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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 4: 1 May - 30 June 2023
Description: "Highlights: As schools reopen amid the devastation caused by Cyclone Mocha, more than 300,000 learners require educational support, and an estimated 1,246 schools are heavily damaged across Rakhine and the Northwest. With the compounding effects of the conflict and the impact of the cyclone, the humanitarian community is concerned about increasing reports of psychosocial distress among the affected population as worsening living conditions heighten anxiety due to the lack of access to basic services. UNICEF and partners delivered humanitarian WASH services and supplies to 233,848 individuals, 1,013 of them with disabilities and continues to disinfect water sources, rehabilitate sanitation facilities, and dewater the rainwater harvesting ponds flooded with seawater during the cyclone. During the reporting period, UNICEF and partners provided critical primary health care services to more than 98,000 people, reaching almost 4,000 children aged 9--18 months with the measles vaccine. With the resumption of routine immunization across the country, UNICEF and partners are supporting catch-up vaccination for 1.6 million children who missed their doses..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-07-03
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Title: Assessment of child labour in the Yangon Region, Ayeyarwady Region and Kayin State
Description: "Children paying a high price for engaging in work in Myanmar Survey reveals poverty a main driver of child labour in Yangon Region, Ayeyarwady Region and Kayin State with dangerous work and long hours common. Yangon, Myanmar (ILO News) – A new report assessing the situation of working children in Myanmar shows the extent to which children are working to support their families and the high incidence of hazardous work they engage in. More than 70 per cent of working children interviewed in an assessment by ILO Myanmar’s Asia Regional Child Labour Project (ARC) in the Yangon Region, Ayeyarwady Region and Kayin State were working primarily due to financial challenges in their households. School closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the political crisis had also driven children to work, further exacerbating child labour. Even after schools re-opened, many children did not return to school due to safety concerns resulting from the political instability in the country. A third of children interviewed in the three areas were in domestic work with others primarily in agriculture, manufacturing, and wholesale and retail trade – many of whom were working long hours for low pay. The assessment also found that children were often performing hazardous work and dangerous tasks. Almost 90 per cent of children interviewed who were working in construction sector carried heavy loads and over 80 per cent worked long hours under the sun without a break. Many interviewed children reported that they experienced accidents and injuries, with minor injuries being the most frequent, followed by bruises, bumps and swelling. “More than half of working children in this assessment said they wanted to have an education if given the chance, reflecting the extent to which work has interfered with their aspirations to go to school. This situation has only been made worse since COVID-19 and the nationwide conflicts caused by political crisis.,” said Donglin Li, Liaison Officer and Representative, ILO Myanmar. Communities and employers in the three regions appeared largely unaware of the laws relating to the minimum age for employing children. Some employers, notably in the agriculture sector, indicated that they preferred to employ children because they can be easily controlled, paid less, and do not frequently complain. Others employed children who accompanied their parents to work due to safety concerns at home. To effectively address child labour issues in Myanmar, the report provides recommendations for appropriate awareness raising, advocacy and overarching key policy interventions to be pursued, when the situation allows. ILO’s ARC Project is a regional project implemented by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan. The assessment released to mark the World Day Against Child Labour on 12 June 2023 was prepared with financial support from Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) of the Government of the United Kingdom..."
Source/publisher: International Labour Organization (Geneva)
Date of entry/update: 2023-07-02
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Title: Myanmar: Cyclone Mocha Situation Report No.5 (As of 16:00 15 June 2023) [EN/MY]
Description: "This more comprehensive product now replaces the daily Flash Updates that were previously issued by OCHA Myanmar on Cyclone Mocha. This Sit Rep is produced by OCHA in collaboration with the seven operating humanitarian clusters and their sub-working groups in Myanmar. The humanitarian response section is not necessarily reflective of all humanitarian interventions undertaken on the ground but rather those voluntarily reported by partners. HIGHLIGHTS • The approval of the distribution and transportation plans for the Cyclone Mocha response in Rakhine and Chin remains pending. Significant conditions, imposed by the State Administration Council, remain in place for the replenishment of relief supplies from outside the country and some have not yet been approved. • After humanitarian access was temporarily suspended in the cyclone-affected Rakhine state on 8 June, the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator (RC/HC) a.i released a statement on 12 June, urging the State Administration Council to urgently re-instate the initial approval that was granted and allow life-saving assistance to resume. • Meanwhile, efforts are underway to engage with the de facto authorities at the Nay Pyi Taw and regional level to try and expand access to people in need. This included high-level engagement with Union ministers by the RC/HC ai and UN agencies in Sittwe. • Despite the humanitarian access restrictions, aid organizations have been delivering vital assistance to cyclone-affected communities where they have authorizations and supplies. More than 144,000 affected people have received shelter and other essential relief items in Rakhine and other areas since the cyclone. However, only a fraction of damaged and destroyed shelters have reportedly been repaired, leaving thousands of people without a proper roof over their heads during the monsoon season and exposing them to overcrowding and lack of privacy in the few shelters that remain functional. • Food assistance has reached almost 380,000 affected people in Rakhine alone. • Nearly 12,500 people in Rakhine, the Northwest, and Kachin have received healthcare. Nutrition assistance has reached more than 7,000 children under 5 and more than 1,500 caregivers in 8 priority townships in Rakhine. • Some 70 contaminated ponds in Ponnagyun, Rathedaung, and Sittwe townships were successfully de-watered. • More than 300 child-friendly spaces were rebuilt in Rakhine and the Northwest, and more than 34,000 children and caregivers received psychosocial support and psychological first aid services. • Continued financial support for the US$333 million Cyclone Mocha Flash Appeal is required to ensure timely procurement of vital supplies to address the needs of affected communities. According to the Financial Tracking Service, as of 16 June, only $21.7 million in additional funds has been received. SITUATION OVERVIEW One month on from Cyclone Mocha, the unexpected retraction of initial approval for cyclone distribution and transportation plans and the temporary suspension of existing travel authorizations (TAs) for humanitarian organizations in Rakhine by the de facto authorities, has impacted the humanitarian response across the state. This sudden decision has exacerbated the already dire living conditions of the cyclone-affected population as heavy rains and flooding from the monsoon season continue to impact areas already severely affected by the cyclone. After humanitarian access was temporarily suspended in the cyclone-affected Rakhine state on 8 June, the RC/HC a.i released a statement on 12 June, urging the State Administration Council to urgently re-instate the initial approval that was granted and allow life-saving assistance to resume. The RC/HC a.i. and his delegation also met with the Union Ministers in Sittwe on 15 June and held extensive discussions on possible modalities of support to cyclone affected people in accordance with humanitarian principles, and about the importation of supplies into Myanmar. At the request of the de facto authorities, UN agencies in Sittwe also met with the relevant state officials and Union Ministers on 13 June. Engagement is expected to continue. Despite the access limitations and the temporary suspension of regular activities for a week from 8 June, humanitarian organizations have reached an increasing number of people in need since the cyclone where they have authorizations and supplies. Shelter and relief items have been provided to more than 144,000 people in Rakhine and other areas, while food assistance has reached nearly 380,000 people in Rakhine alone. Healthcare services were provided to nearly 12,500 people in Rakhine, the Northwest, and Kachin, and nutrition assistance reached more than 7,000 children under 5 and more than 1,500 caregivers in 8 priority townships in Rakhine. Additionally, 70 contaminated ponds in Ponnagyun, Rathedaung, and Sittwe townships were successfully de-watered, and more than 300 child-friendly spaces (CFSs) were rebuilt in Rakhine and the Northwest. Psychosocial support (PSS) and psychological first aid (PFA) services were provided to more than 34,000 children and caregivers. Humanitarian actors are hoping to continue to explore various avenues to scale-up their operations beyond their existing regular activities. Cyclone impacted communities have been calling for such a scale-up to supplement the ongoing efforts by the local authorities, private donors and civil society organizations. The centralization of decision making on TAs for the cyclone response, however, has now put that expansion on hold. Engagement at the Nay Pyi Taw and regional level will continue, with the aim to identify modalities for predictable and timely access to cyclone-affected areas in Rakhine and Chin to address the immediate and longer-term needs of the affected communities. Scaled-up financial support is also urgently required to facilitate the timely procurement of vital supplies. According to the Financial Tracking Service (FTS), as of 16 June, US$21.7 million in additional funds has been received against the $333 million Cyclone Mocha Flash Appeal..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-06-19
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Title: Urban poverty in Yangon tackled in new UN project to build community resilience [EN/MY]
Description: "Yangon, 13 June 2023: UNDP, UN Women and UN-Habitat yesterday brought together representatives from local communities, NGOs, development partners and the private sector to discuss research on urban poverty and the innovative strategies being used in a new project building resilience in low-income urban communities. The event took place in Myanmar’s commercial capital, Yangon, where the compounded crises of the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic and political upheaval resulting from the February 2021 coup have had a devastating impact on Yangon’s urban poor. “When confronted with turmoil across the country, the breakdown in the rule of law, the human rights abuses, the alarming numbers of people displaced by conflict and disasters, it is easy to overlook what is happening right here in Yangon. Life has always been hard for the urban poor, but now it is so much harder. Poor people are much poorer, and their numbers have grown significantly,” Titon Mitra, UNDP Myanmar’s Resident Representative, said in his opening remarks. “If we do not turn our attention to the urban poor and vulnerable, we may enable the conditions for a rapid deepening of intergenerational poverty.” The Urban Resilience Project (URP) aims to support those made most vulnerable by urban poverty in Yangon, including women and people living in informal settlements. It is a joint project between UNDP, UN Women and UN-Habitat, working in eight townships, five of which are under martial law, identified as the most socially and economically marginalized. It aims to strengthen residents’ resilience by supporting community-led groups to improve basic services and facilities; upgrade the physical environment of informal settlements; address gender-based violence; and promote livelihoods, skills and job creation. UNDP’s Myanmar Development Observatory presented the findings from the recently published report Helping communities weather the socio-economic downturn: Building urban resilience. The study shows people living in Yangon’s eight poorest townships earn 30 percent less than those in the rest of Yangon and that almost a quarter of the residents of these townships had often gone without a cash income in the past 12 months. Compared to the rest of Yangon, households in the eight URP townships are: more likely to live in an informal settlement (14.2% of URP households compared to 1.2% of households in the rest of Yangon); more like to have noticed violence against women by family members in their neighbourhood, (14.7% compared to 11.4%); less likely to have access to drinkable water in the dry season (88.9% of households compared to 97.3%); more likely to be unable to eat nutritious food (27.5% of households compared to 23%); and 1.8 times more likely to take their children out of school to earn money. During the panel discussion, Catarina Camarinhas, Country Programme Manager a.i. of UN-Habitat, highlighted that only 30 percent of Myanmar’s population resides in urban areas, which presents many opportunities for sustainable urbanization and poverty reduction. “Building resilience and promoting sustainable urbanization in Myanmar requires comprehensive initiatives and collaboration. By engaging multiple stakeholders and implementing effective local-level strategies, we are working towards sustainable development and climate change adaptation. Together with our partners, we aim to implement gender-responsive climate action in Myanmar,” she said. Jackie Appel, CEO and founder of the Step-in Step-up Academy, explained how her NGO has been providing vocational training to young people to meet specific job needs in Yangon’s workforce, including in healthcare, office work and hospitality. One young woman explained to the audience at the event how she took part in training to be a cashier and immediately was employed by Yoma Bank after graduating. Shihab Uddin Ahamad, WaterAid Myanmar’s Country Director, meanwhile discussed how the organization is bringing affordable clean water to low-income areas of Yangon through establishing bottling plants, and helping garment factory workers, who are almost all women, subsidize their incomes through food and hygiene product packages. Women and girls in Yangon’s urban areas are particularly vulnerable. Over 80 percent of women in the baseline study said rising food prices and loss of employment or revenues were their major challenges. And in a 2021 UN Women study in Yangon, two out of three women reported being extremely worried about becoming a victim of a violent crime. “We know 80 percent of women are working in informal employment in Yangon, that makes them vulnerable to economic downturn and provides hardly any social protection. On top of that, a lack of safe shelter and housing conditions increases the risk of sexual and gender-based violence,” said Karin Fueg, Country Representative a.i. of UN Women. “Under the URP, UN Women is leading a gender-responsive incubator and business accelerator to help women access business skills and finance, and to address gender norms through life skills, help accessing business networks and referrals to support services like legal aid, psycho-social support or gender-based violence services,” Ms Fueg said. The Urban Resilience Project’s community-based approach will create opportunities for resilience building, economic growth, poverty reduction, and sustainable development. By addressing the needs of the most vulnerable and fostering a sense of ownership, the project lays a foundation for long-term success and positive change. -ENDS- Find out more! Read the report: https://www.undp.org/publications/helping-communities-weather-socio-economic-downturn-building-urban-resilience Explore the Myanmar Development Observatory: https://www.undp.org/myanmar/projects/myanmar-development-observatory The Urban Resilience Project The Urban Resilience Project aims to address urban poverty in eight of Yangon’s poorest peri-urban townships. It focuses on providing access to sustainable sources of safe drinking water, improving health and sanitation services, supporting climate-resilient basic urban infrastructure, including drainage and access roads, and supporting micro and small enterprise development and work opportunities to more than 450,000 people. UN Women UN Women is the United Nations entity dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women. A global champion for women and girls, UN Women was established to accelerate progress on meeting their needs worldwide. UNDP UNDP works in 170 countries and territories to eradicate poverty and reduce inequality. It helps countries to develop policies, leadership skills, partnering abilities, institutional capabilities, and to build resilience to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Its work is concentrated in three focus areas: sustainable development, democratic governance and peacebuilding, and climate and disaster resilience. UN-Habitat The United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-Habitat, is the agency of the United Nations dedicated to promoting socially and environmentally sustainable development of human settlements in an urbanizing world, with the goal of providing safer and inclusive human settlements..."
Source/publisher: UN Development Programme, UN Human Settlements Program, UN Women
Date of entry/update: 2023-06-16
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 30 | 13 June 2023
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 9 June, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. Response figures are based on self-reporting by organizations to clusters. The next humanitarian update will be issued in early July 2023. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES • The devastating impact of Cyclone Mocha, which landed on 14 May on Myanmar’s coastal area, and the ongoing armed conflict have compounded the suffering of people across the country. Needs are enormous especially with the monsoon season well underway. • Nationwide, more than 1.8 million people are currently displaced in Myanmar, with 1.5 million already displaced due to the conflict and insecurity since the 2021 military takeover. • Humanitarians continue providing critical life-saving assistance to the most vulnerable people despite access challenges and limited funding. During the first quarter of 2023, 1.4 million people were reached with humanitarian assistance (31 per cent of the 2023 Humanitarian Response Plan target). • In the cyclone-affected zone especially in Rakhine, Northwest and Kachin, humanitarian organizations have been delivering assistance where they have stocks and approval. However, more supplies, wider access and increased funding are urgently needed to deliver at-scale and meet needs across all communities. • Restrictions on humanitarian operations and bureaucratic hurdles are impeding assistance efforts, also on the cyclone response. Of concern is the recent decision to suspend humanitarian access in Rakhine. In a press release of 12 June, the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator urged the de facto authorities to reconsider this decision and prioritize the well-being of the people including of the cyclone-affected communities. • Generous funding is vital to alleviate human suffering and support the humanitarian response in Myanmar. The US$764 million Humanitarian Response Plan, plus an additional $122 million for new activities outlined in Cyclone Mocha Flash Appeal, is crucial for recovery and relief efforts..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-06-13
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Title: WFP Myanmar Situation Report, Cyclone Mocha (12 June 2023)
Description: "In Numbers 3.4 million people are living in Cyclone Mocha’s highest impact zone 1.6 million people targeted for the UN cyclone response At least 800,000 cyclone-affected people are prioritized for WFP’s food and nutrition support for an initial three-month period Highlights WFP has reached 394,400 people across Rakhine State within the first month of its cyclone response with emergency food assistance. WFP’s ongoing market monitoring in central Rakhine showed a decrease in the prices of some food commodities, particularly rice, following WFP’s in-kind food distributions. WFP will face a critical interruption in all its life-saving activities, starting from August 2023, without a fresh injection of critical funding. WFP urgently needs US$60 million to ensure uninterrupted emergency food and nutrition assistance. Situation Update The impact of Cyclone Mocha exacerbated an already precarious food security situation, particularly in townships and displacement sites in Rakhine State, where households experienced a substantial loss of food stocks and livelihoods, with their shelters destroyed. Local relief and recovery efforts are ongoing across several cyclone-affected areas. WFP’s initial rapid situation monitoring in five cyclone-affected townships showed that agricultural land, fishponds, and drinking water supplies have been impacted by saltwater intrusion. Extensive crop damage, including rice seed stocks for the planting season starting in June, adds significant pressure on the medium-to-longer-term food security of households who are already grappling with disrupted livelihood activities. Preliminary results of WFP’s ongoing market monitoring in central Rakhine showed a decrease in the prices of some food commodities, particularly rice, following WFP’s in-kind food distributions. WFP will continue to monitor the market situation, which will inform the gradual resumption and potential expansion of its cash-based transfer (CBT) activities in Rakhine..."
