
disproportionately higher on the poor and vulnerable. With high degree of poverty in Myanmar’s
rural areas, even low-intensity hazards have big impacts on households. In rural communities,
the poor often live in remote areas in low-quality housing, and lack access to basic services and
local infrastructure, all of which affect their ability to deal with hazard events (Government of the
Union of Myanmar, 2015).
Historical hazard events, and their impacts, offer views on the susceptibility of the vulnerable.
Analysis suggests that climate-related events are likely to be exacerbated by climate change, and
their impacts aggravated by environmental degradation (ibid), which are expected to redound to
increased economic and social losses.
Climate information of various timescales (historical data, 1-3 days forecast, 5-10 days forecast,
monthly and seasonal outlook, and long-term climate change projections) could, when applied
seamlessly and meaningfully, reduce the impacts of hazards and promote productivity. Effective
disaster risk management/reduction and improved resilience requires ingestion of climate
information of different timescales in plans and decisions.
Understanding of capacities and gaps in climate information generation and application could
guide interventions for enhancing availability, understanding, translation into sector-relevant
information, and application of most viable response options, for improved disaster risk
reduction and resilience..."
Source/publisher:
HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)
Date of publication:
2019-03-27
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-13
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Adaptation
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1.83 MB
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Description:
"Myanmar aims to achieve a healthy and happy society that is able to resist
changes in climate regimes and whose economic development will be implemented
through integrated low carbon approaches by 2030. The Myanmar Climate Change
Master Plan (2018-2030) has been formulated and adopted with the view toward
mainstreaming a series of prioritized sectoral short, medium and long term actions
identified in the Myanmar Climate Change Policy and Strategy.
The Myanmar Climate Change Master Plan (2018-2030) showcases the result of
extensive in-depth sectoral consultations and bilateral discussions by line ministerial
departments and enterprises, city development committees, research and academia,
private and non-governmental organizations, civil-society organizations, development
partners from national and international agencies, experts, technical working groups
of Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA) as well as comments from relevant subnational stakeholders.
The Myanmar Climate Change Master Plan (2018-2030) clearly defines a series
of high-priority activities, their respective strategic indicators, and the responsibilities
of involved stakeholders across six specific sectors prioritized in Myanmar Climate
Change Strategy defined as: “climate-smart agriculture, fisheries and livestock for food
security, sustainable management of natural resources for healthy ecosystems,
resilient and low-carbon energy, transport and industrial systems for sustainable
growth, building resilient, inclusive and sustainable cities and towns in Myanmar,
managing climate risks for people’s health and well-being, and building a resilient
Myanmar society through education, science and technology”.
The Environmental Conservation Department (ECD) has great confidence that
this master plan will provide a guiding roadmap for proactive sectoral preparedness in
tailoring and scaling down the responses needed to address annual climate-induced
natural disasters facing with Myanmar as well as stimulating opportunities for long
term economic development along low carbon pathways. In addition, this Master Plan
serves as an operationalizing framework for ensuring Myanmar’s achievement of its
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) to the 2015 Global Climate Change Paris
Agreement.....၂၀၃၀ ခုနှစ်တွေင် ရာသီဥတုကဖပာင်းလဲမှုေဏ်ကို ခံနိုင်ရည်ရှိမပီး ကာဗွေန် ုတ်လွှတ်မ ှု
ကလျော့နည်းကသာ ကျေန်းမာကပျော်ရွှင်သည့် ဖမန်မာ့လူမှုအြွေဲ့အစည်းတစ်ရပ်ကို အားလုံးပူးကပါင်းပါဝင်
ကဆာင်ရွက်သည့်နည်းလမ်းဖြင့် ကြာ်ကဆာင်နိုင်ကရးအတွေက် ဖမန်မာနိုင်ငံ ရာသီဥတုကဖပာင်းလဲမှု
ဆိုင်ရာ မူဝါေ နှင့် မဟာဗျေူဟာ ပါ လုပ်ငန်းစဉ်မျေားကို နှစ်တို၊ နှစ်လတ်၊ နှစ်ရှည် ဦးစားကပး
စီမံချေက်မျေားဖြင့် ကဏ္ဍအသီးသီးတွေင် ကပါင်းစပ်အကကာင်အ ည်ကြာ် ကဆာင်ရွက်ရန် ဖမန်မာနိုင်ငံ
ရာသီဥတုကဖပာင်းလဲမှုဆိုင်ရာ ပင်မလုပ်ငန်းအစီအစဉ် (၂၀၁၈-၂၀၃၀) ကို ကရးဆွေဲချေမှတ်ဖခင်း
ဖြစ်ပါသည်။
ဖမန်မာနိုင်ငံ ရာသီဥတုကဖပာင်းလဲမှုဆိုင်ရာ ပင်မလုပ်ငန်းအစီအစဉ် (၂၀၁၈-၂၀၃၀) သည်
ဆက်စပ်ဝန်ကကီးဌာနမျေားမှ ဦးစီးဌာနမျေား နှင့် လုပ်ငန်းဌာနမျေား၊ မမို့ကတာ်စည်ပင်သာယာကရး
ကကာ်မတ ီမျေား၊ သုကတသန နှင့် ပညာကရး အြွေဲ့အစည်းမျေား၊ ပုဂ္ဂလိကကဏ္ဍ၊ အစိုးရမဟုတ်ကသာ
အြွေဲ့အစည်းမျေားကဏ္ဍနှင့် အရပ်ြက် လူမှုအြွေဲ့အစည်းမျေား၊ ဖပည်တ ွေင်းဖပည်ပ မိတ်ြက်
အြွေဲ့အစည်းမျေားမှ ကိုယ်စားလှယ်မျေား၊ ဖမန်မာရာသီဥတု ကဖပာင်းလဲမှုဆိုင်ရာ ပူးကပါင်းကဆာင်ရွက်မှု
အစီအစဉ် (Myanmar Climate Change Alliance - MCCA) ၏ နည်းပညာလုပ်ငန်းအြွေဲ့ဝင်မျေားဖြင့်
ဦးစားကပးကဏ္ဍအလိုက် အကသးစိတ်ကတွေ့ဆုံကဆွေးကနွေးဖခင်း၊ နှစ်ဦးနှစ်ြက် ကတွေ့ဆုံကဆွေးကနွေးဖခင်း၊
တိုင်းကေသကကီး/ဖပည်နယ်မျေား အပါအဝင် ဆက်စပ်ပါဝင်သူမျေားအားလုံး၏ သကဘာ ားအကကံဖပု
ချေက်မျေားရယူဖခင်း စသည့် အားလုံးပူးကပါင်းပါဝင် ကကိုးစားမှု၏ ရလေ်တစ်ခုဖြစ်ပါသည်။..."
Source/publisher:
HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)
Date of publication:
2019-05-27
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-13
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Adaptation, Climate Change - Migration Global, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
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Description:
"The Republic of the Union of Myanmar is firmly engaged in a
historic process of development, democratization, justice and
peace. However, the ability of our country to reach the targets
under the Sustainable Development Plan, National Comprehensive
Plan, and our peace efforts could be faced an obstacle by observed
and future changes in climate.