Source/publisher: World Food Programme (Rome) via reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-06-12
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Title: Myanmar: Cyclone Mocha Situation Report No.4 (As of 14:00 8 June 2023) [EN/MY]
Description: "This more comprehensive product now replaces the daily Flash Updates that were previously issued by OCHA Myanmar on Cyclone Mocha. This Sit Rep is produced by OCHA in collaboration with the seven operating humanitarian clusters and their sub-working groups in Myanmar. The humanitarian response section is not necessarily reflective of all humanitarian interventions undertaken on the ground but rather those voluntarily reported by partners. Sit Reps are now being issued weekly. HIGHLIGHTS The humanitarian access situation in cyclone-hit Rakhine state has deteriorated with existing travel authorizations (TAs) for humanitarian organizations suspended this week pending new, centralized discussions in Nay Pyi Taw. Initial approval for humanitarian distribution and transportation plans for cyclone-affected townships in Rakhine have also been rescinded pending further Nay Pyi Taw-level deliberations. Similar plans in Chin are also pending. Some requests for the replenishment of relief supplies from outside the country have been approved, but with significant conditions. Others remain pending. The suspension of access in Rakhine brings a stop to activities that have been reaching hundreds of thousands of people. To date, more than 110,000 affected people have received shelter and other essential relief items. Food assistance had reached almost 300,000 affected people in Rakhine state alone. In Rakhine, partners were distributing seeds and organic fertilizers to provide families with food to eat and sell. Further scaled-up distributions of agricultural inputs are critical to combating food insecurity in affected areas over the months ahead and are now also on pause. Humanitarians have also been prioritizing the wellbeing of children in the response, including through the establishment of hundreds of mobile and temporary child-friendly spaces, and the distribution of critical child safety messaging to nearly 28,000 people across Rakhine and the Northwest. The suspension of activities in Rakhine could not have come at worse time with the monsoon arriving. An urgent scale-up of the response is needed, expanding activities that had already been underway in the impact zone and adding to assistance being distributed by a range of local authorities and civil society organizations in different areas. SITUATION OVERVIEW The monsoon season has arrived in Myanmar, further worsening the living situation facing people whose homes were damaged or destroyed by Cyclone Mocha in mid-May. Heavy rains and some flooding were observed in areas that were already heavily impacted, further hampering the recovery process for people whose coping capacities are already stretched to the limit. Against this backdrop, access restrictions have escalated. Existing TAs that had been facilitating assistance delivery in Rakhine have been suspended pending centralized discussions in Nay Pyi Taw through the Disaster Management Committee. Using these existing approvals, humanitarians had been reaching a growing number of people in need. More than 113,200 people in the affected areas have received shelter and other relief items, while food assistance has reached more than 293,800 people in Rakhine alone. In addition, humanitarians have been working to ensure cyclone-affected children are looked after with the establishment of 240 mobile and temporary child-friendly spaces in Rakhine and the Northwest. These spaces provide safe environments for children to engage in recreational activities and receive vital psychosocial support after the trauma and disruption they have experienced. Approximately 28,000 people in Rakhine and the Northwest have also received important child safety messages. Humanitarians had been hoping to scale-up their operations in the coming weeks, but this centralized decision on TAs now puts that on hold. Initial approval for humanitarian distribution and transport plans across 11 townships have also been rescinded pending additional deliberations in Nay Pyi Taw. Similar plans for Chin are also not yet approved. Some import requests have been approved with conditions. Others remain pending. Flexible imports are critical for the replenishment of supplies. Scaled-up financial support is also urgently required to facilitate the timely procurement of vital supplies. According to the Financial Tracking Service (FTS), as of 6 June, only US$8 million in additional funds has been received against the $333 million Cyclone Mocha Flash Appeal. This appeal aims to provide assistance to 1.6 million people most heavily impacted by the cyclone in Rakhine, Chin, Sagaing, Magway, and Kachin..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-06-09
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Title: Humanitarian Action for Children 2023 Revision 1 (May 2023) - Myanmar
Description: "Highlights Extremely severe Cyclone Mocha, one of the strongest cyclones ever recorded in Myanmar, made landfall on 14 May 2023, impacting an estimated 3.4 million people in Rakhine, Chin, Sagaing, Magway and Kachin. Multiple injuries and widespread damage to shelters and critical public infrastructure, including water supplies, health facilities, schools and electricity have been reported. The cyclone exacerbated already severe and deteriorating humanitarian and human rights crises for communities in the affected regions. Access of children and their families to essential services such as health care, protection, nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene, and education is severely constrained. It has been critically disrupted in cyclone-affected areas. These interrelated challenges threaten children's survival, development, safety and well-being. UNICEF requires US$217.9 million, an increase of $48.4 million as a result of the cyclone, in addition to ongoing multisectoral humanitarian needs. UNICEF's humanitarian strategy focuses on working with all stakeholders, including communities and local and international partners, to deliver life-saving humanitarian assistance and ensure critical services reach children in need. HUMANITARIAN SITUATION AND NEEDS One of the strongest cyclones ever recorded in Myanmar, Mocha made landfall in Rakhine State on 14 May 2023.10 The cyclone continued inland, bringing heavy rains and winds, and leaving a trail of destruction through Chin, Sagaing, Magway and Kachin. An estimated 3.4 million people live in the areas most impacted. Significant damage to houses, shelters for internally displaced people, and public infrastructure has been reported. Around 17.6 million people were already in need of humanitarian assistance before Cyclone Mocha, including 4.5 million in severe conditions, mainly in conflict-affected rural areas. An additional estimated 500,000 in the five states and regions need humanitarian assistance following the cyclone. The widespread conflict has further deteriorated in 2023. Increased fighting has been occurring nationwide, with notable intensification mainly in the southeast, northwest, and Kachin states. More than 1.8 million people were internally displaced, including 1.5 million newly displaced after February 2021. Of these, over 1.2 million internally displaced people were living in the areas impacted by Cyclone Mocha. Communities in Sagaing Region, hardest hit by the conflict with nearly 763,100 people displaced, suffered additional trauma. Cyclone Mocha has further imperiled nearly 220,000 people living in protracted displacement in Rakhine and the extremely vulnerable non-displaced populations, especially 417,000 stateless Rohingyas and communities affected by conflict, insecurity and rising poverty. Grave child rights violations, mainly due to the indiscriminate use of heavy weapons, airstrikes, and explosive ordnance, continue to be largely reported. Attacks on schools and hospitals have continued at alarming levels, while all armed actors' recruitment and use of children remain a grave concern. As a result, women and children are at increased risk of violence, exploitation and abuse. Millions of children and adolescents are deprived of the right to education because their safe access to education has been disrupted. Camp closures, forced return, and relocation remain key protection concerns for displaced people. The security and protection of humanitarian and front-line workers is also a serious concern, as they are increasingly targeted by parties to the conflict and subject to arbitrary arrests and detentions. There has been a notable shrinking of humanitarian space, with access to cyclone and conflict-affected populations constrained by new restrictions on nongovernmental and civil society organizations. In addition, analysis shows that 60 per cent of landmine incidents reported in the first quarter of 2023 were in areas affected by Cyclone Mocha, highlighting the high risks of landmines/unexploded ordinance contamination in cyclone-affected areas - creating an additional potential threat to populations and humanitarian assistance efforts..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-06-03
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Title: Myanmar: Cyclone Mocha Situation Report No.3 (As of 14:00 1 June 2023)
Description: "This more comprehensive product now replaces the daily Flash Updates that were previously issued by OCHA Myanmar on Cyclone Mocha. This Sit Rep is produced by OCHA in collaboration with the seven operating humanitarian clusters and their sub-working groups in Myanmar. The humanitarian response section is not necessarily reflective of all humanitarian interventions undertaken on the ground but rather those voluntarily reported by partners. The next Sit Rep will be issued on Wednesday, 7 June 2023. HIGHLIGHTS The humanitarian response in cyclone-affected areas continues to expand, however much wider access is still needed to reach the 1.6 million people targeted as part of the Cyclone Mocha Flash Appeal across Rakhine, Chin, Magway, Sagaing, and Kachin. More than 95,000 people in areas affected by the cyclone have received shelter and other relief items. Almost 267,000 people have received food assistance, and approximately 3,380 metric tons of rice and high-energy biscuits have been distributed to cyclone-affected people in Rakhine. Between 25 and 31 May 2023, health partners conducted more than 7,800 consultations in the most severely affected townships. With the scale-up in the response, the looming monsoon and a low-pressure area in the Bay of Bengal, the replenishment of humanitarian supplies from Yangon and overseas is becoming increasingly urgent. The swift approval of transport and importation requests, a detailed two-week distribution plan, and further travel authorizations (TAs) for the cyclone response are imperative to meet immediate shelter needs and prevent waterborne disease outbreaks. Generous funding is also vital to support the scaling up of humanitarian operations, facilitate procurement, transport, and distribution of supplies, and ensure the well-being of affected communities. As of 2 June, the Cyclone Mocha Flash Appeal has received US$4.6 million according to FTS. Simultaneously, local authorities have been working to support recovery through debris clearance and the restoration of power, water and telecommunication services in Rakhine. In parallel, other actors are also providing support to the recovery effort, including in rural areas. SITUATION OVERVIEW Humanitarian response operations continue to expand through organizations with new and existing TAs across the cyclonestricken regions of Rakhine, Chin, Magway, Sagaing, and Kachin, with shelter and food assistance particularly gathering pace. More than 95,240 people in areas affected by the cyclone have received shelter and other relief items. More than 266,500 people have received food assistance, and approximately 3,380 metric tons of rice and high-energy biscuits (33 per cent of the total plan) have been distributed to cyclone-affected people in Rakhine. In the Northwest, food distribution for 78,000 people in Magway is pending approval. Between 25 and 31 May 2023, health partners conducted more than 7,800 consultations in the most severely affected townships of Rakhine, the Northwest, and Kachin, ensuring access to essential healthcare services. However, this work is still only meeting a fraction of overall needs and wider access for distributions is desperately required. The clock is ticking with the monsoon looming and another low-pressure area being closely monitored in the Bay of Bengal. Severe damage to agricultural land, loss of livestock and damage to the fishing fleet are also shaping as major food security issues over the weeks ahead. Approval is pending for the transport of supplies from warehouses inside the country and from outside Myanmar. Approval is also pending for a twoweek distribution and related travel authoritzation for Rakhine and Chin. Timely approval of these requests will allow partner organizations to provide safe shelter, address immediate needs, avert potential waterborne disease outbreaks, and mitigate against protection risks. Local authorities have been working on recovery measures in priority areas, particularly in Sittwe and Rathedaung. Debris clearance from Sittwe's streets has improved access to areas that were previously blocked by fallen trees and collapsed electricity poles. Power is gradually being restored to most of the affected regions, and the repair of streetlights along Sittwe town's main thoroughfares has enhanced visibility and safety. Telecommunication services are also coming back online which is vital to engage with the cyclone affected communities as well as for effective coordination and timely response efforts among partners working across the various townships. Work has also been underway to repair schools and deliver water in Rathedaung, Kyauktaw, and Sittwe townships. A 14 member ASEAN Emergency Response and Assessment Team (ERAT) was deployed to Rakhine to support assessments and response by the Department of Disaster Management (DDM). They have now wrapped up their work. In parallel, other actors are also providing support to the recovery efforts, including in rural areas. They have also been measuring the impact in affected communities and delivering assistance to the extent of their resources and access. Civil society organizations, private donors and religious networks are working to support affected communities. Communities themselves have also swung into action, clearing debris from blocked roads, and providing shelter to those who have lost their homes. Funding is critically needed to support the scale-up of humanitarian operations, facilitating urgent procurement, transport, and distribution of vital supplies to support affected communities. According to Financial Tracking System (FTS), as of 2 June, $4.6 million in additional funds has been received for the $333 million Cyclone Mocha Flash Appeal, which seeks to support 1.6 million people affected by the cyclone in Rakhine, Chin, Sagaing, Magway, and Kachin..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-06-03
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Title: Myanmar: Cyclone Mocha Situation Report No.3 (As of 14:00 1 June 2023) [EN/MY]
Description: "This more comprehensive product now replaces the daily Flash Updates that were previously issued by OCHA Myanmar on Cyclone Mocha. This Sit Rep is produced by OCHA in collaboration with the seven operating humanitarian clusters and their sub-working groups in Myanmar. The humanitarian response section is not necessarily reflective of all humanitarian interventions undertaken on the ground but rather those voluntarily reported by partners. The next Sit Rep will be issued on Wednesday, 7 June 2023. HIGHLIGHTS The humanitarian response in cyclone-affected areas continues to expand, however much wider access is still needed to reach the 1.6 million people targeted as part of the Cyclone Mocha Flash Appeal across Rakhine, Chin, Magway, Sagaing, and Kachin. More than 95,000 people in areas affected by the cyclone have received shelter and other relief items. Almost 267,000 people have received food assistance, and approximately 3,380 metric tons of rice and high-energy biscuits have been distributed to cyclone-affected people in Rakhine. Between 25 and 31 May 2023, health partners conducted more than 7,800 consultations in the most severely affected townships. With the scale-up in the response, the looming monsoon and a low-pressure area in the Bay of Bengal, the replenishment of humanitarian supplies from Yangon and overseas is becoming increasingly urgent. The swift approval of transport and importation requests, a detailed two-week distribution plan, and further travel authorizations (TAs) for the cyclone response are imperative to meet immediate shelter needs and prevent waterborne disease outbreaks. Generous funding is also vital to support the scaling up of humanitarian operations, facilitate procurement, transport, and distribution of supplies, and ensure the well-being of affected communities. As of 2 June, the Cyclone Mocha Flash Appeal has received US$4.6 million according to FTS. Simultaneously, local authorities have been working to support recovery through debris clearance and the restoration of power, water and telecommunication services in Rakhine. In parallel, other actors are also providing support to the recovery effort, including in rural areas. SITUATION OVERVIEW Humanitarian response operations continue to expand through organizations with new and existing TAs across the cyclonestricken regions of Rakhine, Chin, Magway, Sagaing, and Kachin, with shelter and food assistance particularly gathering pace. More than 95,240 people in areas affected by the cyclone have received shelter and other relief items. More than 266,500 people have received food assistance, and approximately 3,380 metric tons of rice and high-energy biscuits (33 per cent of the total plan) have been distributed to cyclone-affected people in Rakhine. In the Northwest, food distribution for 78,000 people in Magway is pending approval. Between 25 and 31 May 2023, health partners conducted more than 7,800 consultations in the most severely affected townships of Rakhine, the Northwest, and Kachin, ensuring access to essential healthcare services. However, this work is still only meeting a fraction of overall needs and wider access for distributions is desperately required. The clock is ticking with the monsoon looming and another low-pressure area being closely monitored in the Bay of Bengal. Severe damage to agricultural land, loss of livestock and damage to the fishing fleet are also shaping as major food security issues over the weeks ahead. Approval is pending for the transport of supplies from warehouses inside the country and from outside Myanmar. Approval is also pending for a twoweek distribution and related travel authoritzation for Rakhine and Chin. Timely approval of these requests will allow partner organizations to provide safe shelter, address immediate needs, avert potential waterborne disease outbreaks, and mitigate against protection risks. Local authorities have been working on recovery measures in priority areas, particularly in Sittwe and Rathedaung. Debris clearance from Sittwe's streets has improved access to areas that were previously blocked by fallen trees and collapsed electricity poles. Power is gradually being restored to most of the affected regions, and the repair of streetlights along Sittwe town's main thoroughfares has enhanced visibility and safety. Telecommunication services are also coming back online which is vital to engage with the cyclone affected communities as well as for effective coordination and timely response efforts among partners working across the various townships. Work has also been underway to repair schools and deliver water in Rathedaung, Kyauktaw, and Sittwe townships. A 14 member ASEAN Emergency Response and Assessment Team (ERAT) was deployed to Rakhine to support assessments and response by the Department of Disaster Management (DDM). They have now wrapped up their work. In parallel, other actors are also providing support to the recovery efforts, including in rural areas. They have also been measuring the impact in affected communities and delivering assistance to the extent of their resources and access. Civil society organizations, private donors and religious networks are working to support affected communities. Communities themselves have also swung into action, clearing debris from blocked roads, and providing shelter to those who have lost their homes. Funding is critically needed to support the scale-up of humanitarian operations, facilitating urgent procurement, transport, and distribution of vital supplies to support affected communities. According to Financial Tracking System (FTS), as of 2 June, $4.6 million in additional funds has been received for the $333 million Cyclone Mocha Flash Appeal, which seeks to support 1.6 million people affected by the cyclone in Rakhine, Chin, Sagaing, Magway, and Kachin..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-06-02
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 9 (Cyclone MOCHA): 30 May -01 June 2023
Description: "Highlights Almost three weeks after Cyclone Mocha hit Myanmar, the response in the Northwest remains constrained for 48,000 affected individuals, particularly for essential WASH needs. Cases of children and adolescents participating in unsafe reconstruction and income generation to support their families have been reported in some parts of Rakhine. UNICEF partners are provided essential learning packages to mitigate learning loss due to the delay in restoring learning infrastructure, especially in the Northwest. UNICEF partners stepped up primary healthcare services with additional fixed and mobile clinics and cold chain equipment to strengthen routine immunization in affected areas in Rakhine..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-06-02
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Title: Myanmar: Cyclone Mocha Situation Report No.2 (As of 14:00 29 May 2023)
Description: "This more comprehensive product now replaces the daily Flash Updates that were previously issued by OCHA Myanmar on Cyclone Mocha. This Sit Rep is produced by OCHA in collaboration with the seven operating humanitarian clusters and their sub-working groups in Myanmar. The humanitarian response section is not necessarily reflective of all humanitarian interventions undertaken on the ground but rather those voluntarily reported by partners. The next Sit Rep will be issued on 2 June 2023. HIGHLIGHTS Two weeks after Cyclone Mocha hit western Myanmar safe shelter remains a key priority for cyclone-affected people who have been left without a roof over their head as the monsoon approaches. Cyclone Mocha has exposed significant safety and security challenges for cyclone affected communities. To date, shelter and other relief items have been distributed to more than 63,000 people. More than 230,000 people have received food assistance but household food reserves are dwindling, and communities are having difficulty buying food due to price rises and crop damage. Loss of agricultural inputs and livestock is a growing problem. The cyclone has created an education emergency with approximately 80 per cent of schools and educational infrastructure reportedly sustaining damage ahead of the start of the new school term. Work is underway to reinstate Temporary Learning Spaces (TLSs), disseminate learning kits to children, and restore schools and learning centers to operation. While humanitarians continue to ramp up support where they have authorizations and supplies, so far it has only been possible to reach a fraction of the 1.6 million people identified for assistance in the $333 million Flash Appeal launched last week. Wider access for distributions is urgently needed, along with permission to transport humanitarian supplies from in-country warehouses and into Myanmar from other countries. Detailed plans for the transport and distribution of supplies have been shared and are pending approval. Pledges of additional funding from generous donors have started arriving, but much more is needed to adequately support vulnerable people and ensure prompt distributions of critical supplies. SITUATION OVERVIEW Two weeks have passed since Cyclone Mocha struck Myanmar the humanitarian response is gathering pace but aid agencies still require more supplies, expanded access and additional funds to distribute assistance at-scale. Needs are enormous across all communities. The consequences of the cyclone reach far beyond the physical destruction of houses and public infrastructure, with a range of safety risks now also threatening the well-being of the affected population. These risks include the movement of unexploded ordnance (UXOs) in flooded areas, instances of sexual and gender-based violence, loss of civil documentation, looting, extortion, and robbery. Such risks pose a direct threat to affected communities, potentially exacerbating negative coping mechanisms such as high interest borrowing and children begging due to the lack of job opportunities of their parents. This situation increases the likelihood of child labor, exploitation, and abuse. The cyclone's impact has eroded community support systems among affected populations. Reports from partners on the ground indicate that parents are struggling to adequately care for their children while they are rebuilding their damaged homes or are seeking employment to sustain their families. Of particular concern is the situation faced by displaced communities, that are currently enduring overcrowded living conditions that lack privacy, sanitation, and proper lighting in many areas. These conditions pose the risk of sexual abuse and harassment, particularly targeting women and adolescent girls. Adding to the gravity of the situation is the destruction or damage to most of the Women and Girls’ Centers in the affected areas. Despite ongoing access challenges, humanitarian partners are ensuring that field observations continue in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the cyclone's impact, especially among vulnerable groups. Simultaneously, those who have access are intensifying their response efforts, delivering critical and lifesaving assistance to affected communities in the Rakhine, Chin, Magway, Sagaing, and Kachin..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-31
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 8 (Cyclone MOCHA): 27-29 May 2023
Description: "Highlights • Cases of child neglect are reported, as caregivers are preoccupied with survival and suffering from psychosocial distress, increasing child protection risks, including physical risks of playing in debris or water unsupervised, as well as exposure of children to trafficking, violence or exploitation. • 1,113 primary health care consultations have been provided in Rakhine through mobile health clinics from May 22 to date. • UNICEF and partners continued to provide mental health and psychosocial support, including psychosocial first aid, to 1,432 people (653 girls, 623 boys, 88 women, 68 men) through safe spaces and mobile child-friendly spaces in both Rakhine and Northwest. Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs The humanitarian situation in regions and states affected by Cyclone Mocha continues to be a concern, as challenges in a number of affected sectors will have an impact on children’s survival, wellbeing and development. Telecommunication remains the major constraint for collecting and sharing information in both Rakhine and the Northwest. Electricity resumed with limited hours (4-8 hours) in almost all areas of the Northwest while Rakhine State remains with no electricity. Humanitarian access to the affected population continues to be a challenge due to bureaucratic impediments, ongoing conflict and restrictions on movement and supply transportation. Affected people, including children and women, are at risk of explosive ordnance, mainly in conflict-affected areas. UNICEF’s Rakhine field office is replenishing stocks to scale up or continue assistance to affected children and populations. Transport takes longer than usual and there are delays in the arrival of supplies due to administrative process and several checkpoints. According to WASH Cluster partners, about 700 households in Chin State, 4,800 households in Magway, and 2,800 households in Sagaing Region have been affected. These numbers may increase, as partners are still collecting information in some areas. To date, approximately 41,500 people have been identified as having suffered impacts from the cyclone, with WASH assistance - especially safe drinking water, emergency latrines, and hygiene supplies - the priority needs. WASH Cluster partners reported that 208 ponds/ wells were flooded by salty water, affecting 101,378 people from 9,152 households in seven townships of Rakhine State affected by the cyclone. 193 open wells’ roofing sheets and wooden structures were damaged by storm winds in 46 villages in six townships (Sittwe, Ponnagyun, Mrauk U, Minbya, Maungdaw, and Man Aung). Two LifeStraw buildings were damaged in two villages in Minbya Township. Over 2,800 latrines were damaged in protracted camps and displacement sites in eight townships. Among 14 static nutrition treatment out-patient therapeutic programme and supplementary feeding program (OTP/SFP) centres in Rakhine, four centres were totally destroyed by the cyclone and need new buildings/ reconstruction, while an additional 10 centres need minor repairs. Partners reported that children are roaming around without clothes, often unsupervised, increasing child protection risks, including physical risks of playing in debris or water unsupervised, as well as exposure to trafficking, violence or exploitation. There is a need for support to caregivers, who require mental health and psychosocial support, as distress is impacting their capacity to care for their children. Cases of child neglect are reported, as caregivers are preoccupied with survival and suffering from psychosocial distress. Children and caregivers with disabilities need additional support. Adolescent girls are exposed to risks of sexual abuse, as they report travelling long distances to fetch household water..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-29
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Title: Myanmar: Cyclone Mocha Situation Report No.1 (As of 14:00 25 May 2023)
Description: "This more comprehensive product now replaces the daily Flash Updates which were previously being issued by OCHA Myanmar on Cyclone Mocha. This Sit Rep is produced by OCHA in collaboration with the seven operating clusters and their sub-working groups in Myanmar. The humanitarian response section is not necessarily reflective of all humanitarian interventions undertaken on the ground but rather those voluntarily reported by partners. The next Sit Rep will be issued on or around 30 May 2023. HIGHLIGHTS • With the monsoon looming, the humanitarian community is in a race against time to respond to a shelter, water, sanitation and food emergency in areas most heavily affected by Cyclone Mocha that smashed Myanmar on 14 May. • Aid organizations have been delivering assistance where they have stocks and approval, but more supplies, wider access and increased funding are urgently needed to deliver an operation at-scale and meet needs across all communities. • Based on discussions in Nay Pyi Taw, a detailed two-week distribution plan has been submitted for approval, along with transportation plans for the movement of stocks within Myanmar and from outside the country. • The humanitarian community has launched a Flash Appeal seeking $333 million to provide assistance to 1.6 million people affected by Cyclone Mocha. Immediate funding is crucial to support vulnerable populations in the hardest-hit zones across Rakhine, Chin, Magway, Sagaing, and Kachin. • Shelter and other relief items are being distributed where access is possible with 7,700 households reached so far across 8 townships in Rakhine, while cash assistance for shelter repairs has been distributed in the Northwest. • Distribution of drinking water and hygiene kits has also continued. More than 30,000 litres of drinking water have been distributed to affected villages and displacement camps and sites in Rakhine over the past few days, while more than 4,500 affected households in at least six townships in Chin and Magway are already being provided with hygiene kits. Increased cases of Acute Watery Diarrhoea (AWD) have already been recorded. • Immediate assistance is needed to provide food to vulnerable populations. So far since the cyclone, at least 107,000 people have been reached with food support by WFP across all communities in Rakhine alone. In Rakhine in total, more than 2,000 metric tons of rice and mixed food commodities and 111 metric tons of high energy biscuits have been distributed to food insecure people since the cyclone. • Distributions have also been underway in the Northwest. The agriculture and fishery sectors have been badly hit, causing a severe loss of assets crucial for livelihoods and posing a longer-term threat to food security. • Health services are being provided, but damaged infrastructure poses challenges. Many township hospital buildings, IDP camp clinics, and rural health centers have been impacted, Mobile health teams are operating where they can. • Explosive ordnance (EO), loss of civil documentation, mental health, overcrowding, and separation of children from caregivers are significant protection issues. Partners are delivering EO safety messages, conducting reunifications, establishing child-friendly spaces, providing awareness-raising messages, and offering psychosocial support wherever possible. Continued efforts are needed to address these protection immediate safety and wellbeing concerns. SITUATION OVERVIEW Extremely Severe Cyclone Mocha made landfall in Myanmar’s Rakhine state on 14 May packing winds of 250 kmph as it approached the coast, making it one of the strongest cyclones on record to hit the country. The cyclone has devastated coastal areas, leaving hundreds of thousands of already vulnerable people without a roof over their heads with the monsoon just weeks away. The cyclone also brough heavy damage as it advanced inland bringing strong wind, heavy rain and flooding across areas in Chin, Sagaing, Magway and Kachin. An estimated 7.9 million people experienced winds in excess of 90km/h, with 3.4 million facing destructive winds over 120 km/h. The strength of shelters and pre-existing vulnerabilities are emerging as the key determining factors in the severity of impact and needs. Barely a home has escaped damage in the state capital Sittwe and in Rathedaung where the impact of the cyclone was strongest. An estimated 85 per cent of the shelters in IDP camps and sites are thought to have been destroyed. Many of those most severely affected are now living in temporary sites, in monasteries or in the open. A massive debris clearance and rebuilding effort has been underway across the impact zone since the cyclone with local authorities working to gradually reconnect telecommunications and electricity services particularly in the state capital Sittwe. Schools have been heavily affected, and efforts are underway to have learning facilities available for the start of the school term in June. Health facilities have also been badly damaged. In the Northwest, severe flooding affected more than 120,000 people across Chin, Sagaing, and Magway, with an estimated 150 villages and wards across 20 townships impacted. Infrastructure has been damaged and destroyed while floods have washed away animals, crops and personal belongings. Over 300 community learning centers were partially or totally damaged, with roofs ripped off and walls broken. Cyclone Mocha also significantly impacted the agriculture and fishery sectors across all affected areas and communities, causing a severe loss of assets crucial for livelihoods. Furthermore, the cyclone exacerbated pre-existing humanitarian needs arising from years of conflict, displacement, statelessness, the COVID-19 pandemic, and economic instability. Post-cyclone, markets have reopened but with surging prices for basic shelter materials and food, straining the already impoverished population. Local communities have begun clearing debris and cleaning up, and telecommunications are gradually stabilizing. Despite access issues, ongoing conflict, and communications difficulties, humanitarian partners with access have scaled-up their support, providing critical and lifesaving assistance to affected communities in Rakhine, Chin, Magway and Sagaing, as well as Kachin..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-27
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 7 (Cyclone MOCHA): 26 May 2023
Description: "Highlights Rehabilitation and cleaning up debris from schools and learning centres is a high priority to ensure readiness for school re-opening, planned for early June, as it is reported that 1,380 basic education schools across 17 townships of Rakhine have been affected. Cyclone Mocha badly damaged Rakhine markets, resulting in significant increases in the price of essential food, non-food items, and services. UNICEF and partners reached 31,725 affected population through distribution of family hygiene kits, soaps, buckets, jerry cans, and water purification sachets and water trucking for most affected villages in Rakhine. The catastrophic Cyclone Mocha had a devastating impact in Chin State, affecting 1813 households, 18 religious’ structures, and 9 educational institutions in Matupi, Hakha, Kanpalet, Palettwa, Mindat, Falam, Thantlang and Tedim. In the Northwest, UNICEF is working with implementing partners on the distribution of essential learning package kits (5,440 sets) and short-term home-based learning materials (2,472 sets) to IDP camps affected by the cyclone and armed conflicts. Situation in Numbers 3.4 million people in affected areas (OCHA) 1.6 million people targeted for humanitarian assistance (OCHA) 500,000 new additional caseload (OCHA) Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs The humanitarian situation in regions and states affected by Cyclone Mocha continues to be a concern, as a number of affected sectors will have an impact on children’s survival, wellbeing and development. The latest assessments from the Market Analysis Unit (MAU) indicate that Cyclone Mocha badly damaged Rakhine markets, resulting in significant increases in the price of essential food, non-food items, and services. In Sittwe, electrical outages have impacted water supply and water pumps. Prices for water hand- pumps has doubled, rising from 42,000 MMK (USD 14) prior to the cyclone to 83,000 MMK (USD 28) afterward. The price of distilled water has increased by 17 per cent, rising from 600 MMK/20L (0.2 USD/20L) to 700 MMK/20L (0.24 USD/20L). Many households are struggling to access purified bottled water due to the rising cost. In Mrauk-U’s main market, vendors interviewed reported fewer inventory losses than vendors in Sittwe. Prices for hygiene-related items were fairly stable in Mrauk-U, although soap prices were up 25 per cent. In Ponnagyun, prices of non-food items, both for shelter and hygiene products, increased sharply. Blanket prices were up 17 per cent, while those for plastic tarps were up 60 per cent and prices for mosquito nets have doubled. Jerry cans were not available. Toothpaste prices were up 19 per cent, while soap was up 50 per cent and sanitary pad prices were stable. Assessments from the Market Analysis Unit indicate that the implementation of large-scale cash transfer programmes should be undertaken with caution due to supply constraints and potential market impacts. Cash assistance can be effective in Sittwe, Mrauk-U and Ponnagyun, where markets are damaged but still functional. Humanitarian cash assistance will likely grow more important in the coming weeks as regional supply chains recover. In Rakhine, 1,380 basic education schools across 17 townships of Rakhine have been affected. The number of children estimated in the need of education support stands at about 335,000. In addition, teachers and volunteer teachers have had their homes partially or destroyed and most of the affected population are now living in monasteries and with relatives. It has been challenging to get safe spaces and shade to deliver preventive and curative nutrition services, especially for Sittwe, Pauktaw and Kyauktaw areas. Temporary tents are urgently needed to deliver nutrition services to vulnerable people in shade and safe spaces. The catastrophic Cyclone Mocha cyclone had a devastating impact in Chin State, affecting 1,813 households, 18 religious structures, and 9 educational institutions in Matupi, Hakha, Kanpalet, Palettwa, Mindat, Falam, Thantlang and Tedim..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-27
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Title: Myanmar at a Crossroads: Past trends of human well-being and a future outlook, April 2023
Description: "Executive Summary: Myanmar is likely to be in a protracted state of crisis for some time. Consequently, the crisis is also very likely to derail the steady progress the country was making in sustained high GDP growth, poverty reduction, creation of employment including that of women, increasing exports and overall, getting closer to achieving many of the SDGs. Myanmar will be challenged in arresting the rising vulnerabilities of the people from lost jobs and lost or diminished livelihoods, providing widespread access to basic services and social safety nets, creating the necessary fiscal space, and curbing the conflict spreading throughout the country resulting in growing insecurity of civilians. The crisis is posing a serious, and possibly generational threat to the well-being of the people. With extremely limited domestic and international resources available, and an extremely complex and dynamic operating context, the challenge is to try to understand the nature and pace of the southward slide of all conceivable metrics of progress and determine how best to target interventions for maximum impact. The main purpose of this empirical analysis is to provide that information base. First from 2005-2017 – a period of high progress at the national level and well-captured by comprehensive datasets – followed by estimates of regression post 2020, due to the crises based on smaller but frequent surveys in the absence of any comprehensive national level datasets..."
Source/publisher: UN Development Programme (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-24
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 6 (Cyclone MOCHA): 20-23 May 2023
Description: "Highlights • It is estimated that 3.4 million people live in the areas highly impacted by Cyclone Mocha, hit by >120km/h wind speeds. • Analysis conducted by the Mine Action Area of Responsibility shows that 60 per cent of landmine incidents reported (first quarter of 2023) were in areas affected by Cyclone Mocha, and 90 per cent of the incidents were in the red zone (where winds of over 120km/h were recorded). This implies high risks of landmines/unexploded ordinance contamination in cyclone-affected areas, creating a potential threat to populations and to relief and recovery efforts. • UNICEF and partners provided 50 recreational kits and three child protection kits to the cyclone-affected villages of Buthidaung and Maungdaw. Fifty Child Friendly Spaces have been set up, providing psychosocial support to 520 children affected by Cyclone Mocha. Situation in Numbers 3.4 million people In affected area (OCHA) 1.6 million people targeted for humanitarian assistance (OCHA) 500,000 New additional caseload (OCHA) Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs Sittwe and Rathedaung Townships are the most impacted by cyclone. Power lines are severely damaged in both Sittwe and Rathedaung Townships, which is also disrupting the water supply systems. The camps and shelters for people previously displaced by conflict in Maungdaw, Buthidaung Ponnagyun, Kyauktaw townships have also been severely impacted. In Rakhine, more than 100 temporary learning spaces were damaged, including with roofs being blown off, collapsed walls and fallen pillars. It is estimated that about 113 schools in Sittwe Township have been totally or partially destroyed, while around 80 per cent of schools in Buthidaung Township have been affected by the cyclone. An increase in the number of unaccompanied children in Rakhine has been reported. WASH, health, nutrition and child protection are the priority needs of the affected people. In the Northwest, severe flooding has affected more than 120,000 people in Chin, Sagaing and Magway. An estimated 150 villages and wards in 20 townships were affected, with the damage ranging from partially or fully destroyed infrastructure to floods having swept away animals and personal belongings in agricultural fields. Over 300 community learning centers were partially or totally damaged, with roofs ripped off and walls broken..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) (Myanmar) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-24
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Title: Myanmar: Cyclone Mocha Flash Appeal, May 2023
Description: "Situation Overview This multi-sectoral Flash Appeal targets approximately 1.6 million people affected by cyclone Mocha and its aftermath across five areas of Myanmar – Rakhine, Chin, Sagaing, Magway and Kachin. A total of US$333 million is urgently required for this response plan to address needs in areas in all communities affected by the cyclone and its aftermath. The cyclone and the flooding that followed hit an area of high pre-existing vulnerability, with large numbers of displaced, returned, stateless and crisisaffected people, who were already targeted for support under the existing 2023 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP). Thus, the financial requirement for this Flash Appeal includes some activities originally costed under the 2023 HRP that can now be pivoted to support people affected by the cyclone. It also identifies completely new or scaled-up activities that will support the cyclone response to the existing HRP target populations, as well as costing support to entirely new people with needs as a result of the disaster across all communities. Communities and humanitarian responders are now in a race against time to implement the response outlined with the monsoon imminent and hundreds of thousands of people either homeless or living in damaged shelters with limited access to clean water. A dramatic scale-up of funding is imperative to support the activities outlined given the scale of the disaster and the dire existing funding gap for the HRP (10 per cent funded). The day before the cyclone, the Humanitarian Coordinator initiated a $2m Reserve Allocation under the Myanmar Humanitarian Fund to kick-start procurement of supplies and cash responses to affected people. On 18 May, the Emergency Relief Coordinator also approved a $10m allocation under the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) Rapid Response window to support the Humanitarian Country Team to expand operations. However, much more support is needed to deliver a disaster response at-scale. This plan outlines immediate responses to be implemented during the initial months after the cyclone. The HCT may decide to revise this appeal once more information becomes available or may choose to fold these activities into a wider HRP revision at a later date. Context and Needs Overview Extremely Severe Cyclone Mocha hit Myanmar’s Rakhine with brutal force on 14 May. One of the strongest cyclones ever recorded in Myanmar, the eye made landfall between Cox’s Bazaar and Kyaukpyu township, approaching the coast with maximum sustained winds of around 250 km/h and wind gusts of up to 305 km/h, before continuing inland and impacting communities with heavy rain and winds on 15 May. This appeal addresses needs generated by the cyclone and its aftermath in communities across five states and regions – Rakhine, Chin, Sagaing, Magway and Kachin. An estimated 7.9 million people live in areas that experienced winds in excess of 90kmph during the cyclone. Of these, 3.4 million faced very destructive winds of more than 120 kmph, placing them at very high risk given the poor shelters in these locations and their pre-existing vulnerabilities. Heavy rainfall, storm surge and strong winds associated with the cyclone caused widespread damage across affected locations, including flooding in low-lying areas of Rakhine, particularly in and around the state capital, Sittwe, as well as the townships of Kyauktaw, Maungdaw, Pauktaw, Ponnagyun, and Rathedaung. Almost all buildings in Sittwe and Rathedaung have suffered damage, leaving hundreds of thousands of people either homeless or living in damaged houses. Significant damage has been suffered by displacement camps, where long houses were left in splinters and access bridges have been washed away. Extensive areas of farming land and coastal areas have been affected, with severe losses of assets that are crucial for the agriculture and fishery sectors. The destruction of the local fishing fleet and heavy loss of agricultural inputs will have serious implications on livelihoods and are likely to see the adoption of negative coping strategies in the months ahead. As the weather system moved inland into the country’s Northwest and Northeast, continuous heavy rain caused flooding in townships in Magway where the Ayeyarwady River overflowed. In Chin, houses were reportedly damaged or destroyed. In Magway and Sagaing, floodwaters reportedly damaged infrastructure and agricultural fields and washed away livestock and personal belongings. Later, in Waingmaw Township in Kachin, shelters were damaged in Shanjai, which is home to more than 1,000 displaced people, as well as in the Maga Yang/Sha It Yang, Hka Shau, and Pajau/Janmai displacement camps. Significant damage has been reported to public infrastructure in all affected areas, including hospitals, health centres, banks, schools, bridges, and religious buildings. Water systems, sanitation facilities, water supply infrastructure and latrines have also been affected, reducing access to safe drinking water and basic hygiene services, and increasing the risk of outbreaks of water-borne disease. Although most markets have re-opened, the soaring prices of basic shelter materials needed for rebuilding, including tarpaulins, metal sheeting, and nails, has made this task unaffordable for most affected people in these very impoverished parts of the country. Food costs have also spiked in many locations, putting a strain on households that were already living on the edge of survival. For example, the price of one kilogram of rice in Mrauk-U township has increased from MMK 1,300 ($0.62) before the cyclone to MMK 1,500 ($0.71) one week after the disaster. Even prior to the cyclone, the affected areas were characterized by heavy humanitarian needs resulting from years of conflict, displacement, statelessness, COVID-19, and economic instability. This new disaster has now added a devastating new dimension to the humanitarian situation facing people in the country’s west. Preparedness and early response The Myanmar Humanitarian Emergency Response Preparedness Plan was activated at the national and sub-national levels ahead of the cyclone making landfall. Humanitarian organisations ramped up their preparedness efforts, pre-positioned personnel and supplies wherever possible, and disseminated safety messages to affected areas. Since the cyclone hit, humanitarian personnel have been working to gauge the full impact of the disaster on affected people through a series of field missions and early support where they had permission to start distributions particularly of food, non-food items (NFIs), shelter and hygiene items. Based on discussions in Nay Pyi Taw, a detailed two-week distribution plan will soon be shared for approval, outlining further support that is ready to be provided to across all affected communities in Rakhine and Chin. Efforts are also underway to move more supplies to the impact zone from both Ya ngon and various locations outside the country. The national Natural Disaster Management Committee was activated in Nay Pyi Taw before the cyclone and local authorities carried out evacuations in high-risk areas. In areas under the control of the State Administration Council (SAC), local authorities deployed personnel to start initiating debris clearance, restore communications and begin distributions. The ASEAN Centre for Humanitarian Assistance (AHA) deployed staff to support the Emergency Operations Centre in Nay Pyi Taw before the cyclone hit. A 14 member ASEAN Emergency Response and Assessment Team (ERAT) has been deployed to Rakhine to support the response by the Department of Disaster Management (DDM). The first three plane loads of AHA shelter supplies arrived in Myanmar on 21 May and were handed over to DDM for distribution in affected areas. OCHA continues to coordinate closely with AHA on the response. In areas outside SAC control, various ethnic and resistance groups have been measuring the impact in affected communities and delivering assistance to the extent of their resources and access. Civil society organizations and religious networks are working to support affected communities. Communities themselves have also swung into action, clearing debris from blocked roads, and providing shelter to those who have lost their homes..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-23
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 5 (Cyclone MOCHA): 19 May 2023
Description: "Highlights Advocacy for humanitarian access to affected populations continues and this remains a critical constraint in assessing the extent of humanitarian needs and in providing lifesaving assistance to the most vulnerable populations. Incoming reports indicate that across all affected areas, access to safe drinking water is a critical priority due to the damage caused to water supply infrastructure. In Rakhine, at least 32 nutrition infrastructure and nutrition-related spaces are severely damaged. In the Northwest, around 30 schools are reported to be damaged, Life-saving nutrition supplies, including Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF), has been provided to 77 children with severe acute malnutrition. The UNICEF funding situation is critical: to date the Myanmar 2023 Humanitarian Action for Children (HAC) appeal for USD 169.6 million is only 11.8 per cent funded. Situation in Numbers 3.2 million people within the areas impacted by the cyclone are most vulnerable and likely to have humanitarian needs (OCHA) This includes an estimated: 1.12 million children 0-17 years Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs There is no significant change in the access situation as no Travel Authorisation approvals have been granted in Rakhine State and in the Northwest of the country affected by Cyclone Mocha. In Rakhine, deaths have been reported, including of children and pregnant women. IDP communities in northern Rakhine state have been relocated to schools as temporary shelters. There is an urgent need for latrines due to the increased number of people relocated. Access to safe drinking water is an urgent priority, along with roofing for shelters, health services and WASH facilities. Mobile medical assistance has been initiated in some central Rakhine State townships, but harder-to-reach villages have yet to receive support. As many as 32 nutrition infrastructure and nutrition- related spaces (including breast-feeding spaces, antenatal support services and treatment centres) are severely damaged. The airport reopened to commercial flights today. The Yangon – Sittwe road has been re-opened to trucks today and passenger buses from Yangon have also resumed. Many reports indicate damage to WASH infrastructure. The latrine superstructures in Rakhine camps have been substantially damaged and, in several locations, flooding is reported to have rendered the facilities dysfunctional. Similarly, heavy damage to water supply infrastructure has been reported, and the storm surge flooded water supply ponds, making the water saline. In the Northwest, shelter and water supply are the first priority needs, followed by food security. Electricity has been recovered in most of the urban areas of Sagaing and Chin. Telecommunication remains a major challenge for collecting information. It was reported that 30 schools have been damaged in Chin State. A total of 21 townships (17 townships in Rakhine State and four townships in Chin State) have been declared as disaster (cyclone) affected areas by the authorities..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-19
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 4 (Cyclone MOCHA): 17 May 2023
Description: "Highlights: • Four days after Cyclone Mocha made landfall in Myanmar it is still extremely challenging to get information on the magnitude of the disaster and the number of children and women affected by the crisis. • Reports of damaged critical infrastructure, including roads, houses, schools and hospitals are reported, as well as intermittent or total power outages. Telecommunications and internet connectivity continue to be major challenges. • There are concerns about contamination of water sources as a result of storm surges, landslides and flooding in some of the impacted locations. • Drinking water, shelter, health and food have been consistently identified as priorities by communities consulted. • The UNICEF funding situation is critical: to date the Myanmar 2023 Humanitarian Action for Children (HAC) appeal for USD 169.6 million is only 11.8 per cent funded. Situation in Numbers 5.4 million people are estimated to have been in the path of the cyclone across Rakhine and the Northwest (OCHA) 3.2 million people are most vulnerable and likely to have humanitarian needs (OCHA) Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs The humanitarian community continues to face challenges in accessing information and in getting approval for travel authorisation to conduct needs assessments and reach affected populations with emergency relief. Network connection and intermittent electricity continue to be major challenges to communicating with partners across the affected areas. In Northwest, humanitarian access and information availability are main challenges to reach to beneficiaries. Major power lines have been damaged in the west and northeast townships of Magway (Pakokku, Seikphyu, Salin, Yaesagyo, Pauk, Myaing, Saw and Kantkaw) areas. As a result, electricity is not expected to be restored before 19 May 2023. In Rakhine, many infrastructures are reportedly damaged including public services – electricity, telecommunications, schools, hospitals and connectivity continues to be a major challenge. The latest information identified serious damage to at least 13 camps (out of 21) in Rakhine. It is estimated that 80% of school infrastructure is partially/totally damaged with roofs ripped off and damaged/collapsed walls. Schools reopening in Rakhine in June is therefore in question. Many teachers and volunteer teachers are also directly impacted and have had their homes partially or destroyed. Concerns have also been raised over the possibility that the destruction caused by the cyclone in the camps for displaced populations (displaced prior to the cyclone) may lead authorities to push individuals to return to their places of origin as part of an effort to close down camps. In term of the response, recommendations for in-kind assistance seems to be more relevant than cash, according to the community voices, as commodity prices are rapidly rising..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-18
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 3 (Cyclone MOCHA): 16 May 2023
Description: "Highlights Information on the impact of the cyclone in Myanmar is gradually becoming available, confirming significant levels of destruction in the locations where the cyclone has passed. In Rakhine, initial reports indicate major damage to shelters, latrines (structures, flooding in some camps) and contamination of water sources (though hand pumps are functioning). Health services are reported to be non-functioning and the hospital which serves the camps has been badly damaged. Taing Nyo IDP site in Mrauk-U, one of the largest, is reported to be seriously affected. In the Northwest, heavy damage has been reported in Magway and Sagaing, as well as in Chin, Bago and Ayeyarwaddy UNICEF, in coordination with OCHA and other humanitarian organisations, is still working to assess the situation and needs on the ground. Clearance for rapid needs assessments in the field is still pending approval of Travel authorisation. The UNICEF funding situation is critical: to date the Myanmar 2023 Humanitarian Action for Children (HAC) appeal for USD 169.6 million is only 11.8 per cent funded. Situation in Numbers 16 million people potentially exposed to Cyclone Mocha, including over 1.2 million already internally displaced (UNOSAT/UNITAR, 13 May 2023) 5.6 million children potentially exposed to Cyclone Mocha 8 States/Regions potentially cyclone-affected: Rakhine, Sagaing, Magway, Mandalay, Ayeyarwady, Chin, Bago and Naypyitaw (UNOSAT/UNITAR, 13 May 2023) Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs As information is beginning to reach the humanitarian community, emerging priority needs are for shelter, drinking water, latrine reconstruction / repair, and food due to the limited functionality of markets. In the Northwest, an estimated 22,209 people from 34 villages in 2 townships of Sagaing, and 2,462 people from 2 townships of Magway have been evacuated /relocated. Massive damages are reported in Magway and Sagaing, as well as in Chin, Bago and Ayeyarwaddy. In the northern areas of Magway and Sagaing, electricity has been intermittent since Monday 14 May and around 3,676 houses partially or fully damaged in 98 villages in Magway region due to flash flooding and heavy rains. Drinking water is reported as a critical issue in downtown Sittwe, as due to the electricity cuts the municipal water supply is not operating. The roofs of 724 houses, 9 schools and 10 churches were reported to have blown off and be partially or fully damaged due to strong winds in Chin state. In northern Rakhine state, Maungdaw, electricity and telecommunication are not yet restored. A number of causalities were reported due to damage/collapse of temporary buildings. Some initial reports indicate that significant damage has been incurred in all the Sittwe camps, with shelters and latrines damaged . UNICEF Field Office team has been communicating with partners and collecting information on the areas and numbers of people affected by the cyclone. Passenger ferries / boats began arriving in Sittwe this morning from Mrauk U. Telecommunication across Rakhine remains a challenge due to the severe damage to the main telecoms tower during the cyclone. UNICEF partner reported that: in Mrauk-U 25-40% building were damaged; one whole village – Nge Swal destroyed with no place for people to take shelter. Sittwe airport remains closed for commercial flights. The road between Mrauk U and Sittwe is operational for vehicles but not trucks (according to UNDSS). Opening the road from Yangon to Sittwe is being prioritized by authorities. The status of road conditions from Yangon to Mrauk U are still to be confirmed. The jetty area in Sittwe has some damage, but the is partially open and movement by boat is possible. The UNICEF office in Sittwe suffered some additional rain damage overnight due to broken windows. UNICEF staff will work from the OCHA office as an interim measure while a temporary office is being identified. Cleaning and moving of supplies from the damaged should be completed on 17 May. UNICEF stocks in the Maungdaw warehouse are in good condition..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (Myanmar) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-17
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 3: April 2023
Description: "Situation in Numbers 5,600,000 children in need of humanitarian assistance 17,600,000 people in need (HRP 2023) 1,493,100 Internally displaced people after 1 February 2021 (UNHCR) 53,200 People displaced to neighbouring countries since 1 February 2021 328,000 people living in protracted displacement before February 2021 Highlights UNICEF joined an inter-agency mission to Pinlaung township, Shan State,distributing WASH supplies to more than 4,000 displaced people (1,200 households). 4,100 clean delivery kits and 676 community newborn kits were also distributed to assist the safe delivery and care of babies. UNICEF efforts to support health care service programmes continue to be severely affected by long delays in obtaining official customs clearance of medical supplies and commodities. 302 casualties of landmines and other explosive remnants of war, of which were 21% children, have been reported as of the end of the first quarter of 2023. UNICEF has secured US $19.83 million to date, representing 11.8 per cent of its 2023 Humanitarian Action for Children (HAC) appeal. Funding Overview and Partnerships UNICEF Myanmar is appealing for US $169.6 million in 2023 to address the needs of 2.8 million people, including an estimated 1.9 million children. During the reporting period, UNICEF secured $19.83 million, or 11.8 per cent of its 2023 HAC appeal. UNICEF has received this generous support from the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United States Fund for UNICEF, the Humanitarian Aid Department of the European Commission (ECHO), the Government of Japan, the Japan International Cooperation Agency, the Government of Norway, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), the World Health Organization (WHO), Gavi the vaccine alliance and through UNICEF’s Global Humanitarian Thematic Funding. UNICEF and its partners continue to deliver much-needed services covering nutrition, health, HIV/AIDS, water sanitation and hygiene (WASH), education, child protection, gender-based violence in emergencies, protection against sexual exploitation and abuse, social protection and cash-based programming, social behaviour change (SBC), accountability to affected populations (AAP), humanitarian leadership and cluster coordination. Although UNICE secured almost 12 per cent of HAC appeal, the funding gap of 88 per cent is severely affecting the capacity to respond. Without these resources, targeted populations, especially children, who need basic social services will not be able to receive assistance. UNICEF continues resource mobilization to have more support and expresses its sincere appreciation to all private and public sector donors for their contributions to supporting the children of Myanmar. Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs Conflict intensified mainly in the southeast, northwest and Kachin states and the total number of people displaced internally is over 1.8 million, including 1.5 million newly displaced after February 2021. More than 50 per cent of new displacements are in the northwest with an estimated 760,300 people displaced in Sagaing region and 200,000 in Magway region where there were reports of frequent and intensified clashes, airstrikes, destruction of property and people being arrested and detained by Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF). The number of children on the move continues to increase, especially in the southeast and northwest. On 11 April, air attacks by the MAF in Kanbulu Township, Sagaing, reportedly killed more than 170 people, including women and children.The security situation remains fragile in the southeast with indiscriminate attacks, escalating armed clashes using heavy artillery and airstrikes. A total of 450,000 are estimated to be displaced across Kayin, Kayah, Mon, Tanintharyi, Bago East and Shan South. In early April, UNICEF joined the inter-agency Mission to Pinlaung township, Shan State and distributed WASH supplies to more than 4,000 people from 1,200 displaced households in 20 camps. In Kachin, increased fighting was reported in Hpakant, Shwegu, Bhamo and Waing Maw townships, where there have been 15,300 newly displaced people since February 2021 and as well as 90,000 long-term displaced people. The basic level of public services provision has been disrupted, with unmet humanitarian needs. In Rakhine, water scarcity and delays in obtaining travel authorizations are the major issues. According to the recent monitoring of landmine and explosive remnants of war (ERW) incidents during the first quarter of 2023, a total of 302 causalities with of which 21 per cent were children have been reported nationwide. This figure represents 77 per cent of total causalities reported in 2022 (390 reported). Humanitarian access continues to deteriorate because of bureaucracy, multiple checkpoints, movement restrictions, conflicts and roadblocks due to armed clashes. The supply chain management in the country continues to face barriers and unprecedented upheavals, mainly for imported supplies earmarked for health and nutrition programmes which are critically important. The Country Office is facing prolonged delays in obtaining Customs clearance for those supplies and shipments have been detained at the border and the airport for two years. There are 77 cases, with a total value of US$4.4 million, pending approval for tax exemption certificates to facilitate Customs clearance. Most of these supplies are medicines/pharmaceuticals, hospital equipment and food supplements for malnourished children. The office is expected to pay heavy charges for their storage, and the use-by dates for some items are expected to expire before the end of the year. In-country logistics are another problem. The increased restrictions to travel are causing delays in distributing supplies to some parts of the country which, in turn, are piling more pressure on the supply chain. The restrictions hinge on the demands from the authorities to be given full control of the supplies. The Country Office sees several risks in complying with this and is yet to solicit the views/feedback from the donors..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-12
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Title: Market Analysis Unit Chin State IDPs - Household Survey (March 2023)
Description: "In late-February / early-March the MAU conducted a third-round survey of displaced households in Chin State to understand challenges they face. The study is based on a probability sample representing 1900 households currently or previously enrolled in cash assistance programs. MAU reports are available online at www.themimu.info/market-analysis-unit. KEY FINDINGS • The proportion of households in displaced sites like schoolhouses increased slightly in recent months; • One-third of households surveyed had returned or resettled as of early-March, up from 21% in December; • Security, shelter and mobility grew worse for many households between December and March; • Conditions like cleanliness and space grew worse for some households in recent months; • Fewer households had access to most products in March than in December, such as vegetables and meat; • Fewer households used cash assistance or savings to buy food, and access to work remained poor for most; • More recipients of remittances used informal channels, and use of formal channels declined; • Nearly all food insecurity indicators worsened, although nutrition appeared to improve in households with small children or pregnant / breastfeeding women..."