In the last six decades the country has recorded increased
intensity of floods, cyclones, and droughts which have caused
immense loss of lives and suffering, damage to infrastructure and
assets and economic impacts. In addition, more silent, yet very
disruptive, effects of climate change are eroding our society’s
wellbeing and productive capacities. In particular, the shrinking of the Monsoon season, the increase in average annual temperatures
and the salinization of land in coastal areas are reducing the
productivity of agriculture, and consequently livelihood
opportunities, which induce many to migrate within Myanmar and
abroad. Climate change effects also provoke displacement, both
as a result of sudden disasters or, for instance, the loss of land to
sea-level rise and erosion, which heighten the potential for
conflict and tensions among communities......ပည်ေထာင်စုသမ္မတခမန်မာနိုင်ငဳသည် သမိုင်ဵတွင်ကျေန်ရစ်မည်ဴ ဒီမိုကေရစီ
ခပုခပင်ေခပာင်ဵလဲမှု၊ တရာဵမျှေတမှုနှင်ဴ ငငိမ်ဵြေျေမ်ဵေရဵ၊ ဖွဳ့ငဖိုဵ တိုဵတက်မှုေဖာ်ေဆာင်ေရဵ
လုပ်ငန်ဵစဉ်မျောဵကို ြေိုင်မာစွာ အေကာင်အထည်ေဖာ်ေဆာင်လျေက်ရှိပါသည်။
သို့ရာတွင် လက်ရှိကကုဳေတွ့ေနရငပီဵအနာဂတ် ကာလတွင်လည်ဵ ကကုဳေတွ့ရဖွယ်ရှိ
သည်ဴ ရာသီဥတုေခပာင်ဵလဲမှုမျောဵသည် ငငိမ်ဵြေျေမ်ဵေရဵကကိုဵပမ်ဵတည်ေဆာက်မှုမျောဵ၊
စဉ်ဆက်မခပတ် ဖွဳ့ငဖိုဵတိုဵတက်မှု ပန်ဵတိုင်မျောဵနှင်ဴ အမျေ ိုဵသာဵဘက်စုဳ ဖွဳ့ငဖိုဵ
တိုဵတက်မှု ရည်မှန်ဵြေျေက်မျောဵသို့ ေရာက်ရှိေရဵေဆာင်ရွက်ရာတွင် အဟန့်အတာဵ
တစ်ြေုသဖွယ် ခဖစ်ေနပါသည်။
လွန်ြေဲဴေသာ နှစ်ေပါင်ဵ (၆၀) ကာလအတွင်ဵ နိုင်ငဳအနှဳ့အခပာဵတွင် ေရကကီဵ
ခြေင်ဵ၊ မုန်တိုင်ဵတိုက်ြေတ်ခြေင်ဵနှင်ဴ မိုဵေြေါင်ခြေင်ဵတို့ ပိုမိုခပင်ဵထန်စွာ ခဖစ်ပွာဵြေဲဴေသာ
ေ ကာင်ဴ အသက်အိုဵအိမ် စည်ဵစိမ်မျောဵ ပျေက်စီဵဆုဳဵရှုဳဵမှု၊ လမ်ဵတဳတာဵ ဆက်သွယ်ေရဵ
အပါအဝင် အေခြေြေဳအေဆာက်အဦမျောဵ ပျေက်စီဵမှုနှင်ဴ စီဵပွာဵေရဵထိြေိုက်မှုမျောဵ ခဖစ်ေပါ်
ြေဲဴပါသည်။ ထို့ခပင် ခပင်ဵထန်ေသာ ရာသီဥတု၏ ဆိုဵကျေ ိုဵသက်ေရာက်မှုမျောဵသည..."
Source/publisher:
HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)
Date of publication:
2019-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-13
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar
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Description:
"Myanmar has achieved significant growth in recent years, and projections
indicate that growth will accelerate due to lower levels of political uncertainty and
strong investment (WEF 2016). However, the impacts of climate change have already
undermined development outcomes and will continue to do so for future development
outcomes if these impacts are not managed or addressed.
The observed and projected changes in climate include a general increase in
temperature, variation in rainfall and an increased occurrence and severity of extreme
weather events such as cyclones, floods, droughts, intense rains and extreme high
temperatures. The country is also experiencing a decrease in the duration of the
southwest monsoon season due to its late onset and early retreat (NAPA 2013).
Current patterns of socioeconomic development rely on climate-sensitive sectors
and regions. For example, agriculture is the largest economic sector, contributing to 30
percent of GDP and employing to 61 percent of the labour force (MOAI 2014). An increase
in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events has caused a decline in
agricultural productivity, which has resulted in a decrease in GDP and household income
and rising food insecurity (MOAI 2015). Myanmar's population and economic activities
are concentrated in disaster risk-prone areas such as the Delta, Coastal and Central Dry
Zones, which are highly exposed to hazards and have both high poverty levels and low
response capacity. Coastal regions are particularly at risk from sea level rise and
cyclones, while the lowlands and Central Dry Zone are vulnerable to the impacts of
floods and droughts, respectively. Communities and businesses located in at-risk regions
and reliant on climate-sensitive economic activities are particularly vulnerable to the
impacts of climate change (NAPA 2013; IPCC 2014).