Source/publisher: Myanmar Information Management Unit (Myanmar) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-10
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Title: Amendment of the National Education Law and other language-in-education developments following the 2021 military coup in Myanmar (Part 2)
Description: "Nicolas Salem-Gervais, Summer Aung, Amber Spreelung, Ja Seng, Jung Benatar, and Chan* outline the evolving language-in-education landscape following the coup, within and beyond military-controlled territory in Part 2 of a 2-part post. *Some authors used pseudonyms for security purposes. Read Part 1. In addition to spurring the partial collapse of the state education system and yielding a confusing language-in-education policy from the SAC (see Part 1), the 2021 military coup has profoundly affected the education landscape outside military-controlled schools and territories, notably in its linguistic dimension. The NUG has indeed committed to a Federal Democracy Education Policy and non-state education systems and schools have been expanding or (re)appearing. In the following sections, we try to outline the NUG’s language-in-education policy, before moving on to three brief case studies. An evolving language-in-education landscape, amidst conflict Seemingly inspired to some extent by the National Network for Education Reform pre-coup proposals and in line with the Federal Democracy Charter, the NUG has reiterated its pledge to mother-tongue based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) formulated in its (draft) Federal Democracy Education Policy released in September 2021 (and which should be transformed into a more final document in the near future). This policy entails a trilingual system (mother tongue, national language, international language) in primary and middle schools. This model, in comparison to what was being deployed under previous governments, is thus much more ambitious, with extensively documented, multiple and genuine potential benefits, but also a number of tradeoffs and/or challenges to deal with, particularly in the most linguistically heterogeneous regions. With federalism as a core inspiration, the (draft) Federal Democracy Education Policy entails a great deal of decentralization, with school education councils being in charge to decide, among other things, the language(s) of instruction, and with the possibility for each township and each ethnic region within a Region or State to develop local curricula in accordance with their respective State/Region framework and with the approval of the State/Region Education Council. Following the coup, pro-revolution higher education institutions such as Spring University Myanmar have been offering online classes for learning several ethnic languages (including Mon, Tai Long, Sgaw and West Pwo Karen, Jinghpaw, Rakhine and Tedim Chin). At the basic education level, multiple education programs, some of them directly accredited or supported by the NUG, have come to provide “interim education” (ကြားကာလပညာရေး) in “people’s schools” (ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်း), among other administrative functions, in regions where the military-controlled state administration has collapsed, which include large parts of Sagaing and Magway Regions. In ethnic minority regions, these education programs rely to different extents on local languages, with both educational and ethnic identity mobilization objectives – in alignment with the perspectives articulated in the Federal Democracy Charter and the Federal Democracy Education Policy – amidst a dramatically disrupted political context and a daily reality marked by conflict, displacement, threats of violence, and often an extremely acute lack of resources. The sections that follow aim at providing a brief outline of some of the many significant language-in-education post-coup developments. The three case-studies – Kayah/Karenni, Chin and Kachin States – have been selected because of their relevance to our perspectives and the availability, access, and interest of researchers in our team. Other key geographies/organizations are not included here, and a comprehensive understanding of the multiple, complex, and rapidly evolving dynamics taking place in often dramatically difficult contexts is beyond the scope and ambitions of this post. Kayah/Karenni State Kayah (Karenni) State has been hit extremely hard by post-coup armed conflict, with up to two-thirds of its population displaced by the crackdown on resistance groups as the military is striving to secure the main roads. According to the Karenni Civil Society Network’s April 2023 figures, since the coup more than 200,000 people in Kayah State have become IDPs, over 1,100 have been killed, arrested or injured, and more than 2,600 CDM education staff have been dismissed. In multiple instances, schools have been directly targeted by military attacks, including airstrikes. The number of students enrolled in Kayah’s State government schools has plummeted in comparison with pre-coup figures, with SAC MoE statistics showing a drop of 87.5% in students sitting the matriculation exam in 2022-23 when compared with 2018-19. The vast majority of formal education in this state now appears to happen outside of schools controlled by the military regime. Rather, provision occurs through schooling led by CDMers and by Ethnic Basic Education Providers (EBEPs), in alignment with the perspective of a federal education as articulated by the NUG but often operating independently of the NUG. Kayah/Karenni State is one of the many ethnolinguistically diverse regions of Myanmar: a total of nine languages (Kayah, Kayan, Kayaw, Gaybar, Yintelay, Manumanaw, as well as Tai Long, Sgaw Karen and Pa-o) were being introduced as subjects in its government schools in 2019-20 as part of the local curriculum. As elsewhere, this diversity remains one of the key challenges in the post-coup context, and the realization of an inclusive Karenni identity has been set as a priority by the Karenni State Consultative Council, a revolutionary body formed in April 2021 that works in partnership with the NUG and National Unity Consultative Council (NUCC). Amidst the partial collapse of State administration and a new impetus for a federal education system since the coup, several networks of schools using different combinations of languages have been operating in the midst of conflict and forced displacement, although many face an acute lack of basic school supplies. In townships such as Demoso, community schools run by CDMers are seeking support from local and national resistance organizations, and the Karenni Education Department (KnED) has expanded its network of schools while also developing a MTB-MLE approach in the Karenni/Kayah language. Within interim community-based schools, lessons inconsistent with Federal Democracy — History first and foremost — are being omitted, and a Karenni National History book was finalized in September 2022. Similarly, Kayan New Generation Youth (KNGY) has started to implement in 2022-23 a MTB-MLE program through a curriculum produced by the Central Kayan Literature and Culture Committee (using Pekon region’s main dialect, often considered of high status and adopted as the Kayan standard since the early 2000s). In addition to an education center with a strong focus on Karenni and English languages in eastern Demoso, a number of post-secondary options, such as Youth Academy College and New Horizon, have been working in partnership with Spring University Myanmar toward ongoing projects of creating Diploma programs. These higher education courses include local languages, cultures, and histories, although finding teachers for some of the local languages has constituted a challenge in the current context. New post-secondary education programs have also included a transnational focus, such as preparation courses towards Thai and international universities. Chin State Following staunch local resistance and the constitution of the Chin Defense Forces as early as March-April 2021, Chin State has also been extremely disrupted by the coup. Particularly hard-hit regions include Thantalang (see also here), Mindat, and bordering areas of Sagaing and Magway Regions. According to the Chin Human Rights Organization, two years after the coup a quarter of the state’s population has been displaced (including both refugees and IDPs). In addition to hundreds of deaths, close to 1,500 people have been arrested and over 2,000 houses and religious buildings have been destroyed; tens of thousands have fled to the neighboring Indian state of Mizoram, with reportedly thousands of children in government and private schools, as well as many out-of school children. Characterized by a sharp mountainous topography, Chin State (and its neighboring regions) is home to a great ethnolinguistic diversity, even by Myanmar’s standards: prior to the 2021 military coup, 24 languages and counting were in the process of being introduced as subjects in its government schools, while multiple and often challenging projects to select (or even create) one or several main/common languages were underway. This diversity remains one of the challenges to the mobilization of a common identity, yet the coup has also contributed to strengthening a sense of belonging to an overarching Chin nation. The Chin State administration and schooling system has collapsed to a significant extent outside of some major towns and roads. Township-level People’s Administration Bodies (PABs), in general alignment with the NUG’s federalist perspectives (but not under its direct authority), have taken over with associated education departments (some community schools also seem to operate independently). These local education systems run in extremely difficult conditions, with volunteer or quasi-volunteer (sometimes CDM) teachers in the context of an acute lack of resources, and deal with major security threats. In some cases, they operate both sides of the border with India: for instance, the Matupi township education committee runs 150 schools, some of which are located inside Mizoram, which lead towards the NUG’s Basic Education Completion Assessment (BECA). In terms of curriculum, these schools usually follow to some extent the national framework but with various degrees of adaptation to the local contexts. Local Chin languages tend to be included, both as subjects and “classroom languages” (oral media of instruction — a situation which is not new in Chin State). In some cases, most of the schooling seems to be conducted through local Chin languages, which is described as a very positive development by the newly established education administration, and with Burmese as a subject in primary schools. As the national history curriculum in its current version is perceived as irrelevant for Chin State and incompatible with federal education, ongoing projects also include the development of a Chin history curriculum, with 80% on the history of the Chin Nation (ချင်းပြည်ထောင်သမိုင်းကြောင်း) and 20% of local content (မိမိဒေသ သမိုင်းကြောင်း). Kachin State Experiencing conflict since 2011, Kachin State has also been profoundly disrupted by the coup and its consequences. The Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), one of the Myanmar military’s most long standing and redoubtable opponents, has been largely aligned with the NUG’s federal perspectives. In the wake of the coup in 2021 and 2022, the KIO’s education system has experienced a major increase in the number of enrolled students from diverse ethno-linguistic backgrounds, which is not unlike the experiences of the Karen National Union’s (KNU) Karen Education and Culture Department (KECD). However, its model in terms of language-in-education (with, so far, Kachin language and culture as an additional subject alongside the national curriculum and as a “classroom language”) seems to have required less adaptation than KNU’s Karen-medium education system, which recently opened additional Karen language classes to help this new population of students overcome language challenges. Similar to the KNU, the KIO shelters CDMers from the education sector, who have become involved in a variety of online and in-person education projects. The graduates of KIO’s high schools can enroll in a number of higher education institutions, notably those located in its territory. This includes the newly opened Kachin State Comprehensive University, which was jointly established by the KIO, the NUG, and CDM teachers, and has recently held the first graduation ceremonies of programs in literary and scientific subjects. In Kachin State, the SAC, in line with previous military governments, has carried on with its divide and rule strategy (a practice itself largely rooted in Myanmar’s colonial past); other regional armed groups have different political stances and strategies vis-à-vis the junta. Some schools controlled by the military regime have been reopening in Kachin State, particularly in the more remote regions where alternatives are lacking and access to the internet is scarce (in addition to other challenges of alternative online schooling). Despite financial incentive, however, the extent of this reopening is limited and the schools’ educational standards often seem questionable. The Kachin Baptist Convention’s church-based education programs have been revived, retaking to some extent the role churches had between the early decades of the 20th century and the mid-1960s with full-time teaching. These schools tend to at least partially follow the (Burmese language) national curriculum, but some prefer a curriculum in English. Different combinations of Jinghpaw and other local languages are also used in these schools, which seem to gather children from very diverse populations. Other recent language-in-education developments in Kachin State include an increasing popularity of Chinese schools, which tend to be affordable and open academic, as well as at times professional, avenues towards Taiwan, Hong Kong and mainland China. Several Kachin National Schools (Myusha Jawng / Myu Shalat Jawng), which started before the coup, also run in urban centers and constitute an alternative to government education, using Jinghpaw and English as the main media of instruction. Amidst dramatic situations of conflict and with new impetus for an education in line with federalist perspectives, the coup has profoundly altered Myanmar’s education landscape, which more than ever resembles a battlefield. Regarding language-in-education policy, the SAC, in contrast with its communication in state-media, has made major legislative steps back in the schools under its control, which have experienced a severe drop in enrolment and attractivity (see Part 1). Meanwhile, non-state education systems and schools in Kayah/Karenni, Chin and Kachin States (and assuredly in other States/Regions) are largely integrating local languages and have been expanding or appearing, often in extremely precarious contexts, in general alignment with federalist perspective, and with various degrees of collaboration with the NUG. At a time of great disruption and great political uncertainties for Myanmar and its populations, one of the few predictions that seems safe to make is that education, ethnic identities and, at their intersection, language-in-education matters will remain among the core aspects of Myanmar’s longstanding and unresolved issues, and thereby one of the key components of any durable political solutions. This two-part article is dedicated to Mael Raynaud (1976-2022). It is part of a research project involving several organizations, inside and outside of Myanmar, including the Institut de Recherche sur l’Asie du Sud-Est Contemporaine (IRASEC), Mahidol University’s Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies (IHRP), and CASE. The six authors all work/study in the field of education, in very diverse positions and locations, inside and outside of Myanmar. We wish to warmly thank all the reviewers for their close readings and constructive comments..."
Source/publisher: "Tea Circle" (Myanmar)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-09
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Title: Amendment of the National Education Law and other language-in-education developments following the 2021 military coup in Myanmar (Part 1)
Description: "Nicolas Salem-Gervais, Summer Aung, Amber Spreelung, Ja Seng, Jung Benatar, and Chan* outline the evolving language-in-education landscape following the coup, within and beyond military-controlled territory in Part 1 of a 2-part post. *Some authors used pseudonyms for security purposes. Education ranks high among the sectors most impacted by the 2021 military coup and its aftermath. Following a long history of involvement in Myanmar’s successive political struggles, scores of students and school and university teachers have been at the forefront of the protests and subsequent resistance movements, notably the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM). Choosing to participate in the revolution either with their chalk (“မြေဖြူကိုင်ပြီးတော်လှန်မယ်”) or trading it for a gun (မြေဖြူကိုင်သည့် လက်မှသည် သေနတ်ကိုင်သည့် လက်အဖြစ်သို့), many have sacrificed their careers, their family life, their homes and even their lives to oppose the return of a military dictatorship. To a greater extent than at any time in Burma/Myanmar’s history, the education sector itself has become a battlefield. After two years of interruption in response to the Covid pandemic and the immediate repercussions of the coup, the State Administrative Council (SAC) has been attempting to reopen schools and universities, starting with the urban areas under its control. It has aimed for a return to “business as usual” despite an at least 40% drop in overall basic education student enrolments (the drop in matriculation exam enrolment, in 2022-23 as compared with 2019-20, is much steeper: around 83% according to official figures). Amidst the SAC’s official declarations repeatedly asserting the role of schooling in the fostering of core military values, such as “patriotism” and “discipline”, sending or not sending their children back to schools controlled by the military regime has been an extremely difficult choice for many, notably among low-income families. In contrast, the National Unity Government (NUG) has been striving to set-up a parallel, pro-revolution and progressive-leaning education system, of federalist inspiration, in the regions controlled by the People’s Defense Forces (PDFs) and other allied groups as well as online. In multiple instances, schools and education personnel have been struck by violent attacks by the military, and at times by other actors, resulting in injuries and deaths of both students and teachers, sometimes in unspeakable circumstances. Teachers working for NUG-affiliated schools have repeatedly been arrested, sometimes condemned to life sentences, and parents also risk prosecution under the Anti-Terrorism Act for enrolling their children in these schools. Predictably, these profound disruptions and climate of violence surrounding education often have disastrous consequences, including on children’s mental health. For many decades, Ethnic Basic Education Providers (EBEPs), which include some of the Ethnic Armed Organizations’ (EAOs) education departments as well as other and newly formed organizations (see Part 2), have been providing education and relying to different extents on their respective languages. In the post-coup context, the EAOs offer diverse and potentially shifting political stances vis-à-vis the junta and the NUG. Some of the major organizations, including the Karen National Union, Kachin Independence Organization, Karenni National Progressive Party, as well as the historical and newly formed Chin groups, are currently in conflict against the SAC. These EAOs, among those sometimes referred to as Ethnic Resistance Organization (EROs), are militarily aligned with the NUG (in accordance with the federalist perspectives it has put forward), actively involved in education (but with diverse levels of actual collaboration with the NUG’s Ministry of Education), and working to different extents with CDMers. Major legislative steps backward In this greatly disrupted context, where education is at the heart of battles between vastly different conceptions of the nation, the state and the society — and with the 2008 Constitution being void as far as the NUG and allied groups are concerned, — the SAC amended the 2014-2015 National Education Law in October 2022. This amendment entails, among other things, the nullification of articles allowing the formation of teachers and students’ unions (section 4(c) which was added in the 2015 version of the law, following the 2014 students protests), and the modification of the composition and prerogatives of the National Education (formerly “Policy”) Commission (sections 5 and 6). In terms of language-in-education policy, many observers also did not fail to notice major steps backward at the basic education level, firmly condemning them as evidence of the military’s Burmese chauvinism. Almost a decade ago, the promulgation of the 2014 National Education Law (which was amended in 2015) sparked controversy around several aspects of its content and was faced by reiterated demands for a proper mother tongue-based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) policy. Although debatable in many regards, these legislative developments were nonetheless part of a process, along with UNICEF work and advocacy for multilingual education, to noteworthy steps towards including ethnic minority languages and cultures in government schools in the late 2010s through some extent of decentralization to the States and Regions and including the development of local curricula. Although implementation was often slow, imperfect, and contingent upon many factors, this framework offered the possibility to teach ethnic minority languages as subjects in government schools a few periods every week and to use them as “classroom languages” (oral media of instruction — different from MTB-MLE) when relevant. The 2022 amendment to the National Education Law by the SAC, in addition to reducing the prerogatives of the regional governments in education (nullification of 49(f) granting them the freedom to administer educational matters), explicitly suppresses the possibility of using ethnic minority languages as “classroom languages” through the amendment of article 43(b), from: “If there is a need, an ethnic language can be used alongside Myanmar as a classroom language at the basic education level.” to: “Myanmar language shall be used as the classroom language at the basic education level.” Similarly, the amendment of article 44 unambiguously restricts the teaching of ethnic minority languages as subjects to the primary level (Grades 1-5), from: “In Divisions or States, teaching of ethnic languages and literature can be implemented by Division or State governments, starting at the primary level and gradually expanding (to higher grades). ” to: “Learning ethnic literature and languages in regions and states shall be undertaken at the basic education primary level under the relevant region or state government.” These major steps back towards a more monolingual and monolithic conception of language-in-education policy potentially have two sets of consequences: not only do they limit the usage of ethnic minority languages in government schools themselves, but they also hinder the possibilities of recognition and bridging with non-state ethnic education systems, which typically use their respective languages to a wider extent, as documented in several studies. Many non-state ethnic education systems are far from being on any kind of speaking terms with the military-controlled MoE at the moment, but some of the organizations which are not currently in open conflict may be wondering what the mid-to-long-term implications of such an amendment might be for them. This backwards shift in language inclusion must also be situated in the perspective of a national education system which does not seem on track to offer attractive perspectives in the foreseeable future, including in terms of the development of analytical skills and of recognition outside of Myanmar, while alternatives largely grounded in ethnic identity and often eager to connect with transnational/international avenues are developing in the border areas (see Part 2). Contradictory signals Interestingly, in parallel to this tightening legislative framework, the SAC has recently been communicating heartily regarding the teaching of ethnic minority languages in universities and in basic education schools, as well as the hiring and training of the Teaching Assistants (TA) and Language Teachers (LT) in charge of these subjects. In March 2021, the SAC chairman “instructed to appoint more TA/LT and provide decent salaries,” reiterating these instructions in September 2022. Ministry of Ethnic Affairs (MoEA) officials frequently include in their speeches the ubiquitous saying of warning against the “disappearance” of ethnic groups as a consequence of failing to protect their languages (စာပျောက်ရင် လူမျိုးပျောက်မယ် and variations around that formula). During the late months of 2022, short trainings for the improvements of these ethnic language teachers’ skills were organized in several States and Regions (including Karen, Kachin, Mon, Tanintharyi, Ayeyarwady, Magway and Yangon) with ceremonies held in the local Education Colleges and widely reported in military-controlled media. These were followed in late 2022 and early 2023 by public donations from the MoEA to some of the Literature and Culture Committees (LCCs, some of which may have been compelled to reluctantly participate), including in Mon State (see also here) and Bago Region, as well as other education ceremonies involving some of the LLCs and the regional authorities. Incidentally, perplexing articles (original here) have seemingly advocated for MTB-MLE and could be spotted in the state media for 2023 International Mother Language Day, underlining the contradictions between the SAC’s desire to project an image of inclusivity and actual legislative reforms under its rule. In 2017 and the following years until the Covid pandemic and the coup, the civilian government began a process of hiring more than 11,000 ethnic languages TAs and creating the opportunity for the matriculation exam holders among them to pursue their training in Education Colleges and to ultimately become full-fledged teachers. In each State and Region, the LCCs attached to each ethnic group were playing a central role in this process by designing the curricula, selecting the teachers, and training them. Although from many stakeholders’ standpoint the overall language-in-education policy was not going far enough, these developments were nonetheless generally perceived (see also here) as a noteworthy step forward, linking ethnic languages to job opportunities and increasing the proportion of teachers able to use and teach ethnic minority languages in government schools, with potentially genuine long-term educational and political benefits for the country. Critically, although the process was still young, some of the EAO’s education departments were involved in the development of their respective State local curricula. In the post-coup context, however, the SAC’s interest for ethnic languages teachers and willingness to appoint TAs belies other motives. In 2021, after an increase of their salaries, some of the TAs who did not choose to join CDM were promoted in order to “fill the gaps” and replace the missing workforce among primary school teachers. Late 2022 speeches in the Education Colleges suggest that the TAs could be perceived as a reserve of a (rather docile) workforce, constituted of individuals in often precarious positions who would be grateful for a substantial promotion. Wearing colorful ethnic costumes during the ceremonies as reported in the state media, these TAs not only contribute to illustrating the idea of an ethnically inclusive education system but may also be seen as a credible vehicle to convey the military’s national narrative into schooling. The reports of the trainings given to the TAs in Education Colleges seem to emphasize their role as a kind of civics (စာရိတ္တနှင့်ပြည်သူ့နီတိ) teacher in charge of upholding “Union spirit” (ပြည်ထောင်စုစိတ်ဓာတ်), “patriotism” (မျိုးချစ်စိတ်ဓာတ်), and the “unity of the national races” (တိုင်းရင်းသားစည်းလုံး ညီညွတ်ရေး), all of which have been core concepts of the central state, and particularly of the various military governments, for many decades. Some of these speeches even exhort the TAs to contribute to “အမျိုးစောင့်” (protecting/defending the race/religion), a concept commonly used by Buddhist and nationalist hardliners (probably understood as inclusive of all the “national races” in this case). Despite this communication and reiterated objectives in the state media, in practice the teaching of ethnic minority languages seems at best very unsystematic in the schools controlled by the military regime that have reopened. While the teaching of some ethnic languages in the schools under the SAC MoE has recently been the topic of bilateral negotiations in order to be more systematic (and possibly going beyond the primary level in some regions), elsewhere the interruption of education due to the pandemic and CDM in reaction to the coup, as well as delayed salaries for the TAs, have often led to the disappearance of local languages classes. Overall, the opportunistic prioritization of short-sighted political benefits, including the desire to hold elections for which the SAC needs the participation of a credible number of ethnic parties, seems to be at odds with the military’s monolithic conception of the Myanmar nation. This contradiction is also found in the SAC’s language-in-education policy, which is rather confusing: a desire to seize upon previous governments’ reforms to project an image of inclusivity in its political communication; a drive towards using ethnic language teachers to instill the military’s values and conception of the nation in the students’ heads; the granting of privileges to groups willing to negotiate with the military in the frame of what resembles a classic divide-and-rule strategy; but also decisive legislative steps backward and very unsystematic teaching of ethnic minority languages in the schools controlled by the junta MoE. Meanwhile, in large chunks of the country’s territory, non-state education systems, largely relying on local languages, have been expanding or have appeared since the coup (see Part 2). This two-part article is dedicated to Mael Raynaud (1976-2022). It is part of a research project involving several organizations, operating inside and outside of Myanmar, including the Institut de Recherche sur l’Asie du Sud-Est Contemporaine (IRASEC), Mahidol University’s Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies (IHRP), and CASE. The six authors all work/study in the field of education, in very diverse positions and locations, inside and outside of Myanmar. We wish to warmly thank all the reviewers for their close readings and constructive comments..."
Source/publisher: "Tea Circle" (Myanmar)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-08
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 29 | 6 May 2023
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 30 April, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. Response figures are based on self-reporting by organizations to clusters. The next humanitarian update will be issued at the end of May 2023. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES • Ongoing hostilities across Myanmar continue to endanger civilians, increase humanitarian needs and drive new displacement. • More than 1.8 million remain displaced across the country. In the Northwest, the number of internally displaced people (IDPs) has exceeded 1 million. • New displacement was triggered after an airstrike in Sagaing on 11 April in which more than 170 people, including children, were killed. • Humanitarian operations continue to be hampered by physical and administrative obstacles. • Camp closure and encouragement to return have continued despite protection concerns from displaced people. In Rakhine, the de facto authorities started relocating families from Kyauk Ta Lone camp to the new relocation site and aim to close the camp by mid-May. • Acute Watery Diarrhoea (AWD) outbreaks were reported in IDP camps in Demoso and Hpruso townships in Kayah and in southern Shan in March. The risk for AWD outbreaks remains high ahead of the monsoon season. • Therapeutic nutrition and micronutrient supplies are at risk of running out in September due to a combination of import taxation issues and underfunding. • Four months into 2023, the US$764m Myanmar Humanitarian Response Plan is less than ten per cent funded. Some clusters have received no funding so far this year and are operating only using carryover funding from the end of 2022 which will soon run out. Generous funding is imperative to meet the needs across Myanmar. KEY FIGURES 1.8M Total people currently internally displaced across Myanmar 1.5M People currently displaced by clashes and insecurity since February 2021 328K People internally displaced due to conflict prior to February 2021, mainly in Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, and Shan 60K Civilian properties estimated burnt or destroyed since February 2021. SITUATION OVERVIEW The security and humanitarian situations in Myanmar have continued to worsen amid ongoing fighting across multiple states, particularly in Kachin, the Northwest and Southeast. There are now more than 1.8 million displaced people across the country, as of 1 May, according to UN figures. IDPs are in urgent need of critical and lifesaving assistance. Humanitarian partners on the ground are responding to their needs, using various modalities in the face of mounting restrictions and risks. Moves continue by the de facto authorities to close IDP camps and encourage returns continue in various parts of the country, including Kachin, Shan, Chin and Rakhine. Many IDPs report that they do not feel safe returning to their places of origin due to ongoing fighting, explosive ordnance risks, interruptions to services and lack of livelihoods. The movement of IDPs out of the Kyauk Ta Lone (KTL) Camp in Kyaukpyu township in Rakhine has begun with plans to have the camp closed by mid-May. In northern Shan, the closure of 15 IDP camps in Kutkai, Namhkan and Namtu townships is underway, and in southern Shan, displaced families from Kayah who were displaced in Nyaungshwe township had to move to other sites in April. Humanitarian partners continue to provide critical and lifesaving assistance to affected and displaced people across the country, prioritizing 4.5 million out of the 17.6 million people in need in 2023. Simultaneously, the UN and its humanitarian partners continue to advocate for the end of violence, unimpeded and predictable access to people in need, and safe and voluntary return of IDPs. Generous funding of the humanitarian response, as outlined in the US$764m Myanmar Humanitarian Response Plan is urgently required..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-06
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Title: Market Analysis Unit Sagaing Region IDPs - Household Survey (March 2023)
Description: "In late-February / early-March the MAU conducted a third-round survey of displaced households in Sagaing Region to understand challenges they face. The study is based on a probability sample representing 2700 households currently or previously enrolled in cash assistance programs. MAU reports are available online at www.themimu.info/market-analysis-unit. KEY FINDINGS Ninety-five percent of households were still displaced in early-March—up from 85% in December—and most still lived in temporary makeshift shelters; Nearly half of households surveyed were redisplaced again since December; More households described security as "poor" in March, rising from 38% in December to 53% in March; Fewer households struggled to access shelter goods in March, but access to other goods was unchanged; The portion of households without work doubled since December, with 54% saying access to work was "poor" and 39% saying no one in their home had work; Fewer households bought food with cash transfers or work income, while the use of credit remained high; Some food insecurity indicators improved slightly, but nutrition in households with small children and pregnant / breastfeeding women remained poor for many. The number of internally displaced persons in Sagaing Region continued to grow in early-2023. According to data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Project (ACLED), the monthly count of conflict-related events in Sagaing Region jumped between December 2022 and March 2023, following several months of lower counts (see Figure 1). The United Nations estimated that the total number of IDPs in Sagaing Region grew by 15% during this period, increasing from 616,500 at the start of December to 707,200 at the start of March, with a particularly sharp increase in January.1 As of early-March, basic safety and access to shelter remained major concerns for many IDPs, many of whom also continued to struggle with limited freedom of movement and poor access to work. As armed conflict continues to disrupt critical market systems, more data is needed on the ability of IDPs to meet these and other basic needs. In early-March the MAU surveyed current and former IDP households from eight Sagaing Region townships about their living conditions and market access. The survey of roughly 400 households represents a population of more than 2700 currently- or previously-displaced households enrolled in one or more cash assistance programs. The study focussed on displacement status, household living conditions, financial resources, access to markets and goods and food security. The study is not intended to represent all IDPs in Sagaing Region, nor is it intended as an evaluation of the effectiveness of cash programs. This report is based on a third-round survey of the same population contacted in September and December 2022..."
Source/publisher: Myanmar Information Management Unit (Myanmar) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-05-04
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Response Plan 2022 End-Year Report (1 January to 31 December 2022)
Description: "Changes in Context Throughout 2022, the people of Myanmar faced an unprecedented political, human rights, and humanitarian crisis that posed grave protection risks for civilians, limiting access to vital services including health and education, and causing worsening food insecurity. Humanitarian needs deepened across the country as conflict raged unabated, causing record levels of displacement, destruction of property, and explosive ordnance contamination, especially in the country’s Northwest and Southeast. Forced recruitment of civilians, including of children, by armed groups jumped dramatically in 2022, while the use of heavy weapons such as airstrikes and artillery fire resulted in civilian casualties, damage to properties and constant threats to civilian safety. Access for humanitarian responders was heavily constrained, with bureaucratic blockages around registration, travel, banking, and visas, undermining the quality and reach of operations. Throughout the year, surging inflation forced up the prices of essential commodities, food items, and fuel, adding to financial stress for vulnerable households, worsening poverty and increasing the cost of humanitarian operations. Despite these barriers, humanitarians stayed and delivered, reaching a record 4.4 million people in need. Expansion of conflict Clashes and attacks escalated across multiple states and regions in Myanmar throughout 2022, affecting the lives of civilians on a much wider scale, further compounding their already stressed living conditions. Fighting between the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF) and various Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) and People’s Defence Forces (PDFs) escalated, particularly in the Northwest and Southeast, in 2022. The humanitarian and security situations in the Southeast deteriorated, with armed clashes and heavy use of air strikes and shelling occurring in all states and regions. Fighting in Kayin escalated in Lay Kay Kaw Town in Myawaddy Township in December 2021 resulting in the displacement of thousands of civilians both within the state and across Myanmar’s borders. Intense armed clashes occurred in many townships in eastern Bago, Kayah, Mon, southern Shan, and Tanintharyi. The presence of military troops in residential areas, reports of indiscriminate shooting, destruction of civilian properties, including houses, schools, churches and monasteries, and reports of landmine incidents in multiple locations across the country’s southeast all remained major protection concerns at year’s end. The security situation in Chin, Magway and Sagaing in the Northwest continued to deteriorate throughout the year, with a dramatic increase in the number of displaced people and growing civilian protection threats amid armed clashes between the MAF and various PDFs. Large-scale burning and destruction of civilian properties was reported across the Northwest. As of 26 December 2022, more than 795,000 people remained displaced across the Northwest due to conflict and insecurity since the 2021 military takeover (68 per cent of all new IDPs nationwide). Disruption of electricity and internet services in various parts of Myanmar, particularly in conflictaffected areas in the Northwest and Southeast, significantly hindered information-sharing and other communications among residents, undermining remote humanitarian assessments and engagement with affected people. Despite the growing humanitarian needs reported during the year, heavy restrictions were imposed on the transportation of rice, medicine, and fuel in conflict areas. The situation in Rakhine and southern Chin, which had remained relatively calm since November 2020 following the lull in fighting between the Arakan Army (AA) and the MAF, again turned towards active conflict in August 2022. The use of heavy weapons, airstrikes, landmines, and mortar shelling occurred in multiple townships, mainly in Buthidaung, Maungdaw, and Rathedaung in northern Rakhine and Kyauktaw, Minbya, and Mrauk-U in central Rakhine. In a new dynamic, conflict between the AA and the MAF also spread into southern Rakhine in 2022. Security measures across many townships limited people’s movement, partially obstructing the delivery of humanitarian assistance. On 15 September 2022, the de facto authorities prohibited international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) and the United Nations from accessing six key townships – Buthidaung, Maungdaw, Minbya, Mrauk-U, Myebon, and Rathedaung. An additional two townships were also added in early November (Pauktaw and Sittwe). An informal ceasefire was reached between the AA and the MAF later in November which allowed for the relaxation of some movement restrictions and at year’s end humanitarian partners were working to use the window of opportunity to deliver and pre-position much-needed supplies in communities that had been cut off during the preceding months of fighting. This new outbreak of conflict placed Myanmar at ACAPS' highest ranking for the risk of ‘‘rapid and marked deterioration” within an existing crisis.4 It affected both Rohingya and Rakhine communities who have been caught between the two forces. Overall, close to 23,350 people remained displaced in Rakhine and Paletwa Township of Chin as a result of the resumed conflict between the AA and the MAF, bringing the total number of IDPs from past and present AA-MAF conflict to close to 97,000, as of 5 December 2022, according to UN figures. IDPs from this conflict are now being encouraged to return home by the de facto authorities but there are concerns that this is premature given that many people’s land or houses have been occupied, and because people’s places of origin are now contaminated by explosive ordnance. Efforts are being made to ensure that all returns are voluntary, safe and dignified. The situation in northern Shan remained unstable in 2022 with continued clashes between the MAF and EAOs and among EAOs. Moreover, PDFs have become more involved in the conflict in northern Shan. The armed clashes led to multiple cases of new displacement. According to UN figures, as of 26 December 2022, approximately 8,300 people remained in temporary displacement sites and protracted camps in northern Shan, while 61,900 people (including IDPs displaced from Kayah) remained displaced in southern Shan. In Kachin, armed conflict that resumed between the MAF and the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) following the 2021 military takeover continued in many townships throughout 2022. The intensification of armed clashes varied from roadside attacks to aerial bombardment and deployment of heavy weapons. The involvement of PDFs in the fighting became more frequent in 2022, as many formed alliances with the KIA against the MAF. Airstrikes with dozens of civilian casualties were also reported across Kachin. As of 26 December 2022, an estimated 13,600 people were internally displaced in Kachin because of fighting and insecurity since the February 2021 military takeover, according to the UN’s figures. This is in addition to the 91,500 people who were already displaced prior to 2021..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-04-11
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Title: အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန ကြေညာချက်အမှတ် (၈/၂၀၂၃)
Sub-title: ကြားကာလအခြေခံပညာပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများအဖြစ် အသိအမှတ်ပြုကြောင်း ကြေညာချက်
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education - National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2023-04-10
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 28 | 6 April 2023
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 27 March, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. Response figures are based on self-reporting by organizations to clusters. The next humanitarian update will be issued at the end of April 2023. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES Heavy fighting continues in many parts of the country, generating new humanitarian needs and further restricting the movement of goods and people. Conflict and other threats to the safety of civilians have intensified, particularly in the country’s Northwest which is now hosting the almost a million displaced people. As of 27 March, almost 1.8 million people remain displaced across the country. This includes more than 1.4 people who have been internally displaced by conflict and insecurity since February 2021. Concerns persist over moves to close displacement camps in many parts of the country while many IDPs remain worried about safety and livelihoods opportunities in their places of origin. Humanitarian operations continue to be hampered by a range of physical and administrative obstacles. The ceasefire between the Arakan Army (AA) and the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF) in Rakhine is still holding although it remains fragile. In 2023, 17.6 million people - nearly one third of the population - are estimated to be in humanitarian need. In 2023, the humanitarian community has prioritized support for 4.5 million people with severe needs, predominantly in conflict affected rural areas. A quarter of the way into the year, the US$764m Humanitarian Response Plan is only 8 per cent funded. KEY FIGURES 1.8M Total people currently internally displaced across Myanmar 1.4M People currently displaced by clashes and insecurity since February 2021 328K People internally displaced due to conflict prior to February 2021, mainly in Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, and Shan 60K Civilian properties estimated burnt or destroyed since February 2021. SITUATION OVERVIEW Overview Section An alarming humanitarian situation continues to unfold in Myanmar, with ongoing armed clashes in multiple states and regions, particularly in the Northwest and the Southeast, driving rising humanitarian needs. The overall number of IDPs continues to rise. According to the latest UN figures as of 27 March, the total number of IDPs in Myanmar stands at almost 1.8 million. This includes more than 1.4 million people who remain displaced by conflict and insecurity since the military takeover, and more than 328,000 people who were already displaced from previous conflicts. Of the total IDPs since the military takeover, the Northwest is hosting the highest number - now 971,700 IDPs - followed by the Southeast - 429,800 IDPs. IDPs are living in precarious conditions in camps and informal sites, often in jungles and forests. Moves continue by the de facto authorities to close displacement camps in various parts of the country, including Kachin, Shan, Chin and Rakhine. Humanitarians remain concerned that some IDPs might have to move prematurely, while clashes are ongoing or while conditions are not safe or suitable because of explosive ordnance contamination, destruction of housing, poor access to services and lack of livelihoods. Humanitarian partners estimate that 17.6 million people are in need in 2023. The 2023 Humanitarian Response Plan targets 4.5 million of those in most severe need, predominantly in conflict-affected rural areas. A quarter of the way into 2023, just 8 per cent of the required funds have been received according to FTS. A dramatic increase in funding and an expansion of access will be critical for the humanitarian community to reach those prioritized for lifesaving assistance this year. In 2022, humanitarian organizations were able to reach at least 4.4 million people with assistance, but this support was not as deep or sustained as planned due to access constraints and severe underfunding..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-04-06
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Title: UNHCR Regional Bureau for Asia and Pacific (RBAP) Myanmar Emergency - External Update, 6 March 2023
Description: "HIGHLIGHTS According to the UN, an estimated 1,704,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) were reported across the country as of 6 March 2023, including 1,376,000 people newly displaced since 1 February 2021. Risk of arrest and detention significantly increased during the reporting period after de facto authorities extended the country’s state of emergency for another six-months and imposed martial law in 47 Townships across the country on 2 February. In the North-West, the situation was highly volatile, notably in Magway and Sagaing Regions, where frequent airstrikes, arson attacks and landmine incidents sparked new displacements within Myanmar and to neighboring India. Telecommunications, including internet services, remained unstable and hampered humanitarian access and assistance to people in need. In the South-East, heavy fighting, shelling, landmine incidents and roadblocks were reported in multiple states and regions, including near town centers and IDP sites. The forced return of displaced people in Palaw Township, Tanintharyi Region, was reported following the declaration of martial law. School-aged children’s access to education has also been affected by this heightened insecurity. In Kachin and Shan (North), civilian injuries and casualties continue to be reported following an increase in landmines and other explosive remnants. An uptick in robberies and kidnapping for ransom incidents has also been reported. In Rakhine and Chin (South) States, the informal November 2022 ceasefire between the Arakan Army (AA) and Tatmadaw is holding. Humanitarian access has improved although remains limited in its geographic scope. Landmines and explosive remnants continue to pose serious protection risks coupled with reports of forced recruitment amid competing power dynamics in areas controlled by parties to the conflict. There was an increase in irregular movement and trafficking as people – notably Rohingya – undertook dangerous sea and land journeys in search of protection, family reunification and livelihoods opportunities in other countries. In parallel, IDPs continued to raise concerns about the impending IDP camp closures and safety risks in areas of relocation or return..."
Source/publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (Geneva) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-03-15
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Title: Myanmar Emergency Update (as of 6 March 2023)
Description: "KEY DISPLACEMENT FIGURES 75,400 Estimated refugee movements to neighbouring countries since 1 February 2021 1,086,000 Refugees and asylum-seekers from Myanmar in neighbouring countries as of 30 June 2022 1,376,000 Estimated total internally displaced persons (IDPs) within Myanmar, displaced since 1 February 2021 Source: UN in Myanmar 1,704,000 Estimated total internally displaced persons (IDPs) within Myanmar as of 6 March 2023 Source: UN in Myanmar HIGHLIGHTS According to the UN, an estimated 1,704,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) were reported across the country as of 6 March 2023, including 1,376,000 people newly displaced since 1 February 2021. Risk of arrest and detention significantly increased during the reporting period after de facto authorities extended the country’s state of emergency for another six-months and imposed martial law in 47 Townships across the country on 2 February. In the North-West, the situation was highly volatile, notably in Magway and Sagaing Regions, where frequent airstrikes, arson attacks and landmine incidents sparked new displacements within Myanmar and to neighboring India. Telecommunications, including internet services, remained unstable and hampered humanitarian access and assistance to people in need. In the South-East, heavy fighting, shelling, landmine incidents and roadblocks were reported in multiple states and regions, including near town centers and IDP sites. The forced return of displaced people in Palaw Township, Tanintharyi Region, was reported following the declaration of martial law. School-aged children’s access to education has also been affected by this heightened insecurity. In Kachin and Shan (North), civilian injuries and casualties continue to be reported following an increase in landmines and other explosive remnants. An uptick in robberies and kidnapping for ransom incidents has also been reported. In Rakhine and Chin (South) States, the informal November 2022 ceasefire between the Arakan Army (AA) and Tatmadaw is holding. Humanitarian access has improved although remains limited in its geographic scope. Landmines and explosive remnants continue to pose serious protection risks coupled with reports of forced recruitment amid competing power dynamics in areas controlled by parties to the conflict. There was an increase in irregular movement and trafficking as people – notably Rohingya – undertook dangerous sea and land journeys in search of protection, family reunification and livelihoods opportunities in other countries. In parallel, IDPs continued to raise concerns about the impending IDP camp closures and safety risks in areas of relocation or return..."
Source/publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (Geneva) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-03-13
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 1: January-February 2023
Description: "Situation in Numbers 5,600,000 children in need of humanitarian assistance 17,600,000 people in need (HRP 2023) 1,329,700 Internally displaced people after 1 February 2021 (UNHCR) 52,000 People displaced to neighbouring countries since 1 February 2021 (UNHCR) 330,400 people living in protracted displacement before February 2021 (OCHA) Highlights By the end of February 2023, Myanmar reported more than 1.6 million people displaced across the country including over 1.3 million people who have been displaced since February 2021. Recent new displacement is particularly concentrated in northwest and southeast regions due to ongoing hostilities. UNICEF joined the interagency missions in northern Rakhine, and distributed hygiene kits to 1,034 families and other hygiene, education and recreational materials to 6,389 displaced people in southern Shan state. Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) reached 288,684 individuals. UNICEF requires US$169.6 million to respond to the multisectoral humanitarian needs of children in Myanmar. Funding Overview and Partnerships UNICEF Myanmar Country Office is appealing for US$169.6 million in 2023 to address the needs of the 2.8 million people targeted, including an estimated 1.9 million children. During the reporting period, UNICEF secured US$9.4 million, comprising US$ 1.8 million received in 2023 and US$7.6 million carried forward from the previous year. UNICEF has been given generous support by the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (BHA), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Humanitarian Aid department of the European Commission (ECHO), the Government of Japan, the Government of Norway, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), the World Health Organization (WHO) and through global humanitarian thematic funding. UNICEF and its partners continue to deliver much-needed services covering nutrition, health, HIV/AIDS, water sanitation and hygiene (WASH), education, child protection, gender-based violence in emergencies, protection against sexual exploitation and abuse, social protection and cash-based programming, accountability to affected populations (AAP), humanitarian leadership and cluster coordination. The programmes hope to scale up services to the targeted populations, especially to children in need, with continued support from donors. UNICEF expresses its sincere appreciation to all private and public sector donors for their contributions to supporting the children of Myanmar. Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs The general situation remains volatile with continuous widespread and intensified armed conflicts across Myanmar, particularly in the southeast and northwest where there is regular heavy fighting, air strikes, artillery shelling and the destruction of civilian properties. As of 27 February, more than 1.3 million people had been displaced across Myanmar since February 2021 according to United Nations figures.1 During the reporting period, 154,400 people werenewly displaced, primarily in the regions of Sagaing, Magway, Thanintharyi, and Bago East, as well as Mon and Kayin states due to intensified fighting between the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF), Ethnic Armed Organizations and the People’s Defence Forces. On 2 February 2023, the State Administration Council (SAC) declared martial law in 37 additional townships across Myanmar and, on 22 February, in 3 more townships in Sagaing region. These include 26 townships in the northwest (14 in Sagaing, 7 in Chin, 5 in Magway) and 14 in the southeast (5 in Bago, 4 in Kayah, 2 in Kayin, 2 in Thanintharyi and 1 in Mon). This brings the total number of townships under martial law to 47. This imposition of martial law affecting the service delivery in those areas by adding additional bureaucratic layers, security checkpoints and curfew. Humanitarian access remains severely constrained in most states and regions, mostly due to bureaucratic impediments, movement restrictions, insecurity, and landmines. There are severe restrictions on sending humanitarian supplies to most townships in the northwest and southeast. However, in Rakhine State restrictions on travel have been lifted including to six officially off-limit townships, though the domestic transport of supplies remains limited. Nationally, the lead time necessary for transport is prolonged due to the approval requirements, the complex security situation and the presence of multiple checkpoints. Some transport routes are affected by the presence of different parties to the conflict. Beyond domestic access constraints, restrictions and delays have hampered the import of humanitarian supplies for more than a year. Additionally, some supplies which used to be tax exempt, such as micronutrient tablets, ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) and other medical supplies, are now taxed. In the northwest and southeast, humanitarian partners are often unable to reach people in need, particularly in Sagaing, Magway and Kayin because of stringent restrictions on movement and supplies, the use of landmines and explosive ordinance and threats to humanitarian workers. The situation of people, including children, remains unknown in some areas. Internally displaced people in Kayah State (particularly those from eastern Demoso) are suffering from acute water shortages. Kachin state, which has been affected by conflict for several decades, and the impact of the recurrent and heavy conflicts is still severe. Despite no major displacement was reported during the first two months of 2023, local General Administration Department (GAD) met with camp leaders in Kachin to encourage the displaced people in protracted camps to return to their place of origins by the end of March without a viable plan for rehabilitation. Three options were discussed: (i) return to place of origin; (ii) move to a resettlement site (iii) the displaced people to make their own plans to move out of the camps. This forced return was reported in Shan and Rakhine States as well and this has led to increased anxiety among camp communities as most of their home villages may be contaminated by landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) or occupied by active military forces. Although travel restrictions have been eased in Rakhine State, the local General Administration Department (GAD)still does not permit access to all areas, particularly to villages in remote rural areas, and camps in towns have increased the vulnerability of the displaced populations. Most service providers were unable to assist populations in dire humanitarian need. In early January, UNICEF joined an inter-agency Mission in 4 townships of southern Shan State, distributing 2,834 hygiene kits, 68 school bags, 806 soap bars, 516 water buckets, 2 school kits and recreation kits to 6,389 displaced people in 46 camps. In the middle of January UNICEF distributed 1,034 hygiene kits to 1,034 families at 8 sites for displaced people in Buthidaung and Rathedaung, Rakhine State as part of a joint Mission led by the United Nations..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-03-13
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Title: Myanmar’s school system in shambles since coup as high school exam-takers plunge 80%
Sub-title: Community-based schools and ones operating under the shadow government are filling the gaps.