Due to its exposure and sensitivity to current and projected weather patterns,
Myanmar is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In the past 20 years
(1995–2014), it has been exposed to 41 extreme weather events resulting in a death toll
of 7, 146 (annual average) inhabitants and an annual average of 0.74 percent loss per.....ြပည်ေထာင်စုသမ္မတ ြမန်မာနိုင်ငဳေတာ်အစိုဵရ၊ သယဳဇာတနှင်ဴ သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်ဵ ျင်
ထိန်ဵသိမ်ဵေရဵဝန်က ီဵဌာန (MONREC)သည် ဤမဟာဗျူဟာ ေရဵဆွဲြပုစုရာတွင် ပူဵေပါင်ဵပါဝင်ေသာ
ြမန်မာဴရာသီဥတုေြပာင်ဵလဲမှုဆိုင်ရာ ပူဵေပါင်ဵေဆာင်ရွ ်မှုအစီအစဉ်(MCCA) ၏ စီမဳ ိန်ဵဆိုင်ရာ
ဦဵေဆာင်ေ ာ်မတီအဖွဲ့ဝင်မျာဵအာဵလုဳဵ၏ လမ်ဵညွှန်မှုမျာဵနှင်ဴ နည်ဵပညာလုပ်ငန်ဵ အဖွဲ့ဝင်မျာဵ
အာဵလုဳဵ၏ ဝိုင်ဵဝန်ဵ ူညီပဳဴပိုဵမှုမျာဵ ို အေလဵထာဵအသိအမှတ်ြပုပါသည်။ နည်ဵပညာလုပ်ငန်ဵ
အဖွဲ့တွင် အဓိ ျေသာ ဝန်က ီဵဌာနမျာဵ၊ ဦဵစီဵဌာနမျာဵ၊ ေနြပည်ေတာ်၊ ရန် ုန်နှင်ဴ မန္တေလဵမမို့မျာဵ
၏ မမို့ေတာ်စည်ပင်သာယာေရဵေ ာ်မတီဝင်မျာဵ၊ ပညာေရဵအဖွဲ့အစည်ဵမျာဵ၊ ြပည်ေထာင်စုသမ္မတ
ြမန်မာနိုင်ငဳ ုန်သည်မျာဵနှင်ဴစ ်မှုလ ်မှုလုပ်ငန်ဵရှင်မျာဵအသင်ဵချုပ်(UMFCCI)၊ ြမန်မာဴပတ်ဝန်ဵ ျင်
ထူေထာင်ထိန်ဵသိမ်ဵေရဵ ွန်ရ ် (MERN) အပါအဝင် လူမှုအဖွဲ့အစည်ဵမျာဵ၊ ပတ်ဝန်ဵ ျင်ထိန်ဵသိမ်ဵ
ေရဵ နှငဴ် ရာသီဥတုေြပာင်ဵလဲမှု လုပ်ငန်ဵနယ်ပယ်မျာဵတွင် ေဆာင်ရွ ်ေနသညဴ် လူမှု အဖွဲ့အစည်ဵမျာဵ၊
ြမန်မာနိုင်ငဳအင်ဂျင်နီယာအသင်ဵနှငဴ် ဖွဳ့မဖိုဵမှု မိတ်ဖ ်အဖွဲ့အစည်ဵမျာဵြဖစ်ေသာ ုလသမဂ္ဂဖွဳ့မဖိုဵမှု
အစီအစဉ် (UNDP)၊ သဘာဝေဘဵအန္တရာယ် ေလျှောဴချေရဵလုပ်ငန်ဵအဖွဲ့၊ ပတ်ဝန်ဵ ျင် ဏ္ဍလုပ်ငန်ဵ
အဖွဲ့၊ သစ်ေတာြပုန်ဵတီဵြခင်ဵနှင်ဴ သစ်ေတာအတန်ဵအစာဵ ျဆင်ဵြခင်ဵမှ ာဗွန်ထုတ်လွှတ်မှု
ေလျှောဴချြခင်ဵအစီအစဉ် (UN-REDD+)၊ Plan International၊ မ္ဘာလုဳဵဆိုင်ရာ သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်ဵ ျင်
ရန်ပုဳေငွအဖွဲ့ (WWF-ြမန်မာ)တို့ပါဝင်ပါသည်။ အဆိုပါအဖွဲ့အစည်ဵမျာဵမှ ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်မျာဵသည် လ ်ေတွ့
ေဆာင်ရွ ်နိုင်မညဴ် ဤမဟာဗျူဟာ ို ေရဵဆွဲနိုင်ရန် ၎င်ဵတို့၏ တန်ဖိုဵရှိလှေသာ ယူဆချ ်မျာဵ၊
အက ဳဉာဏ်မျာဵနှင်ဴ ဗျူဟာေြမာ ်အြမင်မျာဵ ို ဝိုင်ဵဝန်ဵပဳဴပိုဵေပဵခဲဴက ပါသည်။..."
Source/publisher:
HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)
Date of publication:
2019-05-27
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-13
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
HABITAT - Burma/Myanmar, Adaptation, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
2.27 MB 4.07 MB
more
Source/publisher:
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Date of publication:
2019-03-22
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-19
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Food Security and nutrition in Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
815.22 KB
more
Description:
"Evaluation contributes to accountability and lessons learning and should lead to improved management
decision-making and performance. For evaluation to play its roles, among other measures and procedures,
there needs to be careful consideration of evaluation recommendations as a basis for management
decisions.
Since 2006, FAO evaluation policy establishes that all evaluations in FAO must receive a Management
Response (MR) and a Follow-up report (FR). Standardized and assured quality in the Organization’s
responses and follow-up reports on evaluations enhances the transparency of the evaluation process and
enables drawing lessons on the effectiveness of, and compliance with the corporate evaluation policy. This
guidance note outlines the roles and responsibilities for the preparation of these reports.
FAO Office of Evaluation (OED) is also aware that the evaluation reports themselves need to facilitate
decision by management on recommendations and follow-up. Thus OED, in fulfilling its quality assurance
function, will endeavour to ensure that evaluation recommendations are expressed clearly and
unambiguously.
All queries on these procedures should be addressed to the Director, Office of Evaluation..."
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2018-04-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-18
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Law and policy on land in Burma/Myanmar, Description of land in Burma/Myanmar, Food Security and nutrition in Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
779.89 KB
more
Description:
"The fisheries and aquaculture sector in Myanmar is critically important to the country’s food and nutrition security and
economy. Climate change is forecast to have a significant impact on the sector. For capture fisheries (marine and
inland) these impacts include changes in sea surface temperature, higher inland water temperature, changes in ocean
currents, changes in the frequency of El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, sea level rise and changing levels of
rain and water availability. The aquaculture sector is also exposed to hazards such as salt-water intrusion, flooding of
ponds, shortages in water supply, invasive species and ad hoc development planning altering local ecosystem
dynamics and undermining their resilience, integrity and functionality. The fisheries sector and dependent livelihoods
are also under stress from a range of other factors such as Illegal Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing,
overfishing and pollution. Myanmar is vulnerable to extreme climate events, which have caused significant loss of life,
damage to infrastructure and also impacted fishers and fish farmers’ livelihoods..."
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2018-12-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-18
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Fisheries (including aquaculture and fishing), Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
440.14 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
"Myanmar is highly vulnerable to climate change and extreme weather conditions. Changing rainfall patterns, increasing
temperatures and rising sea level have negative impact on agricultural production which can lead to food insecurity.
Insufficient legal regulatory and institutional frameworks and limited capacity among key stakeholders in developing and
implementing improved practices for the management of productive landscapes (agricultural lands and forests) are key
barriers for Myanmar to effectively cope with the impacts of land degradation and climate change.
In order to address identified barriers and respond to the national needs, FAO coordinates the implementation of a
project entitled “Sustainable cropland and forest management in priority agro-ecosystems of Myanmar” in close
collaboration with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC), and the Ministry of
Agriculture Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI).
It is expected that by adapting Climate Smart Agricultural and Sustainable Forest Management systems, that are more
resilient to climatic trends and changes, production can be sustainably increased and achievement of national food
security and development goals will be enhanced. By signing the Paris Agreement, Myanmar has sent a very clear signal
about pursuing a low carbon development path. This is further backed up by national initiatives such as the
development of the National Climate Change Policy and sector strategies like the Myanmar Climate Smart Agriculture
Strategy. The project is therefore well aligned with the national development agenda..."
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2018-10-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-18
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Sustainable agriculture - Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, Contract farming
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
690.28 KB
more
Description:
"Happy Thadingyut and welcome to the third issue of FAO Myanmar
newsletter in 2018 featuring the most prominent activities of FAO in
Myanmar for the recent quarter!
During the previous quarter, FAO continued pursuing to reach its
sustainable development goals through the strong collaboration
with the government and resource partners. Recognizing the
relatively large, productive, and ecologically intact coastal zone of
Myanmar and understanding the requirement of conservation on
this valuable ecosystem, FAO’s EAF-Nansen Programme, with the
visit of the Research vessel Dr Fridtjof Nansen, conducted a survey
on the fisheries resources and marine ecosystem of Myanmar.
Myanmar is facing the global challenge of having enough quality
food for the total population and is also vulnerable to serious
natural disasters that negatively affect food security. As a
contribution of fighting against this challenge, FAO started off a
regional project on the Nutrition Sensitive Food and Agriculture that
will implement “Zero Hunger Challenge” in Myanmar.
Increasing and improving the provision of goods and services from
agriculture, forestry and fisheries is very important and essential for Myanmar’s sustainable development. The newly-launched
project of FAO at the Forest Research Institute will improve
research capacity and knowledge for sustainable management of
natural forests, which in turn, will enhance productivity of forest
plantations and restoration of degraded forests and landscapes.
Likewise, opening the “National Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
Centre” will also help farming and forestry stakeholders in building
capacity to mitigate climate change and improve land condition.
At the same time, FAO is supporting the students from University
of Veterinary Science in the area of socio-economics through field
surveys as a support of providing graduates to work in rapidly
growing livestock sector of Myanmar.
FAO Myanmar remains committed to enhance resilience of
vulnerable communities through restoring, protecting and
improving livelihood opportunities. FAO is implementing a HARP
(DFID)-funded project in northern Rakhine State for the local
communities affected by the conflicts in 2017. The facilitation of
FAO during the observatory visit of British Ambassador to these
project sites is one of the highlights of this quarter..."
Xiaojie Fan
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2018-09-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-17
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Food Security - global and regional literature, Food Security and nutrition in Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
747.11 KB
more
Description:
"Livestock raising is an important source of income for smallholders all over the country, but especially in the Central Dry
Zone, due to its large available areas for livestock grazing. In this area, households raise cattle, sheep and goats, pigs
and poultry.
The recent rapid economic development of the country, and improved linkages to regional markets have increased the
demand for livestock products – meat, milk, and eggs, and this creates a great opportunity for household investment in
livestock.
While households can improve incomes through better livestock husbandry, it is only with improved government policies
and actions that the full potential of the sector can be reached, for example, those policies which enable Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) to deliver basic animal health services to smallholders throughout the country.
The project is being implemented in collaboration with the Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department (LBVD)..."
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2018-12-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-17
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Smallholder farming and farmers in Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
725.61 KB
more
Description:
"Fisheries co-management projects, bringing together fisher communities, government, nongovernmental organizations (NGO) and research organizations, represent the best opportunity for
developing and sustaining inland and delta fisheries in Myanmar. Each partner brings different
competencies, field-tested experiences and an extensive network of communities, service providers
and trading networks into the process.
Vulnerability can be defined as the extent to which an activity or a group of persons is exposed to a
hazard, and also the extent to which they are able to respond or adapt. It also includes socio-economic
characteristics (e.g. poverty and employment rates, age of the population, power dynamics). The
Participatory rural appraisal – Vulnerability study of Ayeyarwady Delta fishing communities in
Myanmar and social protection opportunities (PRA-V study) seeks to inform fisheries management
and social protection processes of the key vulnerability issues faced by fishers at the five pilot sites
selected for fisheries co-management. The five co-management sites are located in: Labutta, Pyapon,
Maubin, Hinthada and Thabaung townships (Figure 2). All sites have a t least one villa ge t ha t is
implementing a rudimentary form of fisheries co-management. Two of the sites (Labutta and Pyapon)
are in coastal saline areas, two are in freshwater areas (Hinthada and Thabaung) while the fifth site
(Maubin) is in an area inland that alternates between freshwater and brackish conditions..."
Aung Kyaw Thein, Richard Gregory, Michael Akester, Florence Poulain, Romain Langeard
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2019-01-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-16
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Fisheries (including aquaculture and fishing), Food Security in Burma/Myanmar - web searches, specialised groups, reports and statistics, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.8 MB
more
Description:
"The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is implementing a project
entitled “Sustainable Cropland and forest management in priority agro-ecosystems of Myanmar
(SLM-GEF)” in coordination with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Conservation (MoNREC) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI) with
funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
The project aims to facilitate and strengthen sustainable land management (SLM), sustainable
forest management (SFM), and climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The project facilitates the
adoption of climate smart agriculture (CSA) policies and practices that will help to sustainably
increase productivity, enhance resilience (adaptation), reduce/remove GHGs (mitigation) and
enhance achievement of national food security and development goals.
The project intends to establish a national CSA/SLM training program mainstreaming CSA/SLM
in the agriculture related training conducted by Department of Agriculture (DOA), State
Agricultural Institutes (SAI), Department of Agriculture Research (DAR) and Yezin Agricultural
University (YAU). The project will work with DoA, SAIs, DAR and YAU to integrate CSA within
their research, training and development programs. The training program will vary with the need
and nature of the institutions, for example;(1) one month training together with other subjects for
the in-service or refresher course at Central Agriculture Research and Training Centre (CARTC),
(2) one week intensive training of trainers (ToT) aiming for the senior extension agents of DoA,
DAR and YAU, (3) CSA component integrated into the course for diploma students at SAIs, and
(4) CSA component integrated into the course for bachelor and master's level at YAU.
AVSI Foundation was contracted to develop the Climate Smart Agriculture Curriculum and
Handbook to be introduced and incorporated as a course (subject) into the existing education
systems at different levels as mentioned above. This document will serve as the main
resource/reference book for professors/lecturers/teachers from the different State Agricultural
Institutes to include the related topics on CSA into their courses for teaching the students..."
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2019-01-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-15
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Food Security in Burma/Myanmar - web searches, specialised groups, reports and statistics, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
341.06 KB
more
Description:
"The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is implementing a project
entitled “Sustainable Cropland and forest management in priority agro-ecosystems of Myanmar
(SLM-GEF)” in coordination with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Conservation (MoNREC) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI) with
funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
The project aims to facilitate and strengthen sustainable land management (SLM), sustainable
forest management (SFM), and climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The project facilitates the
adoption of climate smart agriculture (CSA) policies and practices that will help to sustainably
increase productivity, enhance resilience (adaptation), reduce/remove GHGs (mitigation) and
enhance achievement of national food security and development goals.