Description: "UPDATED at 11:25 A.M. EST on 03-08-2023 Battered by the COVID-19 pandemic, the military coup and an ensuing civil war, Myanmar’s school system is in shambles. The number of high school students registering for a key exam has plunged 80%, parents, teachers and educational experts say. To protest against the February 2021 coup, some 300,000 teachers and other school staffers walked off their jobs at government-run schools as part of the Civil Disobedience Movement, leaving schools severely understaffed. In response, the junta has suspended more than 11,000 academic staffers and about 125,000 teachers and professors, according to U.S. government data. Subsequent fighting between the army and rebel groups has displaced thousands, making schooling extremely difficult. Many other families have stopped sending their children to school because they don’t trust the junta, or have sent them to schools run by the shadow National Unity Government. “People no longer trust their education system,” said a teacher who, like others in this report, refused to be named for security reasons. “And now with the online federal schools and other non-military-operated schools, children can consider what is better for them and which education system can give them more knowledge and skills.” “That’s why we see that there are fewer and fewer students who are taking the tenth-grade exam in the junta’s schools,” he said. During the 2019-20 academic year, when the civilian-led National League for Democracy was still in power, nearly 970,800 students registered for the 10th-grade matriculation exam, a benchmark for the country’s educated workforce for decades. The following year, that number slipped to 312,300, and during the current 2022-23 year, fewer than 179,800 registered for the exam, according to the junta's education data. Reforms on hold The coup also put on hold educational reforms that were being carried out by the former NLD government, including increasing budgets for schooling and implementing a strategic plan to transform the country’s education system and improve learning at all levels. In June 2022, when the Ministry of Education ordered the reopening of primary, middle and high schools across the country for in-person classes for the 2022-2023 academic year, over 7 million of the country’s roughly 12 million students returned to the classroom, according to junta Education Minister Nyunt Pe. Some of the remaining 5 million students across the country do not attend the schools run by the junta, while some primary, middle and high school teachers say they have not returned to their schools because they do not want to work under the military administration. Ongoing fighting between the military and ethnic armed groups in conjunction with anti-coup People’s Defense Forces in some of Myanmar’s states and regions have prevented students from attending school. In response, the shadow National Unity Government, or NUG, had set up its own schools throughout the country. “As many areas of several states and regions are war zones, exams cannot be held and there are no students to take them,” said Kyaw Ye Lwin, a committee member of NUG’s Federal Democratic Education Cooperation Network. “Another thing is that NUG has strengthened its educational system on the ground,” he said, with students who attend federal schools trying to take the basic education completion assessment test administered by the NUG’s Ministry of Education. “Due to these factors, the number of students in schools under the junta administration has decreased.” Separate exam NUG Education Minister Zaw Wai Soe said that the shadow government is implementing an interim education system throughout the country, and about 90,000 students are taking its own 10th-grade exam. “We hold practical exams for students in the areas where NUG is in control,” he told RFA. “We hold digital and internet-based exams in the areas where we are not in control yet. We are trying to implement online, practical and digital classes and exams for students in the areas away from our control, too.” Residents in Sagaing and Magway regions, where fighting has intensified, have set up their own community-based schools so that local teachers can prepare students for the matriculation exam. “Since the education system here in our area is in accordance with the federal education system, schools here can offer their own lessons,” said a teacher at a community-based school in Magway. “It’s rather independent,” she said. “There are several different exam designs, too. There are many NUG-recognized schools in Magway, [but] there are hardly any students studying for the exams in the junta schools.” A parent of a student from Magway’s Yesagyo township told RFA that he enrolled his children in community-based schools because teachers there provide extra help to students. “The difference between the junta’s schools and our community-based schools is that our community-based schools focus on the people and teach students very well,” he said. “If students need more help, teachers give them more revision time and teach them at their homes, too.” ‘Conflict zone’ Residents of a village in Sagaing region, a hotbed of resistance in northwestern Myanmar, set up a primary school there for children who could not attend state-run schools due to the hostilities, said the school’s founder. She and four permanent teachers as well as other educators from the Civil Disobedience Movement teach about 150 students at the primary school which opened in June 2022 under the auspices of the NUG, she said. “Since we are in a conflict zone and a war refugee zone, there are no other schools here,” she told RFA. “We can now teach music, art and the curriculum to our children,” she said. “Many stationery and teaching accessories are donated to us by well-wishers from faraway places.” So far, parents of schoolchildren do not seem daunted by an announcement by the junta via state-run media networks on March 1 that authorities will take action against them under the Counterterrorism Law if they enroll students in online schools managed by the NUG. The junta also said that parents must enroll their children only in the junta schools and private schools recognized by the military. But the teacher at the primary school in a village in Sagaing said children know they have a right to education no matter where they live, regardless of such threats. “Issuing politicizing orders to stop such rights of the schools and children from benefiting is a very vulgar act,” she said. Meanwhile, junta-run schools are coping with manpower shortages by piling up work on educators. “We have to teach eight classes a day,” one high school educator said. “In the past, we could rest for two or three class periods as break time during which we could prepare the lesson plans for the next classes. We used to have extra time to study and preview the lessons before we went into each class. But now, we have very little extra time.” And new teachers entering the profession are not receiving adequate training, she said. “With only two days of skill training, teachers cannot be qualified to teach,” the educator said. ‘They do not know their subjects very well. Now we have to coordinate with each other and learn to teach these classes.”..."
Source/publisher: "RFA" (USA)
Date of entry/update: 2023-03-07
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Title: Human Rights Council Hears that the People of Myanmar Continue to Suffer Profound Human Rights Harms and that Serious and Systematic Human Rights Violations and Abuses in Nicaragua are Crimes against Humanity
Description: "Council Concludes its Interactive Dialogue with the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan The Human Rights Council this afternoon concluded an interactive dialogue on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan, held an interactive dialogue on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, and began an interactive dialogue with the Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua. Volker Türk, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, said as Myanmar entered the third year of the crisis generated by military rule, its people continued to suffer profound human rights harms; an expanding humanitarian emergency; continuing impunity of the military authorities; and a deepening economic crisis. Armed conflict continued to grow and military operations now increasingly involved the use of airstrikes, artillery shelling and heavy weaponry against civilians. The latest report detailed a number of incidents being investigated, including hundreds of houses being burned and dozens of people, including children killed by shelling and military raids. Since February 2021, at least 17,572 people had been arrested (including 381 children) with 13,763 remaining in detention. Across the country, 17.6 million people now needed humanitarian assistance, and over 15.2 million faced acute food insecurity. The Rohingya community still remaining in Myanmar continued to face widespread discrimination. There needed to be increased international support, and the continuing proceedings before both the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court warranted every support. In the discussion on Myanmar, speakers said, among other things, that since the 1 February 2021 coup, the military had brought the country into a perpetual human rights crisis through continuous human rights violations and violations of international humanitarian law, some of which may amount to international crimes. The consistent tactics and patterns of abuse underscored the military’s responsibility for these violations, including indiscriminate airstrikes and artillery attacks against populated areas, village raids and burnings, arbitrary arrests, use of torture, extrajudicial killings, killings of children, attacks on schools and hospitals, military use of schools, sexual and gender-based violence, severe restrictions of fundamental freedoms and many more, with persons belonging to ethnic or religious minorities such as the Rohingya bearing the brunt. One speaker spoke of regret that Myanmar had not participated in the discussion, stressing respect for its sovereignty. Some speakers said all parties should speak and work in order to help the parties in Myanmar overcome their divergences and problems in order to overcome their differences, and the international community should respect the territorial integrity and national unity of Myanmar in resolving the situation. Dialogue and reconciliation must be the way forward. To not listen to the State concerned precluded hearing about its efforts and the progress made on the ground. Another speaker called for an end to all unilateral coercive measures imposed on Myanmar, which caused immense suffering to the people on the ground. Speaking in the discussion on Myanmar were European Union, Norway on behalf of a group of countries, France, United States, Japan, Luxembourg, Costa Rica, China, United Nations Children’s Fund, Indonesia, Venezuela, Egypt, Canada, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Malaysia, South Africa, Maldives, Türkiye, Bangladesh, Gambia, Saudi Arabia, Malawi, Australia, Mauritania, Libya, Thailand, Belarus, Botswana, Ireland, Viet Nam, Iran, Russian Federation, Sierra Leone and Pakistan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation countries. Also speaking were the following non-governmental organizations: Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development, China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation, Association Ma’onah for Human Rights and Immigration, Centre pour les Droits Civils et Politiques - Centre CCPR, Society for Threatened Peoples, Edmund Rice International Limited, Lawyers Rights Watch Canada, Amnesty International, International Commission of Jurists, and CIVICUS - World Alliance for Citizen Participation. The Council then started an interactive dialogue with the Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua. Jan-Michael Simon, Chair of the Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua, said the Group had investigated alleged human rights abuses and violations committed in Nicaragua since April 2018. Based on the information analysed, the Group concluded that serious and systematic human rights violations and abuses of human rights took place in Nicaragua during the period covered by the report, perpetuated by government representatives, and those from pro-government groups. Violations included extrajudicial executions, arbitrary detentions, torture and cruel treatment including acts of sexual and gender-based violence, arbitrary deprivation of nationality, and violations of the right to remain in the country, among others. These violations were perpetrated against genuine and perceived opponents of the Nicaraguan Government. The Expert Group concluded that the violations were committed as a pattern of behaviour which was generalised and systematic. These violations constituted crimes against humanity. These crimes against humanity were committed within the framework of a discriminatory policy against part of the population of Nicaragua, for political motives, intentionally organised from the highest levels of government. Nicaragua, speaking as the country concerned, said the Government of reconciliation and national unity wished to formally indicate that it had not nor would it ever accept the unilateral appointment of the Members of the Group of Experts in any way, shape or form. This group was nothing less than a smokescreen in order to allow fabrication of facts. The input to it came from certain opposition elements in the country that were putting forth false narratives directed by imperialist powers with the aim of interfering in the nation. No reports were accepted, as they ran counter to the over-arching interests of the State, which was aiming to ensure human rights across the board. Nicaragua did not wish these reports to continue to undermine its institutions and legal order. The reports did not reflect the most basic progress, such as in education, women’s rights, and poverty reduction. Any recommendations put forward lacked objectivity and were tantamount to coercion, since they undermined the efforts of all Nicaraguans. In the ensuing discussion on Nicaragua, speakers expressed, among other things, outrage for the serious and systematic human rights violations laid out in the reports, including crimes against humanity. The report left no doubt regarding the grave seriousness of the human rights situation in Nicaragua, which continued to deteriorate, and could lead to an even graver humanitarian crisis. The Government should work to ensure the human rights of all Nicaraguans, and ensure accountability and justice for all for the human rights violations listed in the report, including allegations of torture and grave violations of civil and political rights. Multiple speakers welcomed the release of 222 political prisoners by the Government of Nicaragua, but remained gravely concerned about the deterioration of human rights and the rule of law. Speaking in the discussion on Nicaragua were Chile on behalf of a group of countries, European Union, Luxembourg on behalf of a group of countries, Iceland on behalf of a group of countries, France, United States, Switzerland and Ecuador. At the beginning of the meeting, the Council concluded its interactive dialogue with the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan. Richard Bennett, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan, in concluding remarks, said many interventions had rightly focused on discrimination against women and girls. Even if the situation affecting women and girls was less serious, there would still be a human rights crisis in Afghanistan. There was an increasing number of reports of arbitrary arrests, torture, disappearance and killings, including those of a district governor and former police commander in the past few days, who appeared to have suffered torture before being killed. The Council was implored to consider this on its agenda. Mr. Bennett called on the de-facto authorities to take concrete steps to stop these killings and bring those responsible to justice. Rapidly shrinking civil space was also a concern, described as a “muzzling” of the media in the report. In the discussion on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan, speakers raised, among other issues, the deep concern over the regressive, disproportionate and discriminatory measures imposed by the de facto authorities on Afghan women and girls, particularly the banning of tertiary education for Afghan women. Speakers urged the de facto authorities to urgently reconsider this decision, which was detrimental to the future generation of Afghanistan. There was also concern about the economic and humanitarian crises that continued to deteriorate in the country. The situation in Afghanistan was due to United States’ activities in the country, one speaker said, urging the Special Rapporteur to find a way around the effective blocking of Afghan assets by the United States, which undermined Afghanistan’s capacity to move towards sustainable peace and development. Some speakers were disappointed that the Special Rapporteur had not taken note of this in his report, urging him to take into consideration the historical reasons for the crisis, and to call for an end to the blocking of assets. Speaking in the discussion were Malaysia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Australia, Türkiye, New Zealand, Kazakhstan, Italy, Republic of Malta, Chile, Malawi, Montenegro, Austria, Croatia, Namibia, Bulgaria, Pakistan, Argentina, Timor-Leste, Iran, Ukraine, Saudi Arabia, Greece, Russian Federation, Slovenia, and United Kingdom. Also speaking were the following non-governmental organizations: Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, Interfaith International Intervention, Save the Children International, International Lesbian and Gay Association, World Organisation against Torture, CIVICUS – World Alliance for Citizen Participation Intervention, International Bar Association, Organisation internationale pour les pays les moins avancés, and Meezaan Centre for Human Rights. The webcast of the Human Rights Council meetings can be found here. All meeting summaries can be found here. Documents and reports related to the Human Rights Council’s fifty-second regular session can be found here. The next meeting of the Council will be at 10 a.m. on Tuesday, 7 March, when it will conclude the interactive dialogue with the Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua followed by an enhanced interactive dialogue on the report of the Commission of Human Rights in South Sudan. The Council will then hear the High Commissioner’s oral update and presentation of reports under item 2, followed by a general debate under item 2 - annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General. Interactive Dialogue with the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan The interactive dialogue with the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan started in the previous meeting and a summary can be found here. Discussion on Afghanistan Some speakers expressed deep concern over the regressive, disproportionate and discriminatory measures imposed by the de facto authorities on Afghan women and girls. Such measures, particularly the banning of tertiary education for Afghan women and girls, contradicted Islamic principles and international human rights law. Speakers urged the de facto authorities to urgently reconsider this decision, which was detrimental to the future generation of Afghanistan. The recent decisions to ban women and girls from higher education, along with the decree barring women from working in national and international non-governmental organizations were yet another stark demonstration of the silencing of the voices of women and girls in the country. Such actions were self-defeating, and would only aggravate the dire socio-economic conditions, as well as maybe being tantamount to gender persecution. Education was the key to economic well-being and future prosperity in any society, and as such, education in Afghanistan, especially for girls and women, must continue and even increase. The data was clear that educated girls and women contributed very significantly to social and economic well-being. In order to bring together the three pillars of the United Nations: human rights, peace and security, and development, as well as to promote inclusive and comprehensive sustainable development in the region, one speaker proposed to establish a United Nations Regional Hub on Sustainable Development Goals for Central Asia and Afghanistan in Almaty, Kazakhstan, which would coordinate all international programmes aimed at supporting Afghanistan. Speakers appealed repeatedly to Afghanistan to restore access to education for all women and girls within the country, allowing them to achieve development and prosperity. There was also concern about the economic and humanitarian crises that continued to deteriorate in Afghanistan. The international community should increase its efforts to address these issues through constructive dialogue and cooperation, and help Afghanistan from descending further into insecurity, poverty and isolation. The international community needed to also continue to give coordinated and constructive suggestions to Afghanistan on improving the situation. Afghanistan remained in a dire economic crisis: ensuring stability in the country was critical. Almost the entire population was impacted by the dire situation, with currently 97 per cent of them suffering in various ways. Fighting impunity and ensuring accountability for the violations of international humanitarian law and human rights violations and abuses was an essential for the stability and peaceful future of all Afghan citizens, speakers said. Today Afghanistan was a dreary place where the Constitution was suspended, the rule of law was subject to interpretation, and the Taliban was ruling through fear and repression. The overwhelming sense of hopelessness, compounded by the economic and humanitarian crises, were deeply affecting the whole of Afghan society. It was therefore crucial to keep providing humanitarian and basic needs assistance. Efforts should be made by the international community to ensure that Afghanistan adopted a Government that was representative of all parts of Afghan society, including the various ethnic and religious groups, as well as women and girls. The situation in Afghanistan was due to United States’ activities in the country, one speaker said, urging the Special Rapporteur to find a way around the effective blocking of Afghan assets by the United States, which undermined Afghanistan’s capacity to move towards sustainable peace and development. Some speakers were disappointed that the Special Rapporteur had not taken note of this in his report, urging him to take into consideration the historical reasons for the crisis, and to call for an end to the blocking of assets. Another issue of deep concern was the situation of millions of children in Afghanistan deprived of essential services, including primary healthcare, education, water and sanitation, while many of them continued to be killed and maimed by landmines and other explosive remnants of war, as well as their recruitment for conflict. The Special Rapporteur was asked, considering the inclusion in his mandate of a child’s rights perspective, what was his assessment on the situation of children and on future prospects? Another question asked was what prospects for positive developments by the authorities he saw in light of the recent setbacks? Concluding Remarks RICHARD BENNETT, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan, thanked all the States and members of civil society for their interventions and questions. Many interventions had rightly focused on discrimination against women and girls. Mr. Bennett welcomed the decision by the Council at the previous session to mandate a specific report on the situation of women and girls at the fifty-third session. Even if the situation affecting women and girls was less serious, there would still be a human rights crisis in Afghanistan. Mr. Bennett was concerned about the extra judicial killings of former civil servants and members of the Afghan security forces, despite the general amnesty issued by the de-facto authorities. There was an increasing number of reports of arbitrary arrests, torture, disappearance, and killings, including those of a district governor and a former police commander in the past few days, who appeared to have suffered torture before being killed. The Council was implored to consider this on their agenda. Impunity could lead to ongoing animosity and future bloodshed. Mr. Bennett called on the de-facto authorities to take concrete steps to stop these killings and bring those responsible to justice. Rapidly shrinking civil space was also a concern, described as a “muzzling” of the media in the report. There was no independent mechanism to address human rights complaints and bring them to the attention of the authorities. Journalists, human rights defenders and civil society should be able to operate freely without fear, but this was not the case. The banning of education was not supported or justified; this was a universal right. Girls must be allowed to resume their studies alongside boys, and women alongside men at university. The impact of war, compounded by the Taliban’s rule would be intergenerational. If Afghanistan was to have a new generation of leaders tomorrow, they needed basic services today. Mr. Bennett appreciated the strengthening of his mandate to include the documentation of evidence. There needed to be a stocktake of what mechanisms already existed for accountability, and there needed to be more resources put towards this. It was important to note that accountability should include the right to truth and reparations, as well as criminal accountability. Afghanistan deserved more commitment and engagement from the international community. Mr. Bennett expressed his unwavering admiration and commitment to the Afghan people who strove for human rights. Interactive Dialogue on the Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar Report The Council has before it the report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the implementation of the recommendations made by the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar (A/HRC/52/21). Presentation of Report VOLKER TÜRK, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, said as Myanmar entered the third year of the crisis generated by military rule, its people continued to suffer profound human rights harms; an expanding humanitarian emergency; continuing impunity of the military authorities; and a deepening economic crisis. Armed conflict continued to grow and military operations now increasingly involved the use of airstrikes, artillery shelling and heavy weaponry against civilians. The latest report detailed a number of incidents being investigated, including hundreds of houses being burned and dozens of people, including children, killed by shelling and military raids. Airstrikes against civilian locations had increased by 141 per cent in the second year of the military takeover, and artillery shelling of communities had increased by over 100 per cent. Incidents in which homes and neighbourhoods were set on fire had risen by 380 per cent in the second year after the coup, leading to an estimated 1,200 per cent increase in the number of homes destroyed. Since the military takeover, some 39,000 structures had been burned, and people unable to flee risked being burned to death. The more than 1.3 million people displaced since the coup began faced destitution. At least 2,947 civilians had been killed by the military since 2021, including 244 children. More than one third of these confirmed deaths occurred in military custody. Cases had been reported of some armed groups attacking and killing civilians perceived to be working for or with the military. These acts constituted murder and needed to be condemned. It was imperative that the military respected the Security Council’s December resolution, and took steps to end the violence. On 1 February 2023, the military extended the state of emergency, subjecting civilians to the expanded jurisdiction of military tribunals, with no right to appeal – even upon imposition of the death penalty. Since February 2021, at least 17,572 people had been arrested (including 381 children) with 13,763 remaining in detention. Across the country, 17.6 million people now needed humanitarian assistance, and over 15.2 million faced acute food insecurity. The Rohingya community still remaining in Myanmar continued to face widespread discrimination. At least 3,500 Rohingya attempted sea crossings in 2022– a 360 per cent increase from 2021. At least 348 of them had died or had gone missing at sea. Mr. Türk appealed to all countries to provide support to people fleeing Myanmar, and to their host communities. There needed to be increased international support, and the continuing proceedings before both the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court warranted every support. Mr. Türk remained concerned by the prospect of new elections taking place in Myanmar and the arbitrary detention of elected political leaders in February 2021. He called on the Council to do its best to deliver humanitarian support directly to Myanmar’s people, and called on United Nations Member States to promote dialogue and sustainable solutions to bring an end to this brutal crisis. Discussion on Myanmar In the discussion, some speakers said, among other things, that since the 1 February 2021 coup, the military had brought Myanmar into a perpetual human rights crisis through continuous human rights violations and violations of international humanitarian law, some of which may amount to international crimes. The consistent tactics and patterns of abuse underscored the military’s responsibility for these violations, including indiscriminate airstrikes and artillery attacks against populated areas, village raids and burnings, arbitrary arrests, use of torture, extrajudicial killings, killing of children, attacks on schools and hospitals, military use of schools, sexual and gender-based violence, severe restrictions of fundamental freedoms and many more, with persons belonging to ethnic or religious minorities such as the Rohingya bearing the brunt. Several speakers expressed continued support to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ five-point consensus, recalling Security Council resolution 26/69 (2022), and demanded an immediate end to all forms of violence throughout the country. United Nations Security Council resolution 26/69 called for the regime to end its violence across the country, release arbitrarily detained prisoners, allow unhindered humanitarian access, protect members of minority groups, and respect the will and democratic aspirations of the people of Myanmar, and there were as yet no signs of results in this direction. Speakers also called for the release of all arbitrarily detained prisoners, the provision of full and unhindered humanitarian access, and the protection of civilians in Myanmar. Further calls were also made for an international arms embargo and targeted economic action to prevent the flow of weapons to the military. The situation in Rakhine state continued to be tense and fragile, speakers noted. Addressing the root causes of the Rohingya crisis was of paramount important in pursuing a durable resolution to the crisis. Both in Myanmar and beyond, the Rohingyas had become more vulnerable to various discrimination, violence, radicalisation and trafficking. The authorities in Myanmar were urged to fully cooperate with international mechanisms, including the Special Envoys of the Chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, as well as those established by this Council, and to step up their efforts to create conducive conditions that would facilitate safe, dignified and voluntary repatriation, including by ensuring justice and accountability. The international community was urged to apply stronger pressure on the Government of Myanmar, and to stand together to demand an end to the violence and seek a peaceful reconciliation to the crisis. One speaker said the Security Council should refer the situation in Myanmar to the International Criminal Court without delay. The international concerns for a peaceful and prosperous Myanmar must go hand in hand with fulfilling the rights of minorities. All parties should refrain from further violence and the Myanmar authorities should allow access for humanitarian assistance, including through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster Management. International cooperation should be strengthened to prevent further displacement and find a sustainable solution. Space should be made to ensure a democratic and fruitful dialogue, with the participation of all parties. One speaker spoke of regret that Myanmar had not participated in the discussion, stressing respect for its sovereignty. Some speakers said all parties should speak and work in order to help the parties in Myanmar overcome their divergences and problems in order to overcome their differences, and the international community should respect the territorial integrity and national unity of Myanmar in resolving the situation. Dialogue and reconciliation must be the way forward. To not listen to the State concerned precluded hearing about its efforts and the progress made on the ground. Another speaker called for an end to all unilateral coercive measures imposed on Myanmar, which caused immense suffering to the people on the ground. For a peaceful future, a vibrant and diverse civil society was indispensable, and there was deep concern about the ongoing repression of civil society organizations in Myanmar. Civil society organizations, including human rights defenders, were being monitored, restricted and harassed. The Organization Registration Act that was introduced last year was another blow for civic space, and a speaker applauded Myanmar’s civilian organizations for their courage and resilience. Their work was indispensable for accountability, women empowerment, and giving youth in Myanmar a voice to shape their future. One speaker pointed out that international human rights mechanisms should, however, operate whilst respecting the sovereignty and territoriality of States, and a genuine concern for human rights was required for human rights without politicisation or bias, operating through cooperation with the Government and repudiation of all unilateral coercive measures and other measures imposed upon the country. What measures could be taken to reduce violence against civilians and human rights violations and abuses in Myanmar, as well as to ensure accountability for past and ongoing crimes, a speaker asked? Another asked how could the international community help support civil society and human rights defenders under threat in Myanmar? The international community had an obligation to restore even a sliver of hope. Would the High Commissioner recommend that the international community recognise the National Unity Government as the true Government of Myanmar, a speaker asked? How could the international community support Myanmar’s diverse democratic movement to ensure the protection and promotion of human rights, another speaker asked? How could the international community continue to support civil society organizations that were active in Myanmar under these circumstances, so they survived and played their essential role in the future of Myanmar, another speaker asked? Concluding Remarks VOLKER TÜRK, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, said this was an extremely troubling situation: Myanmar was in free-fall, and the international community had to respond in the most effective way possible. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ five-point plan, Security Council resolution 26/69, and the Human Rights Council resolutions set out the expectations of the international community, as well as the benchmarks for a solution. The solution against this background was set out, and the international community needed to look at how these various documents had been disrespected by the authorities. Those Member States with any influence over the authorities should work to ensure that there was a change in the country that brought it back to the plight of the people. This required a coordinated and unified approach, and a number of things could be done in addition to what had been said. There needed to be an end to arms being sold, and economic measures. The international community must not be engaged in supporting any electoral process that lacked the ability to ensure the participation of all the people of the country in peace and security. Those involved in civil society and national human rights defenders needed to be seen as key interlocutors for any solution. Regarding accountability for past and present human rights violations, this was key to any solution to the crisis, and whatever emerged as a solution would have to have inherent in it transitional justice. Member States could look at universal jurisdiction for crimes committed in Myanmar. There should be full support, politically- and funding-wise, for the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar. The Rohingya, as well as the countries hosting them, required continued support by the international community. The Government of National Unity and all other representatives of Myanmar civil society must be involved in all attempts to restore democracy and ensure fair elections. The threat to civil society organizations was really existential, human rights defenders faced a myriad of issues, problems and potential risks, and it was vital to continue to alert the world of these risks. Donors should look at flexible and creative means of funding for human rights defenders and civil society organizations to ensure that their work continued, including resettlement and even witness protection. Interactive Dialogue with the Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua Report The Council has before it the report by the Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua (A/HRC/52/63) Presentation of the Report JAN-MICHAEL SIMON, Chair of the Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua, presented the conclusions of the investigations carried out by the group over the past year. The Group had investigated alleged human rights abuses and violations committed in Nicaragua since April 2018, to ensure accountability and justice for the victims. The Group had used methodology which included the collection of information from victims and witnesses, as well as the review of judicial records and verified audio visual material. Thanks to technological progress, the team was able to collect information securely and confidentially, including from sources still inside Nicaragua. During the investigation, the Group investigated 149 cases, received more than 150 confidential documents, processed and classified almost 1,500 documents, and conducted 291 face-to-face and remote interviews. Five missions were carried out to areas near the territory of Nicaragua. It had not been possible to carry out investigatory activities in the territory of Nicaragua since access had not been granted by the Nicaraguan Government. Between June and December 2022, 12 communications were sent to the Government of Nicaragua, to request a country visit, open channels of dialogue, and for data and information. The report was sent to the Government for comment before publishing it, but no response had been received, which was regretful. The Group remained open to channels of cooperation and dialogue with Nicaragua. Based on the information analysed, Mr. Simon said that the Group concluded that serious and systematic human rights violations and abuses of human rights took place in Nicaragua during the period covered by the report, perpetuated by government representatives, and those from pro-government groups. Violations included extrajudicial executions, arbitrary detentions, torture and cruel treatment including acts of sexual and gender-based violence, arbitrary deprivation of nationality, and violations of the right to remain in the country, among others. These violations were perpetrated against genuine and perceived opponents of the Nicaraguan Government. The Expert Group concluded that the violations were committed as pattern of behaviour which was generalised and systematic. These violations constituted crimes against humanity. These crimes against humanity were committed within the framework of a discriminatory policy against part of the population of Nicaragua, for political motives, intentionally organised from the highest levels of government. Mr. Simon said that the prevailing impunity for the crimes facilitated the escalation of violence. The conclusions reached by the Group were sufficient to justify further investigations. It was recommended that the Nicaraguan authorities immediately release all persons arbitrarily deprived of their liberty, and put an immediate end to violations, abuses and crimes, including persecution for politically motivated reasons. The State should also ensure accountability for victims and implement the necessary measures to guarantee the separation of powers. Nicaragua should cooperate with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. It was hoped the independent inquiry could bring victims closer to justice. Statement by the Country Concerned Nicaragua, speaking as the country concerned, said the Government of reconciliation and national unity wished to formally indicate that it had not nor would it ever accept the unilateral appointment of the Members of the Group of Experts in any way, shape or form. This group was nothing less than a smokescreen in order to allow the fabrication of facts. The input to it came from certain opposition elements in the country that were putting forth false narratives directed by imperialist powers with the aim of interfering in the nation. No reports were accepted, as they ran counter to the over-arching interests of the State, which was aiming to ensure human rights across the board. Nicaragua did not wish these reports to continue to undermine its institutions and legal order. The reports did not reflect the most basic progress, such as in education, women’s rights, and poverty reduction. Any recommendations put forward lacked objectivity and were tantamount to coercion, since they undermined the efforts of all Nicaraguans. Nicaragua was strengthened in its resolve to achieve the highest levels of democratic success, respecting international law and defending it, and called for equal consideration for all. Discussion on Nicaragua In the ensuing discussion, speakers expressed, among other things, outrage for the serious and systematic human rights violations laid out in the reports, including crimes against humanity. The report left no doubt regarding the grave seriousness of the human rights situation in Nicaragua, which continued to deteriorate, and could lead to an even graver humanitarian crisis. The Government should work to ensure the human rights of all Nicaraguans, and ensure accountability and justice for all for the human rights violations listed in the report, including allegations of torture and grave violations of civil and political rights. There was also concern for the disappearance of indigenous persons, and the instrumentalisation of the legislative system to ensure impunity. The authorities should grant access to the country for the Group of Experts, and resume collaboration with it and other international bodies. The international community should not forget that arbitrary detention and the inhumane treatment of political prisoners were not the only instruments by which civil society and human rights defenders were persecuted in the country. The authorities should put an end to any such measures, to restore the fundamental rights of denaturalised dissidents, to stop human rights violations, to restore democracy and to re-engage with the international community. Impunity for human rights violations must end, and all restrictions on civic space must end, with all persons granted the rights of assembly, dissent and expression. Multiple speakers welcomed the release of 222 political prisoners by the Government of Nicaragua, but remained gravely concerned about the deterioration of human rights and the rule of law, noting that following their expulsion, the regime stripped these individuals, as well as 94 others of their citizenship and reportedly seized their property in Nicaragua. These deplorable acts signalled a significant step backward for the Nicaraguan people and were inconsistent with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which provided that everyone had a right to a nationality. The conclusion of the Group of Experts that crimes may have been committed as part of a policy emitting from the highest spheres of Government against certain parts of the population was of grave concern, and there should be full and fair investigations ensuring accountability, justice and reparations for victims. Laws should be repealed limiting access to human rights and fundamental freedoms. The authorities’ refusal to appear before the Committee against Torture last July was deplored, and speakers urged Nicaragua to resume cooperation with the various United Nations mechanisms which had requested access to the country. Another speaker asked how the international community could help the Group of Experts to achieve its mandate and meet its objectives. The work of the Experts was appreciated, and speakers asked, among other things, what could be done to support the work of civil society organizations within the country? One speaker appealed to the Council to renew the mandate of the Group..."
Source/publisher: United Nations Human Rights Council
Date of entry/update: 2023-03-06
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 27 | 4 March 2023
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 27 February, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. Response figures are based on self-reporting by organizations to clusters. The next humanitarian update will be issued at the end of March 2023. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES • Humanitarian needs are rising across Myanmar and the operational environment is tightening. Martial law is now declared in 47 townships across multiple states and regions. • Concerns persist around the impact of new registration requirements on humanitarian operations. • In the first two months of 2023, more than 154,000 people have been internally displaced and are living in precarious conditions in camps and informal sites often in jungles and forests. This brings the total number of IDPs since the military takeover to 1.3 million. As of 27 February, more than 1.6 million remain displaced from previous and current conflicts. • Heavy fighting continues, particularly in Kachin, the Southeast, and Northwest, endangering lives and hampering humanitarian operations. • The ceasefire between the Arakan Army (AA) and the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF) in Rakhine is still holding and the access environment has improved. • Humanitarians reached a record 4.4 million people with assistance in 2022, however the support was not as deep or multi-sectoral as planned due to access constraints and severe underfunding. • Some 17.6 million people - nearly one third of the population - are estimated to be in humanitarian need in 2023. The humanitarian community has prioritized support for 4.5 million people with severe needs, predominantly in conflict affected rural areas. • Generous funding to the US$764m Humanitarian Response Plan for 2023 is critically important to make this work possible. KEY FIGURES* 1.6M Total people currently internally displaced across Myanmar 1.3M People currently displaced by clashes and insecurity since February 2021 328K People internally displaced due to conflict prior to February 2021, mainly in Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, and Shan 55K Civilian properties estimated burnt or destroyed since February 2021. *Displacement figures fluctuate during any given month. These figures represent the number of people currently verified as displaced. Cumulative numbers for returns and displacement are not always available. SITUATION OVERVIEW Two months into 2023, reports of civilian casualties, displacement and destruction of civilian properties have continued. As of 27 February 2023, more than 1.6 million remained displaced across the country, according to the latest UN figures. This includes more than 1.3 million people who were displaced since the military takeover and more than 328,000 people who were displaced from previous conflicts. Of the total IDPs since the military takeover, the Northwest is hosting the highest number - now 915,000 people - followed by the Southeast - 379,200 people. IDPs are living in precarious situations in camps and informal sites, often in jungles and forests, with large-scale returns impossible due to the intensity of fighting, landmines, destruction of homes through aerial bombardment, and loss of livelihoods. Humanitarian partners estimate that 17.6 million people are in need in 2023. The 2023 Humanitarian Response Plan targets 4.5 million people with the most severe needs, predominantly in conflict-affected rural areas. This will require the removal of physical and bureaucratic impediments to humanitarian access and more generous funding than was received last year (41 per cent of requirements in 2022). Two months into 2023, the humanitarian response plan is only two per cent funded. Generous funding for humanitarian interventions this year is critical. In 2022, humanitarians were able to reach a record 4.4 million people, including 750,00 IDPs, with at least one form of assistance, at least once, however the assistance wasn’t as deep, multi-sectoral or sustained as planned due to underfunding and severe access constraints. This reach includes 900,000 people in the Southeast, more than 660,000 people in Rakhine, more than 500,000 people in the Northeast and almost 270,000 people in the Northwest..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-03-04
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Title: Myanmar: Tanintharyi Region Monthly Situation Update (28 February 2023)
Description: "This regular update, covering non-violent movements, conflict trends, human rights violations, and humanitarian developments up to 28 February is produced by Southern Monitor, a local research group. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES On 2 February 2023, the State Administration Council (SAC) declared martial law in Palaw and Tanintharyi townships and increased military presence in the area. In February 2023, a total of 37 armed clashes erupted across all districts in Tanintharyi Region, showing an increase in armed conflict. A total of 34 deaths and 10 injured due to attacks targeting civilians were reported in February 2023. More than 200 civilians’ houses were burned down by junta forces in Palaw township. The number of non-violent movements in Tanintharyi Region increased as protesters staged “silent strikes” across the region. Local Karen CSOs urged Karen Nation Union (KNU) and Kaw Thoo Lei Army to cease fighting and resolve the conflict peacefully. KEY FIGURES 3701 Nonviolent actions mobilized by activist groups between February 2021 and February 2023 998 Violent incidents occurred in the region between February 2021 and February 2023 394 People killed by conflict actors between February 2021 and February 2023 28K People currently displaced by clashes and insecurity since February 2021..."
Source/publisher: Southern Monitor (Myanmar) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-03-04
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Title: Humanitarian assistance to the people of Myanmar affected by the coup d'état
Description: "1.As more than two years have passed since the coup d'état on February 1, 2021, various parts of the country are still experiencing violence. As a result, the humanitarian situation in Myanmar continues to deteriorate further. According to the Humanitarian Response Plan for Myanmar announced by the United Nations on January 25, 17.6 million people, including internally displaced persons, are in need of humanitarian assistance. 2.Under these circumstances, the Government of Japan has provided a total of more than US$47 million in humanitarian assistance since the coup d'état, through international organizations and NGOs etc., directly benefiting the people of Myanmar. 3.In response to the rapid increase of the need of humanitarian assistance due to deteriorating situation since last year, the Government of Japan has decided to provide additional humanitarian assistance totaling approximately US$60.3 million (approximately 7 billion 77.7 million yen). Specifically, through international organizations such as UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP and AHA Centre, the Government of Japan will provide food, medical items and shelters as well as water and sanitation infrastructure, nutrition improvement, medical services, access to education, and measures to combat illegal drugs. 4.The Government of Japan will continue to actively provide humanitarian assistance, while urging the Myanmar side to allow safe and unhindered humanitarian access..."
Source/publisher: Government of Japan
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-28
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Title: Myanmar Emergency Update (as of 1 February 2023)
Description: "KEY DISPLACEMENT FIGURES 73,000 Estimated refugee movements to neighbouring countries since 1 February 2021 1,086,000 Refugees and asylum-seekers from Myanmar in neighbouring countries as of 30 June 2022 1,254,000 Estimated total internally displaced persons (IDPs) within Myanmar, displaced since 1 February 2021 Source: UN in Myanmar 1,584,000 Estimated total internally displaced persons (IDPs) within Myanmar as of 30 January 2023 HIGHLIGHTS According to the UN, an estimated 1,584,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) were reported across the country as of 30 January 2023, including 1,254,000 people newly displaced since 1 February 2021. In the North-West, conflict continued to intensify across Chin State and Sagaing and Magway Regions following a reported increase in air strikes, landmine incidents, arbitrary arrests and the destruction of properties. Indiscriminate fire in Chin and Sagaing resulted in new displacements and cross-border movements between Myanmar and India. IDPs and host communities are also experiencing shortages of food and other basic necessities due to movement restrictions. In the South-East, conflict in various parts of the region impeded access to education, healthcare, and livelihoods. An uptick in airstrikes, indiscriminate shelling and explosions close to town centres in multiple States and Regions, including Kayin State, Mon State, Bago (East) and Tanintharyi Regions, was reported. IDPs remained concerned about their reduced access to food and basic commodities, particularly in Kayah and Shan (South) States and Tanintharyi Region. In Kachin and Shan (North), frequent airstrikes, shelling and explosive remnants are putting civilian lives at risk. Arbitrary arrests, forced labour and the destruction and theft of civilian properties was also reported. In Rakhine and Chin (South) States, the informal November 2022 ceasefire between the Arakan Army (AA) and the Tatmadaw continues to hold althoug remains fragile amid fears conflict will resume at the end of the cultivation season. Communities are vigilant and limiting their movement in case the ceasefire unravels. The humanitarian response in Buthidaung, Maungdaw, Rathedaung, Mrauk-U, Minbya and Myebon is focused on life-saving support (food and healthcare) following the introduction of new restrictions on UN agencies and INGOs by the de facto authorities in mid-September 2022. RESPONSE Myanmar In Kachin and Shan (North) States, IDPs pursued avenues that allow them to rebuild their lives despite the limited prospects for lasting solutions after the events of February 2021. In this regard, UNHCR and partners completed a pilot programme providing small grants for various community-led projects in six solutions sites in Bhamo Township, Kachin State. These grants act as ‘seed money’ and are designed to encourage communities to use their own resources and assets to improve their environment. Through these grants, the communities were able to facilitate road rehabilitation work, expand access to clean water supplies, and support community halls. In addition, UNHCR and partners distributed various core relief items (CRIs), including mosquito nets, sleeping mats, blankets, and buckets to 1,169 IDPs (270 families). As part of the COVID-19 response, over 7,000 face masks were also distributed in IDP camps in Kachin State..."
Source/publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (Geneva)
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-17
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Title: Market Analysis Unit Chin State IDPs - Household Survey (December 2022)
Description: "In late-November / early-December the MAU conducted a second-round survey of displaced households in Chin State to understand challenges they face. The study is based on a probability sample representing 1900 households currently or previously enrolled in cash assistance programs. MAU reports are available online at www.themimu.info/market-analysis-unit. KEY FINDINGS Seventy-nine percent of IDP households were still displaced in early-December, and 15% were returnees; The portion of IDPs living in temporary shelters rose and the portion in displaced sites fell, while three-in-five IDP households continued to live in host homes; Ten percent of IDP households were living outside their original township, and 3% had left Chin State; Security and food access improved since September, but health care and nutrition remained poor for many; Access to medicines worsened in December and health care remained poor for more than half; Fewer households described their freedom of movement as poor, but one-quarter were still unable to travel to a food market in the past thirty days; More households used cash assistance to buy food compared to three months earlier, and fewer used credit; Food insecurity measures improved, likely due to changes in security, mobility and seasonal supply. The number of displaced persons in Chin State grew in late-2022, despite reports of fewer conflict events. According to data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Project (ACLED), the number of conflict-related events in Chin State declined from September to December 2022, reaching their lowest point in more than one year (see Figure 1).1 UN estimates also suggest slower growth in the number of IDP in Chin State during part of this period. IDP counts in Chin State were unchanged in September and October, although in November they increased from 45,800 to 53,700.2 Indeed, Chin State continued to experience clashes in late-2022, and many IDPs struggled not only with the continued threat of armed conflict but also poor access to nutritious food, health care, education and adequate livelihood opportunities to meet their basic needs. As armed conflict continues to disrupt critical market systems, more data is needed on the conditions of IDPs in Chin State. The MAU surveyed current and former IDP households primarily from Thantlang township about their living conditions and market access. The survey of roughly 380 households represents a population of more than 1900 currently- or previously-displaced households which enrolled in one or more cash assistance programs. The study focussed on displacement status, household living conditions, financial resources, access to markets/ goods and food security. The study is not intended to represent all IDPs in Chin State, nor is it intended as an evaluation of the effectiveness of cash programs there. The study includes the results of an earlier survey of the same population in late-August / early-September 2022..."
Source/publisher: Myanmar Information Management Unit (Myanmar) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-14
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 12: January-December 2022
Description: "Highlights: Myanmar continues to experience a severe - and worsening - humanitarian and human rights crisis. Conflict and violence have escalated across the country, impacting children and their families and displacing more than 1.5 million people. Access of conflict-affected populations to services and delivery of humanitarian assistance has been further constrained by restrictions imposed on movement of both people and goods. Grave violations of child rights have increased in 2022 compared with 2021.There has also been an eightfold increase in the number of abductions in 2022. As of December 2022 at least 670 children had been killed or maimed by armed actors since the military takeover in February 2021 In 2022, UNICEF received US$ 33.92 million, representing 22 per cent of its Myanmar Humanitarian Action for Children appeal of US$ 151.4 million. Despite the gap, UNICEF and its partner reached close to one million children and their families. FUNDING OVERVIEW AND PARTNERSHIPS In 2022, Myanmar continued to struggle with unprecedented political, socioeconomic and human rights issues and humanitarian crises. The 2022 Myanmar Humanitarian Needs Overview estimated that 14.4 million people, including 5 million children, needed assistance. UNICEF Myanmar Country Office appealed for US$151.4 million to help displaced people and host communities across the country. Despite a number of challenges: restrictions in accessing affected communities, high levels of uncertainty about security and the funding gap significantly impacted the programmes, UNICEF was able to reach close to 1 million children and their families. By the end of 2022, UNICEF Myanmar had received US$33.92 million (including US$10.74 million carried forward from 2021), representing 22 per cent of the amount appealed for. The funding was generously contributed by the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (USAID/BHA), the European Commission's Humanitarian Office (ECHO), the German Federal Foreign Office, the Global Thematic Fund, Denmark, Japan, Norway, the Korean Committee for UNICEF, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) and the World Health Organization. These funds were used to deliver much needed services in nutrition, health, water sanitation and hygiene (WASH), education and child protection. In 2023, UNICEF, with continued support from the donors, will scale up programmes and approaches to reach more vulnerable children and communities. UNICEF expresses its sincere appreciation to all private and public sector donors for their contributions in supporting the children of Myanmar..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (Myanmar) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-13
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Title: Free Online Education Institution Myanmar (FOEIM) ဖြစ်စဉ်နှင့် ပတ်သက်၍ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနမှ ဆောင်ရွက်မှုများအား ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာခြင်း
Description: "Free Online Education Institution Myanmar (FOEIM) ဖြစ်စဉ်နှင့် ပတ်သက်၍ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနမှ ဆောင်ရွက်မှုများအား ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာခြင်း ၂၀၂၃ ခုနှစ်၊ ဖေဖော်ဝါရီလ (၁၀) ရက် နှင့် Free Online Education Institution Myanmar (FOEIM) ဖြစ်စဉ်အတွက် ဖွဲ့စည်းပေးထားသော ကြားနာစုံစမ်းရေးအဖွဲ့၏ အပြီးသတ် အစီရင်ခံစာ ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာခြင်း ၂၀၂၃ ခုနှစ်၊ ဇန်နဝါရီလ (၉) ရက်..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education - National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-10
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Title: K4U ကျောင်းဖြစ်စဉ်နှင့်ပတ်သက်၍ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန၏ ဆောင်ရွက်ချက်များအား ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာခြင်း နှင့် K4U စုံစမ်းစစ်ဆေးရေးကော်မရှင်၏ အစီရင်ခံစာနှင့်ပတ်သက်သော ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာချက်
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education - National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-09
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Title: Myanmar: Tanintharyi Region Monthly Situation Update (31 January 2023)
Description: "This regular update, covering non-violent movements, conflict trends, human rights violations, and humanitarian developments up to 31 January is produced by Southern Monitor, a local research group. The next monthly situation update will be issued in February 2023. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES In January 2023, a total of 33 armed clashes erupted across all districts in Tanintharyi Region, showing an increase in armed conflict. A total of 33 casualties (25 deaths and 8 injured) due to attacks targeting civilians were reported in January 2023. More than 33 civilians’ houses were burned down by junta forces following armed clashes in Palaw and Dawei Townships. More than 7,000 people are displaced in Tanintharyi Region. Humanitarian assistance has been largely impeded due to access constraints, and a widespread ban on transport of dry rations and medicines. Displaced populations are in dire need of dry rations, adequate shelter and warm clothing..."