The project intends to establish a national CSA/SLM training program mainstreaming CSA/SLM
in the agriculture related training conducted by Department of Agriculture (DoA), State
Agricultural Institutes (SAI), Department of Agriculture Research (DAR) and Yezin Agricultural
University (YAU). The project will work with DoA, SAIs, DAR and YAU to integrate CSA within
their research, training and development programs. The training program will vary with the need
and nature of the institutions, for example;(1) one month training together with other subjects for
the in-service or refresher course at Central Agriculture Research and Training Centre (CARTC),
(2) one week intensive training of trainers (ToT) aiming for the senior extension agents of DoA,
DAR and YAU, (3) CSA component integrated into the course for diploma students at SAIs, and
(4) CSA component integrated into the course for bachelor and master's level at YAU.
AVSI Foundation has been contracted to develop the Climate Smart Agriculture Curriculum and
Handbook to be introduced and incorporated as a course (subject) into the existing education
systems at different levels as mentioned above. This document will serve as the main
resource/reference book for the trainers to include the related topics on CSA into their courses for
teaching..."
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2019-01-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-15
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Food Security in Burma/Myanmar - web searches, specialised groups, reports and statistics, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
377.97 KB
more
Description:
"Dear Readers,
Welcome to the first FAO Myanmar newsletter of
2019!
In 2019, FAO will continue its strong support to
the Government of Myanmar and its people. At
the start of the year, the new Country
Programming Framework (CPF) for Myanmar
outlining the priority areas of FAO support to and
partnership with the Government for a six-year
period was signed. FAO Assistant DirectorGeneral and Regional Representative for Asia and
Pacific joined the CPF signing ceremony as well
as observed the on-ground situation of FAO
projects in the country.
With the new framework of partnership, FAO will
extend its assistance to the Government to
achieve three main goals. The first is enhanced
food security, nutrition and food safety. The
second is strengthened governance and
sustainable management of land, forests, water
resources and ecosystems. The third relates to
enhanced resilience of local communities and
farming households to natural and humanitarian disasters, climate change and transboundary and
emerging infectious disease risks. The achievement
of these three goals will be closely linked to our
support in the accomplishment of the
Government’s strategies such as: the Multisectoral National Plan of Action for Nutrition (MSNPAN), the Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS)
and the Myanmar Action Plan for Disaster Risk
Reduction (MAPDRR). Through all the efforts that
are being put in place, FAO aspires to see economic
growth and political stability in Myanmar.
FAO Myanmar remains committed to contribute
to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in
the country more specifically, the Myanmar
Sustainable Development Plan through a strong
collaboration with the Government counterparts,
donors, and development and humanitarian
partners.
I wish you all a happy Myanmar New Year!
Enjoy reading our Newsletter!..."
Xiaojie Fan
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2019-03-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-15
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Food Security and nutrition in Burma/Myanmar, Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.23 MB
more
Description:
"The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is implementing a project
entitled “Sustainable Cropland and forest management in priority agro-ecosystems of Myanmar
(SLM-GEF)” in coordination with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Conservation (MoNREC) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI)
with funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). AVSI Foundation has been
contracted to develop the National Farmer Field School (FFS) curriculum and FFS Handbook.
AVSI Foundation has developed a FFS curriculum/module on climate smart agriculture (CSA)
techniques/practices for each selected agricultural crop and for each of the three agro-ecological
zones incorporating solutions to the major problems identified during the need assessments and
also considering the findings of value chain analysis..."
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2019-01-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-15
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Food Security in Burma/Myanmar - web searches, specialised groups, reports and statistics, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
319.01 KB
more
Description:
"The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is implementing a project
entitled “Sustainable Cropland and forest management in priority agro-ecosystems of Myanmar
(SLM-GEF)” in coordination with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Conservation (MoNREC) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI)
with funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
The project aims to facilitate and strengthen sustainable land management (SLM), sustainable
forest management (SFM), and climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The project facilitates the
adoption of CSA policies and practices that will help to sustainably increase productivity,
enhance resilience, reduce/remove GHGs and enhance achievement of national food security
and development goals. At field level, the project is active in five pilot Townships from three
different agro-ecological zones implementing various relevant CSA initiatives mainly using
Farmer Field Schools (FFS) models.
Upland/hill Pilot Site: Mindat and Kanpetlet Townships, Chin State
Coastal/Delta Zone Pilot Site: Laputta Township, Ayeyarwady Region
Central Dry Zone Pilot Site: Kyaukpadaung and Nyaung U Townships, Mandalay Region
AVSI Foundation was contracted as a Service Provider to develop the FFS curriculum and FFS
Handbook for each of the above mentioned three agro-ecological zones. Accordingly, the FFS
curriculum/module on CSA techniques/practices for the prioritized agricultural crops and
cropping systems under each of the three agro-ecological zones have been developed
incorporating solutions to the major problems identified during the need assessments and also
considering the findings of value chain analysis. After finalizing the FFS curriculum, a FFS
handbook has been developed for each agro-ecological zone both in Myanmar and English
version. This handbook is intended to help the Extension Workers, FFS Facilitators and FFS
Committee/farmers to implement FFS on CSA techniques and practices in costal/delta Region
and scaling up the learnings in similar areas of Myanmar..."
Ms. Xiaojie Fan
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2019-01-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-15
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Smallholder farming and farmers in Burma/Myanmar, Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Food Security and nutrition in Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
6.02 MB
more
Description:
"The share of agriculture in the gross domestic product (GDP) of some countries in the AsiaPacific region has declined in recent years as their economies transition from agrarian to
industrial and service-oriented; however, agriculture is still important in terms of employment
and its role as a buffer in phases of deceleration in other sectors. Agricultural biotechnologies
have the potential to enhance the contribution of agriculture to these countries’ economies.
This study presents overviews of the applications adopted by countries in the Asia-Pacific
region and the main gaps in applications, capacities and enabling environments, and makes a
few suggestions about what could be done for better utilization of agricultural biotechnologies
in the region..."
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2019-01-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-15
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Food Security - global and regional literature, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.7 MB
more
Description:
As countries seek to fulfil their
responsibilities under the Paris
Agreement on Climate Change, many are
looking to develop national climate change
policies that set out their long-term vision
and provide a coherent response to climate
change across all levels and sectors.
The Government of Myanmar, having
previously sought IIED’s support to
develop a climate change strategy and
action plan, invited IIED to provide
technical expertise to develop a national
policy. Working with The Myanmar
Climate Change Alliance — an EU-funded,
government-led partnership involving
national government, local authorities,
development partners, civil society and
the private sector, implemented by UN
Environment and UN-Habitat — three
members of IIED’s global climate law,
policy and governance team travelled to
Myanmar in December 2016.
Extensive consultations had already
taken place to develop the national
climate change strategy and action plan,
so government officials had already
considered many of the issues and
identified priorities. Parallel work on a
National Environmental Policy and a
National Urban Policy provided
opportunities to coordinate and
harmonise efforts.
Some of the approaches used and lessons
from the project are highlighted below.
Consultation, consultation,
consultation
The initial December visit allowed the
team to understand the priorities and
expectations of different parts of the
government. This provided the basis for a
draft outline for the policy, which was
refined and developed through an
iterative process of consultation, review
and comment.
The team made a second visit in February
2017 when they presented a fleshed-out
version of the draft at a full-day workshop
with the Minister of Natural Resources
and Environmental Conservation,
regional ministers and officials, and
representatives from government partner
agencies, civil society and the media,
ensuring input from different sectors.
The team was particularly keen to
consult with government officials at the
regional level and received support from
the Director General of the
Environmental Conservation
Department to do this. Regional officials
would be responsible for much of the
policy implementation and would also
understand the realities on the ground.
This resulted in a more informed
approach for the team and helped ensure
understanding and support for the policy
at regional level. Following further review and comment,
the full policy text was presented at a
validation workshop with ministers and
other stakeholders in April 2017..."
Source/publisher:
iied
Date of publication:
2018-04-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-14
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change policy - global ( statements, studies, conferences etc.), The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
160.47 KB
more
Description:
"Pinsalu Island, Myanmar – Eight years after experiencing the devastating Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar’s worst natural disaster to date in the country, rural communities, especially women, in the Ayeyarwady River Delta, live in constant dread of another monster sea storm.
Although better prepared with improved early warning systems and ready to quickly pack essentials before taking refuge in the village cyclone shelters with their families, the women of Pinsalu in Labutta district in the Delta face a higher risk to their lives during a natural disaster and are more exposed to the growing ravages of climate change. In case of emergency, the women have to take care of the children, sick and elderly at home as the men are often away at work on the farms or fishing in the river.
During community consultations for a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) climate change gender vulnerability assessment, the women of Pinsalu and Labutta villages which were worst affected by the May 2008 Cyclone Nargis, said they need to be better prepared for natural disasters as they are primarily responsible for the safety of vulnerable family members. They are trying to procure lifejackets and supplies of safe drinking water, food, medicine and electric lights.
They also need to improve their preparedness to cope with the worsening impact of the changing climate on their daily lives. Although women are actively engaged in farming and fisheries, their role in these main livelihood sectors is still not recognized and, as a result, they are often excluded from government-run climate change adaptation training for farmers and fishers.
The findings of the UNEP gender assessment, underscore how climate change is affecting rural women and men in Myanmar, especially in a country where 15.1 per cent of agricultural landowning households are headed by women.
The women of Labutta lack access to information and other resources needed to adapt to the changing climate. As a result, these women who play pivotal social and economic roles in their communities and often are breadwinners, are the most vulnerable. Over the past decade in Pinsalu, where the main source of livelihoods is fishing, the fish catch has been reduced dramatically because of rising temperatures and damage to mangroves..."
Source/publisher:
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
Date of publication:
2016-10-05
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), The impact of natural disasters on the environment and people of Burma/Myanmar, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
more
Description:
"Eight years after experiencing the devastating Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar’s worst natural disaster to date in the country, rural communities, especially women, in the Ayeyarwady River Delta, live in constant dread of another monster sea storm.
Although better prepared with improved early warning systems and ready to quickly pack essentials before taking refuge in the village cyclone shelters with their families, the women of Pinsalu in Labutta district in the Delta face a higher risk to their lives during a natural disaster and are more exposed to the growing ravages of climate change. In case of emergency, the women have to take care of the children, sick and elderly at home as the men are often away at work on the farms or fishing in the river.
During community consultations for a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) climate change gender vulnerability assessment, the women of Pinsalu and Labutta villages which were worst affected by the May 2008 Cyclone Nargis, said they need to be better prepared for natural disasters as they are primarily responsible for the safety of vulnerable family members. They are trying to procure lifejackets and supplies of safe drinking water, food, medicine and electric lights.
They also need to improve their preparedness to cope with the worsening impact of the changing climate on their daily lives. Although women are actively engaged in farming and fisheries, their role in these main livelihood sectors is still not recognized and, as a result, they are often excluded from government-run climate change adaptation training for farmers and fishers.
The findings of the UNEP gender assessment, underscore how climate change is affecting rural women and men in Myanmar, especially in a country where 15.1 per cent of agricultural landowning households are headed by women.
The women of Labutta lack access to information and other resources needed to adapt to the changing climate. As a result, these women who play pivotal social and economic roles in their communities and often are breadwinners, are the most vulnerable. Over the past decade in Pinsalu, where the main source of livelihoods is fishing, the fish catch has been reduced dramatically because of rising temperatures and damage to mangroves.
In the village of Kyauk Hmaw, river bank erosion damages roads, houses and the rice that is stored by the river side, while floods are harming the paddy crop. During heavy rains and floods, women cannot travel to Labutta to sell their crop, fish catch and home-made snacks.
On the other hand, erratic rainfall in Bit Tut village sometimes destroys the once-in-a-year rice harvest. Salt water intrusion in the coastal villages has increased salinity in drinking water with severe health implications, especially for pregnant women..."
Source/publisher:
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
Date of publication:
2016-08-23
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Policies and projects, The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar, UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
Language:
English
more
Description:
"Climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, which means we need to figure out how to deal with severe tsunamis and storms when they become the norm. How can human lives be saved in places where the roads are washed out and driving is impossible? Is there some kind of technology that might help?
Geographer Jacob Shell has an idea that involves employing an old and wise friend of humanity. In his upcoming book Giants of the Monsoon Forest—an ode to elephant intelligence and a history of their working relations with people in Asia—Shell suggests that training these smart creatures to be rescue workers would not only save human lives, but also ensure that the threatened animal survives.
Asian elephants are the world’s second largest land species, surpassed in size only by their own kind in Africa. Although both continents are home to these giant creatures, the animals’ fate differs drastically from one place to another..."
Ephrat Livni
Source/publisher:
Quartz
Date of publication:
2019-05-12
Date of entry/update:
2019-05-13
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
more
Description:
"Myanmar’s national government and some international development groups are adopting different but complementary approaches to tackling what many in the country consider to be one of the biggest threats to achieving sustainable development: Climate change. Government officials are working on implementing a new country-wide climate action plan, while several foreign aid groups are going straight to local communities and helping them adapt to the realities of a warming world.
They face large hurdles, however — and many stakeholders fear the impact of Myanmar’s lack of resources, capacity and funds to deal with the devastating effects of climate change.
Admittedly, the Southeast Asian country is only starting to prioritize climate action after emerging from decades of self-imposed isolation. Yet if efforts currently being spearheaded by government officials, United Nations workers, aid groups and others prove effective, Myanmar could herald a model for other countries emerging from authoritarianism to grapple with climate change issues..."
Fatima Arkin
Source/publisher:
devex
Date of publication:
2017-04-06
Date of entry/update:
2019-05-13
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
more
Description:
"Nay Pyi Taw, 10 May 2019 – A new initiative will introduce sustainable rice-growing practices to farmers across Myanmar, with the goal of reducing vulnerability to climate change and natural disasters, project partners announced today.
The Climate Smart Rice Project will introduce sustainable standards and best practices to 4,000 smallholder farmers around Mandalay, southern Shan, Mon and Bago over the coming three years, working closely with the Government of Myanmar and the agri-business sector.
The project is funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) and the Swiss Agency for Development (SDC) and implemented by a consortium of partners including UN Environment, the Sustainable Rice Platform, Helvetas Myanmar and PRIME Agri Group.
The Government of Myanmar has previously announced its intention to boost sustainable rice production in order to both satisfy domestic demand and turn the country into a sustainable rice exporter. This project is fully aligned to the government’s policies and has been endorsed by the Parliamentary Committee for Agriculture, Livestock and Rural Development.
Rice production in Myanmar faces several challenges, including the rice sector’s vulnerability to climate change impacts like higher temperatures, drought, flooding and other stresses. The sector is also challenged by its demand for water, land, fertilizer and pesticides and its own environmental impact, including a significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions..."
Source/publisher:
reliefweb
Date of publication:
2019-05-10
Date of entry/update:
2019-05-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Burma/Myanmar reports to international bodies and mechanisms, Sustainable agriculture - Burma/Myanmar, Smallholder farming and farmers in Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Format :
pdf
Size:
230.99 KB
Local URL:
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Description:
A severe global climate forecast has Myanmar facing a potentially dire future: a dramatic five-degree temperature increase by the end of the century, earthquakes, flooding and mass in-migration to cities.
YANGON: Nothing is normal these days when it comes to Myanmar’s weather.
In Yangon, residents talk about a time when they used to wear sweaters or scarves in the colder months, when the early morning was crisp and people would exercise to stay warm.
Not anymore.
Yet, this rise in temperature is just a small indicator of the unparalleled challenges facing the country’s largest city.
Jack Board
Source/publisher:
Channel News Asia (CNA)
Date of publication:
2017-04-05
Date of entry/update:
2019-05-06
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
more
Description:
"The Global Climate Risk Index 2019 analyses to what extent countries and regions have been affected by impacts of weather-related loss events (storms, floods, heat waves etc.). The most recent data available — for 2017 and from 1998 to 2017 — were taken into account.
The countries and territories affected most in 2017 were Puerto Rico, Sri Lanka as well as Dominica. For the period from 1998 to 2017 Puerto Rico, Honduras and Myanmar rank highest.
This year's 14th edition of the analysis reconfirms earlier results of the Climate Risk Index: less developed countries are generally more affected than industrialised countries. Regarding future climate change, the Climate Risk Index may serve as a red flag for already existing vulnerability that may further increase in regions where extreme events will become more frequent or more severe due to climate change. But the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season also proved: High income countries feel climate impacts more clearly than ever before. Effective climate change mitigation is therefore in the self-interest of all countries worldwide.
At this year’s Climate Summit in Katowice (COP24), countries should adopt the 'rulebook' needed for implementing the Paris Agreement, including the global adaptation goal and adaptation communication guidelines. Loss and damage appears as a cross-cutting issue with significant risk of being used as a negotiation chip..."
Source/publisher:
reliefweb
Date of publication:
2018-12-05
Date of entry/update:
2019-05-06
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Burma/Myanmar reports to international bodies and mechanisms
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.31 MB
Local URL:
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Description:
"Since 2013, SEI has engaged with Myanmar partners and
stakeholders to support sustainable development through
evdence-based participatory planning processes in the
Ayeyarwady and Chindwin River Basins.
SEI’s Environmental Strategy for Myanmar lays the groundwork
for a new chapter of work to build on our achievements and
lessons learned in Myanmar. The Strategy will guide our
research, policy development and capacity development
collaborations on environment and development in Myanmar
for the next 10 years (2019-2028) as we continue our mission to
support science-based decision-making towards a transforma
-
tive change for an environmentally sound and socially equitable
Myanmar.
This Strategy recognizes that innovation, adaptation, resilience
and long-term partnerships are key to our future success. Thus,
this is a living document, subject to revision and refinement
that will ensure our gains and success are both adaptable and
sustainable. A comprehensive impact assessment and review will
be performed every three years, in 2022, 2025 and 2028, through
application of SEI’s monitoring, evaluation and learning system
to evaluate our progress in delivering benefits at scale and in
recognizing lessons to be drawn upon in the future..."
Source/publisher:
Stockholm Environment Institute
Date of publication:
2019-05-06
Date of entry/update:
2019-05-06
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Myanmar climate change networks, The impact of climate change on the environment of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
378.78 KB
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Description:
''Using Vietnam as a case study, in 2016, reduced rainfall as a result of intensified La Niña conditions, induced by climate change, caused 2,000,000 people to experience water insecurity, with 600,000 hectares of crops being affected and damaged, triggering a humanitarian crisis. Conditions like these were mirrored in neighbouring Asian nations, including Thailand, Myanmar, India (where an estimated 300 million people were affected), and other highly-populated regions...''
Laura O’Connor
Source/publisher:
UN CC:Learn
Date of publication:
2018-10-25
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-21
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
more
Description:
''A Department of Meteorology and Hydrology official last week attributed the unusually heavy mid-monsoon in Myanmar’s delta and coastal areas to the effects of climate change.
The official described the 2012 monsoon as “extreme” – lower Myanmar has received above-average rain, while falls in the central areas have been sparse – and said rainfall patterns had been significantly different than the 30-year average from 1961 to 1990.
“Myanmar averaged rainfall from one inch to three inches a day in the mid-monsoon season of July and August over that 30-year period. That regular monsoon distribution was advantageous for sectors such as agriculture and transportation. But we observed that in the last 10 years, daily rainfall in the mid-monsoon has increased to five or even six inches,” he said.
“Since the end of July, we have measured five to seven inches of daily rainfall in some areas of lower Myanmar. Over the past 10 years, there have also been days where we measured no rain in the mid-monsoon season.
“Either extreme – excessive rain or not enough rain – is a problem for the agriculture sector. Excess rain results in flooding in the paddy fields and on roads. This impacts on the economy and society more broadly.”
While some parts of the country, particularly Ayeyarwady and Bago regions and Kayin State, have experienced flooding this year, the central areas are in drought, he said...''
Aye Sapay Phyu
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Times
Date of publication:
2012-08-20
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-21
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Glacier reduction - Impact on water supply, Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Myanmar climate change networks
Language:
English
more
Description:
''Sixty-one-year-old Daw Myint Shwe has had to move her house in Thingangyin village in Ayeyarwady Region four times.
“When the waves start lapping at the base of my house, it has to be moved. I move it a hundred feet or so back at a time. I can’t afford to build a new home so I just move it bit by bit. This year, three families had to move their houses – the year before it was twenty.”
She lives in a fishing village that’s part of the town of Labutta, which was one of the worst hit when Cyclone Nargis struck in 2008. She recalled the day that a group of politicians came to inspect the damage after the cyclone.
“It was high tide when they arrived so they could see how dangerously close our village is to the water. Erosion makes things worse – it’s why I have to keep moving my home. The government provided rehabilitation funds and asked us to move to a new place. The local school was destroyed so a new one was built about a mile-and-a-half away. Some families moved to be close to it and the temporary shelter, but everyone returned within two years. Some stayed as little as a month. The problem was that the jobs are here, near the water, and transport from the new village to this village is difficult because there are no roads.”
She said that parents worry about their children’s safety when they travel to school when the area floods, but that out of economic necessity moving isn’t viable.
“I was born here and I love the river, and I depend on it too. We all do, because we fish for a living. In summer, the big-time fishermen go to the Bay of Bengal to catch the bigger fish. But life is very difficult,” she said.
Ma Sandar Aye, 39, is one of Daw Myint Shwe’s neighbours. She and her husband fish for a living, but are finding it increasingly difficult to make enough to get by on due to difficult weather conditions.
“We haven’t been able to fish for over a month because the winds are so strong. The winds were never as strong as this in the past. I don’t know when the weather will improve and my husband and I are starting to think about looking for different work because it’s become too hard to survive.”
She said that on a good day, she and her husband can earn K10,000 (US$7.35) but the average amount is K2,500...''
Jessica Mudditt
Source/publisher:
Mizzima
Date of publication:
2017-04-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-21
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Myanmar climate change networks, Glacier reduction - Impact on water supply
Language:
English
more
Description:
''I had persistently been writing about the causes of the climatic change and its impact and consequences on our planet: the environments, ecosystems, humans and other living things in general. However, I have never mentioned their impacts on Myanmar in particular, until lately. In my previous article "The climate change is becoming more pronounced" (25 May GNLM), on the suggestion of the Acting Chief Editor of the Global New Light of Myanmar daily, I briefly touched on that subject. That idea intrigued me to further write in more detail along that trend.
In doing so, I'll have to rely on the observations made by the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA). This organization was launched in 2013 with the support of the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) and is being implemented by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment).
From the observations made on the past, the on-going and future climate changes will have many consequences in Myanmar, mainly on the economic, productive, social and environmental sectors. For instance, the increased temperatures is having a large impact on sectors such as agriculture; for example in the Dry Zone. Many people have been forced to migrate and find new sources of income as a result of changing rainfall patterns and pest infestations. The MCCA Programme studied the perception of these hazards in five states and regions, based on data from 23 townships. More precisely, if their projections for climate change are correct, the following impacts are either already happening or foreseeable: ...''
Khin Maung Myint
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Water Portal via The Global New Light Of Myanmar
Date of publication:
2018-06-07
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-21
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Myanmar climate change networks, Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research
Language:
English
more
Description:
''Another day, another extreme weather event disrupting life on our planet.
Torrential rains associated with Myanmar’s monsoon season have wrought havoc. Floods have killed at least 11 people and forced the evacuation of more than 119,000 throughout the country on Monday, reports Reuters. Three of the deceased include soldiers who were helping with relief efforts. Another three civilians drowned in the state of Mon on the southern coast. At the Zaung Tu Dam, 7.79 inches of rain fell on Wednesday last week, setting a new daily record.
The monsoon rains—which generally run through October—help feed crops, but this year, they’ve already taken way too many lives. Flood warnings came after floods had already inundated entire neighborhoods during the most recent events, reports the New York Times. That may have played a role in the deadly nature of these rains. Deforestation could have as well according to some environmentalists who spoke with the Times. Groups also blamed deadly floods in 2015 on deforestation.
Many of the rivers in Myanmar remain above their danger levels as of Monday, according to the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology.
In June, landslides and severe rains officially left nearly 20 dead in Myanmar (though local politicians and survivors say the number is likely higher). They also displaced more than a million people. The United Nations in Myanmar issued a statement Saturday that it is planning to offer any support possible to flood victims...''
Yessenia Funes
Source/publisher:
EARTHER
Date of publication:
2018-07-30
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-21
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Myanmar climate change networks, Glacier reduction - Impact on water supply
Language:
English
more
Description:
Myanmar is situated in the tropical climate region, a region that is highly vulnerable to impacts
from climate change. Therefore, information about climate change in Myanmar is in high
demand. In this report, changing of various observed climate parameters were estimated and
analyzed. New normal values for minimum and maximum temperature and rainfall, as well as
for monsoon onset and withdrawal dates, were calculated for the period 1981-2010. Normal
monthly mean temperature and rainfall values for the whole country of Myanmar were
calculated for the new normal period and compared to values of the previous normal period
1961-1990. Frequency of days for different ranges of temperature and rainfall were computed,
in addition to frequency of 10 years wind direction and wind speed. Trends of minimum and
maximum temperature were also calculated and analyzed.
From 1961-1990 to 1981-2010, the maximum temperature has increased at almost every
station of Myanmar, whereas the minimum temperature has decreased at most of the stations.
The average normal maximum temperature for the whole country of Myanmar has increased
for all months, except February and December. The normal annual mean maximum
temperature increased by 0.5 °C from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010. The average normal minimum
temperature of Myanmar has decreased for the months January-May and SeptemberDecember, while it has not changed significantly for the months June-August.
The normal rainfall pattern has decreased for the months May-August, for the other months it
has not changed significantly. In the pre-monsoon and mid-monsoon seasons, the amount of
rainfall has decreased over the whole country, while it has been unchanged in the months of
winter and post-monsoon seasons over Myanmar, from 1961-1990 to 1981-2010. In the new
normal period, the onset date of the monsoon is later and the withdrawal date is earlier than in
the old normal period, which means that the duration of the rainy season has decreased. The
normal duration of the monsoon period was 144 days in the period 1961-1990 and 121 days in
the period of 1981-2010. Compared to the new normal (1981 to 2010) duration of monsoon
period, trend studies indicate however a possible increase in the duration of the rainy season in
the recent years, and more studies of long-term rainfall trends are needed...''
Lai Lai Aung, Ei Ei Zin, Pwint Theingi, Naw Elvera, Phyu Phyu Aung, Thu Thu Han, Yamin Oo, Reidun Gangstø Skaland
Source/publisher:
Norwegian Meteorological Institute
Date of publication:
2017-09-14
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-21
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.59 MB
Local URL:
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Description:
''The asian southwest monsoon over India and SE-asia is among the most impressive weather systems on earth. The summer monsoon brings 80% of the subcontinents rainfall and its arrival is of critical importance to over a billion people. The neighbouring countries India and Myanmar are similarly affected by the rains; and their mountain ranges play a critical role in the huge amounts of rain the two countries recieve.
Myanmar has a typical tropical monsoon climate with three seasons: the hot period, the monsoon and the cool and dry winter. The hot season starts somewhere in March and lasts till May; the rainy season starts around the end of May and ends in October; and the cool, dry season stretches from November to March.
The monsoon weather you will encounter all depends where you are going, as Myanmar has some of the wettest areas on earth but also some much drier zones. The coastal zones and beaches all just happen to bear the brunt of the monsoon rains, for reasons explaned below. It can be an occasional monsoon shower, but also flooding and torrential rain. A bit of rain in a tropical climate is not so bad, it brings some well needed cool wind and fresh air along!...''
Source/publisher:
Altervista
Date of publication:
2018-07-09
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-20
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general
Language:
English
more