Source/publisher: Southern Monitor (Myanmar) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-05
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Title: အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန ကြေညာချက်အမှတ် (၄/၂၀၂၃) - ကြားကာလအခြေခံပညာပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများအဖြစ် အသိအမှတ်ပြုကြောင်း ကြေညာချက်
Description: "ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန https://moe.nugmyanmar.org ကြေညာချက်အမှတ် (၄/၂၀၂၃) ၁၃၈၄ ခုနှစ်၊ တပို့တွဲလပြည့်နေ့ ( ၂၀၂၃ ခုနှစ်၊ ဖေဖော်ဝါရီလ ၄ ရက် ) ကြားကာလအခြေခံပညာပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများအဖြစ် အသိအမှတ်ပြုကြောင်း ကြေညာချက်..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education - National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-04
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 26 | 2 February 2023
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 27 January, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. Response figures are based on self-reporting by organizations to clusters. The next humanitarian update will be issued at the end of February 2023. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES • Two years since the 2021 military takeover, humanitarian needs are on the rise and the operational environment is further worsening. • 17.6 million people - nearly one third of the population - are estimated to be in humanitarian need in 2023. • The humanitarian community has launched a $764m Response Plan for 2023. It prioritizes 4.5 million people with severe needs for life saving support, predominantly in conflict-affected rural areas. • Heavy fighting, including airstrikes, tight security, access restrictions, and threats against aid workers have continued unabated, particularly in the Southeast, endangering lives and hampering humanitarian operations. • As of 23 January, 1.2 million people remain displaced by conflict and insecurity since the military takeover in February 2021, bringing the total number of internally displaced people (IDPs) across Myanmar to more than 1.5 million. • Since the pause in fighting between the Arakan Army (AA) and the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF) in Rakhine, the access environment has slowly improved although the ceasefire remains fragile. • Humanitarians are closely monitoring the impact of new NGO registration requirements on the delivery of life-saving support in 2023. • Despite severe access constraints and drastic underfunding, humanitarians were able to deliver life-saving assistance to more than 3.9 million people in 2022. KEY FIGURES 1.5M Total people currently internally displaced across Myanmar 1.2M People currently displaced by clashes and insecurity since February 2021 330K People internally displaced due to conflict prior to February 2021, mainly in Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, and Shan 39K Civilian properties estimated burnt or destroyed since February 2021. *Displacement figures fluctuate during any given month. These figures represent the number of people currently displaced. Cumulative numbers for returns and displacement are not always available. SITUATION OVERVIEW Two years since the 2021 military takeover, the people of Myanmar continue to endure a political, human rights, health, economic and humanitarian crisis that has caused civilian casualties and a surge in displacement, pushed thousands into poverty, and exposed people to daily protection threats. The 2023 Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) estimates that 17.6 million - almost one in three Myanmar people - are now in humanitarian need. Increasing numbers of people are now facing daily protection threats and are living in fear amid the violence sweeping the country. In 2023, protection risks including killing and injury due to heavy fighting and landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW), arrest and detention, forced recruitment, and human trafficking among others, continue to prevail, especially in hardto-reach conflict areas. As of 23 January, 1.2 million people remain displaced by conflict and insecurity since the military takeover in February 2021, bringing the total number of internally displaced people (IDPs) across Myanmar to more than 1.5 million. With surging displacement, the resources of host communities and those on the move are being rapidly depleted. Nutritious food is becoming increasingly scarce and more unaffordable due to inflation. Parents are worrying about their children’s future prospects after years of missed schooling, while the sick are continuing to miss out on medicines and life-saving treatment because of health service interruptions. Stateless Rohingya people continue to face restrictions on their movement that have left them almost completely dependent on assistance for survival. The grim situation outlined in the HNO makes a scaled-up, context-adapted, and people-centered humanitarian response essential in 2023 to prevent loss of life and reduce suffering. The 2023 Myanmar Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) requests US$764 million to reach 4.5 million people most in need of life-saving humanitarian support, predominantly in conflict-affected rural areas. The Plan is heavily prioritized and makes a compelling case for a more robust donor contribution to the response that will be delivered through a new fit-for-purpose coordination architecture and an enhanced localization strategy. The 2023 plan focuses on hard-to-reach rural areas and those with the most severe needs while being realistic about potential reach given access and capacity constraints. The Plan outlines the dire need for improved humanitarian access to conflict-affected areas and the removal of bureaucratic obstacles to the delivery of assistance. Heading into 2023, humanitarian organizations are facing an increasingly constrained operational environment. Bureaucratic and physical impediments to access are hampering the ability of humanitarian partners to provide protection and assistance. Humanitarians are closely monitoring the impacts of new NGO registration requirements introduced by the de facto authorities amid fears they will limit the ability of many organizations to deliver assistance and result in escalating unmet needs. The humanitarian community has proposed a six-month moratorium on implementation of the requirements to allow time to ensure services are not interrupted..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-02
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Title: အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန ကြေညာချက်အမှတ် (၃/၂၀၂၃) - ၂၀၂၃ ခုနှစ်၊ အခြေခံပညာပြီးမြောက်ကြောင်း စစ်ဆေးအကဲဖြတ်ခြင်း (BECA) ပထမအကြိမ် စတင်ဖြေဆိုမည့်ရက် ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာခြင်း
Description: "အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနမှ အခြေခံပညာပြီးမြောက်ကြောင်း စစ်ဆေးအကဲဖြတ်ခြင်းကို ၂၀၂၃ ခုနှစ်၊ ဖေဖော်ဝါရီလမှ ဧပြီလအထိ ပထမအကြိမ်နှင့် ၂၀၂၃ ခုနှစ်၊ ဩဂုတ်လမှ အောက်တိုဘာလအထိ ဒုတိယအကြိမ် ကျင်းပမည်ဖြစ်ကြောင်း ကြေညာခဲ့ပြီး ဖြစ်သည်နှင့်အညီ ၁။ အွန်လိုင်း (Online) ဖြင့် ဖြေဆိုရန် လျှောက်ထားခဲ့ကြသည့် သတ်မှတ်ချက်နှင့် ကိုက်ညီသော ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများသည် ၂၀၂၃ ခုနှစ်၊ ဖေဖော်ဝါရီလ (၂) ရက်နေ့မှ စတင် ဖြေဆိုနိုင်ပြီဖြစ်ကြောင်းနှင့် ၂၀၂၃ ခုနှစ်၊ ဧပြီလ (၃၀) ရက်နေ့တွင် ပထမအကြိမ်ဖြေဆိုခြင်း ပြီးစီးမည် ဖြစ်ကြောင်း ကြေညာအပ်ပါသည်။ ၂။ မြေပြင် (On-ground) တွင် ဖြေဆိုရန် လျှောက်ထားခဲ့ကြသည့် ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများ သည် မိမိတို့ သက်ဆိုင်ရာ မြို့နယ်၊ စာဖြေဌာနများ၏ သတ်မှတ်ရက်တွင် စတင်ဖြေဆိုနိုင်ပြီ ဖြစ်ကြောင်း ကြေညာအပ်ပါသည်။..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education - National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-02
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Title: Humanitarian aid: EU releases over €43 million for Myanmar and Bangladesh
Description: "The EU has released over €43 million to address the humanitarian needs of people in Myanmar, as well as those of Rohingya refugees and their host communities in Bangladesh. In Myanmar, the EU will provide over €18 million to respond to the dramatic escalation in needs following the military takeover of 2021. The funding will allow humanitarian partners to ensure the provision of life-saving support such as protection, food, shelter, healthcare and education. The EU will also continue to support the efforts of Bangladesh in responding to the Rohingya refugee crisis by providing over €23 million, part of which will also contribute to implement disaster preparedness programmes in the country. A further dedicated allocation of €2 million will help address the needs of Rohingya and other refugees in neighbouring countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Background In Myanmar, 17.6 million people are expected to be in need of humanitarian assistance in 2023, a dramatic increase from 1 million in 2021. A third of those in need are children. Over 5 years after large-scale violence forced hundreds of thousands of Rohingya people to flee Rakhine State in Myanmar, Bangladesh still hosts almost 1 million refugees. Rohingya refugees live in precarious and deteriorating conditions, with the majority located in the congested refugee camp in Cox's Bazar, where they are entirely dependent on humanitarian aid. The EU has been providing humanitarian aid to people in Myanmar since 1994, and in Bangladesh since 2002. With this additional funding, EU humanitarian aid for Myanmar now totals over €68 million since 2021. Support for Rohingya refugees, their host communities, and disaster preparedness efforts in Bangladesh since the beginning of the Rohingya crisis in 2017 now stands at over €242 million..."
Source/publisher: European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-01
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Title: Tinwin and the Transformative Power of Education for Internally Displaced in Myanmar
Description: "February 1st marks the second anniversary of the military coup in Myanmar. As of 23 January 2023 (UNHCR), the number of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) reached to 1.2 million since the coup – it previously was 330,000. The ongoing crisis has disrupted access to safe, inclusive, and quality education for children and youth with the potential of creating a lost generation. The Universal Declaration for Human Rights outlines 30 rights and freedoms that belong to all people including the right to education. Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS) is committed to ensuring that children who are forced to flee their homes and communities are not deprived of their right to education and their path to a hopeful and productive future. Education provides stability and a sense of normalcy; it engenders hope while preparing refugees to meet future challenges. Today, children in Myanmar cannot access basic learning, let alone higher education, due to the current conflict. Education is disrupted, schools are attacked, and many are closed. Children are forced to flee from one place to another making it nearly impossible to go to school. Without the ability to exercise their basic rights and fundamental freedoms, they will not be able to determine their own future. The Story of Tinwin: The Transformative Power of the Storybook Tinwin, a seven-year-old boy, lives in a temporary site fleeing from the life-threatening violence occurring in his hometown. While the temporary site is called “temporary”, he has no idea how long this momentariness of fear and displacement would last. He and his family have been living in this temporary shelter for already a year. After he arrived at the temporary site, he did not want to go to school because he was afraid that his family would run away. When a child has no idea what’s going to happen to their life and family tomorrow, it is very difficult to trust that everything will be fine. He also really missed his home and his friends in the neighborhood. Amidst the distress, what could calm Tinwin down is the storybook. The colorful book with images could bring him to another fantasy world. A place where there is no fear. Tinwin usually asks his mother to read out the stories for him. The storybook is what makes him smile. “He will ask me to read books, and if he likes the story, he asks me to read again and again, and I have to read it repeatedly,” says his mother. Over time, his mother has observed positive changes in him. He’s no longer afraid to go to school and sometimes brings friends home to read books together. He will ask me to read books, and if he likes the story, he asks me to read again and again. TINWIN'S MOTHER The mother, a person who read the storybook for Tinwin, observed a big change in Tinwin’s mind. Every time they are exploring the imaginary world, Tinwin is calm, happy, and has no worries. The storybook is not only important for Tinwin himself but also for his family, who really love and care about his feelings. Tinwin started to bring friends home to read the storybook and play. It is difficult for a child to think of the future when there is no sense of safety and certainty. However, Tinwin has a strong belief in his dream. Tinwin wants to be a doctor. “I want to put medicines to the wound like a medic.” The story of Tinwin reflects how much education can impact the life of a child and why education should not be under attack in times of conflict. Rather, investments in school materials, infrastructure, and teachers are critical for the people of Myanmar and all children and youth affected by conflict and crisis. JRS calls for displaced children inside and outside Myanmar to have access to humanitarian assistance including safe, inclusive, uninterrupted, and quality education programs. The shooting, shelling, and bombing of schools and community buildings must cease immediately. The lack of attention from the international community has prolonged this crisis and an immediate solution through peaceful political mechanisms must be achieved. After two years of violence and destruction, the people of Myanmar deserve more and must not be forgotten..."
Source/publisher: Jesuit Refugee Service
Date of entry/update: 2023-02-01
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Type: Individual Documents
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Title: အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန ကြေညာချက်အမှတ် (၂/၂၀၂၃)
Sub-title: ကြားကာလအခြေခံပညာပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများအဖြစ် အသိအမှတ်ပြုကြောင်း ကြေညာချက်
Description: "၁။ အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနသည် ... ပညာသင်ယူခွင့်ဆုံးရှုံးနေသော ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများအတွက် ကြားကာလ ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများ ဖွင့်လှစ်ကာ စဉ်ဆက်မပြတ် ပညာသင်ကြားရေးကို အကောင်အထည်ဖော် ဆောင်ရွက်လျက်ရှိပါသည်။ ၂။ ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်း အသိအမှတ်ပြုမူဝါဒ (၁၁)ချက်နှင့် Information and Technology Security Guideline များကို လိုက်နာဆောင်ရွက်ပါမည်ဟု... ဝန်ခံကတိပြုထားသည့် အောက်ဖော်ပြပါ Online ကျောင်းများကို “ကြားကာလအခြေခံပညာ ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်း” အဖြစ် အသိအမှတ်ပြုကြောင်း ကြေညာလိုက်သည်။ (၁) Federal School of Aung Myay Thar Zan (FSOAZ) (၂) Essential Education Center (EEC) (၃) Lighting For Future (LFF) Online School (၄) Magway Federal School (၅Federal Education Of Yankin Online School (၆) Interim Basic Education School (Thingangyun) (၇) Spring Education Taunggyi - SET (၈) Yarmanya Federal Education School (YFES) (၉) ACADEMY FEDERAL SCHOOL (ACFS) (၁၀) Free Interim Education Organisation Pyay (FIEOP) NMF-DLS9-17, [1/24/2023 12:21 PM] (၁၁) Board of Bahan (BOB) (၁၂) ရေစကြိုဖက်ဒရယ်အထက်တန်းကျောင်း (Yesagyo Federal High School, YFHS) (၁၃) New Myanmar Education (NME) (၁၄) Yadanabon Federal School (၁၅) နွေဦးဖက်ဒရယ်အထက်တန်းကျောင်း (၁၆) Sinbaungwe Federal School & New Dawn Education (SBW & NDE) (၁၇) Taungoo District Federal School - TDFS (၁၈) Phan Khar Myay Federal School (၁၉) NaypyiTaw Freedom Education (NFE) (၂၀) Myeik Education Free Online School (MEFOS) (၂၁) Pakokku Federal School (၂၂) Federal Democracy School (၂၃) ဘုရားသုံးဆူ ဖက်ဒရယ်ကျောင်း (၂၄) Kyaukpadaung Federal School (၂၅) Home Based Learning (Htantabin) (၂၆) Sagaing Federal School (၂၇) တံတားနီအခြေခံပညာမူလတန်းကျောင်း (၂၈) မန္တလေးဖက်ဒရယ်ကျောင်း (JC) True Sunshine for Future Dawei School (၃၀) Free Online Education School Pathein (FOESP) (၃၁) Yephyu Education Family Online School (YEFOS) (၃၂) Home-Based Learning Hlaing Thayar Township Online Class (၃၃) Thanlyin Home Based Learning School ၃။ စိစစ်ဆဲ Online ကျောင်းများကိုလည်း အသိအမှတ်ပြုကြောင်း ဆက်လက်ထုတ်ပြန် ကြေညာ ထုတ်ပေးရေးကိစ္စများကိုလည်း ဆောင်ရွက်လျက်ရှိပါသည်။ မြေပြင်ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျာင်းများအား အသိအမှတ်ပြုလက်မှတ်ပေးသွားမည်ဖြစ်သည်။ ..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education, National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2023-01-23
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Title: Myanmar Emergency Update (as of 9 January 2023)
Description: "KEY DISPLACEMENT FIGURES: 72,000 Estimated refugee movements to neighbouring countries since 1 February 2021 1,086,000 Refugees and asylum-seekers from Myanmar in neighbouring countries as of 30 June 2022 1,215,000 Estimated total internally displaced persons (IDPs) within Myanmar, displaced since 1 February 2021 Source: UN in Myanmar 1,545,000 Estimated total internally displaced persons (IDPs) within Myanmar as of 9 January 2023 Source: UN in Myanmar HIGHLIGHTS According to the UN, an estimated 1,545,000 people were reported internally displaced within Myanmar as of 9 January, including 1,215,000 people newly displaced since 1 February 2021. In Kachin and Shan (North), the protection risks faced by many communities continued to increase because of the intensifying conflict. In response, communities limited their own movements (particularly in the evenings) due to the risk of forced recruitment, robbery, physical assault, and arbitrary arrests. The situation has also been further compounded by their inadequate access to livelihoods, which is making it difficult for communities to meet their basic needs. In the North-West, the security situation remained volatile across Chin State and Sagaing and Magway Regions, as indiscriminate attacks continue to drive displacement. Movement restrictions have also pushed up the cost of essential goods and sparked shortages of food and other basic commodities. In Rakhine and Chin (South) States, following the announcement of an informal ceasefire between the Tatmadaw and the Arakan Army (AA) in late November 2022, roadways were reopened to enable the movement of civilians and goods between Yangon-Sittwe and within most of Rakhine State (North). However, rising criminality in Rakhine North (State) continues to exacerbate insecurity. Currently, most of the humanitarian response in Buthidaung, Maungdaw, Rathedaung, Mrauk-U, Minbya and Myebon remains limited to life-saving activities such as food and health after de facto authorities introduced new restrictions on UN agencies and INGOs in mid-September 2022. In the South-East, the security situation across all states and regions remained unpredictable with frequent airstrikes and indiscriminate shelling being reported. Access to education continued to be challenging for many children, which increased their exposure to negative coping mechanisms such as child labour. Limited access to food, shelter materials and basic medicine were other challenges brought about by the volatile context..."
Source/publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (Geneva) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-01-16
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Type: Individual Documents
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Title: Statement on the Imposition of the Death Penalty against CDM Teacher U Kaung Khant Kyaw - Ref: (1/2023)
Description: "1. U Kaung Khant Kyaw, a 27-year-old CDM teacher from Myan-Aung Township, Ayeyarwaddy Region had been arbitrarily arrested and jailed in October 2021 at Hinthada Prison. 2. In August 2022, a biased court controlled by the military junta without the power to govern the legal and justice systems, Hinthada District Court, heard the case, and he was sentenced to a 5-year prison term according to S. 50(j) of the Anti-Terrorism Act. Again, on December 30, 2022, the Myan-Aung District Court sentenced U Kaung Khant Kyaw to death according to Section 302(a) of the Penal Code and promptly moved him to the Pathein Prison. 3. According to media sources, the terrorist military group is torturing political prisoners in Pathein Prison under duress. The terrorist military group has been committing crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide for which they will be held accountable. 4. The unjustified detention and sentencing to death by a terrorist group of a young teacher who is a valuable human resource for the nation is a violation of his right to life and his political freedom as mandated by international human rights law. 5. The terrorist military group's implication of the death penalty is a violation of the peace and security mechanism of the United Nations. This mechanism was used when the Security Council of the United Nations adopted Resolution No. (2669/2022) and called for the release of political prisoners. 6. The Ministry of Education has administered to collect and keep records of human rights violations, has worked hard to gain justice. We will keep fighting until the uprising is successful, and will stand in solidarity with the students, workers, farmers, and workers who are being tortured and killed all over the country..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education - National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2023-01-16
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Title: စီဒီအမ်ဆရာ ဆရာ ဦးကောင်းခန့်ကျော်အား သေဒဏ်ချမှတ်ခဲ့ခြင်းနှင့် ပတ်သက်သည့် ထုတ်ပြန်ချက်
Description: "စီဒီအမ်ဆရာ ဆရာ ဦးကောင်းခန့်ကျော်အား သေဒဏ်ချမှတ်ခဲ့ခြင်းနှင့် ပတ်သက်သည့် ထုတ်ပြန်ချက် စာအမှတ်။ ကြေညာချက်အမှတ် (၁/၂၀၂၃) ရက်စွဲ။ ၂၀၂၃ ခုနှစ်၊ ဇန်နဝါရီလ (၁၁) ရက် ၁။ အကြမ်းဖက်စစ်အုပ်စုသည် ဧရာ၀တီတိုင်း မြန်အောင်မြို့တွင် နေထိုင်သူ အသက် (၂၇) နှစ် အရွယ် CDM ဆရာ ဦးကောင်းခန့်ကျော်ကို ၂၀၂၁ ခုနှစ်၊ အောက်တိုဘာလတွင် မတရား ဖမ်းဆီးခဲ့ပြီးနောက် ဟင်္သာတထောင်၌ အကျဥ်းချ ထားခဲ့သည်။ ၂။ တရားမဝင်အာဏာသိမ်းစစ်အုပ်စုသည် တရားစီရင်ရေးယန္တရားကို လည်ပတ်ရန် အခွင့်အာဏာ မရှိဘဲ စစ်အုပ်စု၏ ထိန်းချုပ်ခံ ဘက်လိုက်သောတရားရုံးဖြစ်သည့် ဟင်္သာတခရိုင် တရားရုံးတွင် စစ်ဆေးပြီး ၂၀၂၂ ခုနှစ်၊ သြဂုတ်လ တွင် အကြမ်းဖက်မှု တိုက်ဖျက်ရေး ဥပဒေ ပုဒ်မ ၅၀(ည) ဖြင့် ထောင်ဒဏ် ၅ နှစ် ချခဲ့သည်။၊ တဖန် ၂၀၂၂ ခုနှစ်၊ ဒီဇင်ဘာလ (၃၀) ရက်နေ့ တွင် မြန်အောင်ခရိုင် တရားရုံးက ရာဇသတ်ကြီး ဥပဒေ ပုဒ်မ ၃၀၂(က) ဖြင့် သေဒဏ်ချမှတ်ခဲ့ပြီး ဆရာဦးကောင်းခန့်ကျော်အား ပုသိမ်အကျဥ်းထောင်သို့ ချက်ချင်းရွှေ့ခဲ့သည်ဟု သိရှိရသည်။ ၃။ အကြမ်းဖက်စစ်အုပ်စုသည် ပုသိမ်အကျဥ်းထောင်တွင်း နိုင်ငံရေးအကျဥ်းသားများကို ညှင်းပန်းနှိပ်စက်မှုများအား အဓမ္မ ပြုလုပ်နေသည်ဟု မီဒီယာများတွင် ဖော်ပြနေသည်။ အကြမ်းဖက်စစ်အုပ်စု၏ လူသားမျိုးနွယ်အပေါ် ကျူးလွန်သော ရာဇ၀တ်မှုများ၊ စစ်ရာဇဝတ် မှုများ၊ လူမျိုးသုဉ်သတ်ဖြတ်မှုများအတွက် အကြမ်းဖက်စစ်အုပ်စုအနေဖြင့် တာ၀န်ယူ၊ တာ၀န်ခံရမည် ဖြစ်သည်။ ၄။ တိုင်းပြည်အတွက် အားထားရသော လူငယ်ဆရာတစ်ယောက်အား အကြမ်းဖက်စစ်အုပ်စု၏ ဖမ်းဆီးခြင်း၊ သတ်ဖြတ်ခြင်း၊ မျက်ကွယ်တရားရုံးများမှ စီရင်ချက်များ ချမှတ်ခြင်းတို့သည် နိုင်ငံတကာလူ့အခွင့်အရေးဥပဒေက ပြဌာန်းထားသော အသက်ရှင်သန်ခွင့် နှင့် နိုင်ငံရေးအခွင့် အရေးများ ကို ချိုးဖောက်ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ ၅။ နိုင်ငံရေးအကျဉ်းသားများအား လွှတ်ပေးရန်အတွက် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ လုံခြုံရေးကောင်စီက ဆုံးဖြတ်ချက် အမှတ် (၂၆၆၉/၂၀၂၂) ထုတ်ကာ ဖိအားပေးတောင်းဆိုနေချိန်တွင် ယခုကဲ့သို သေဒဏ်စီရင်ချက် ချမှတ်ခြင်းသည် အကြမ်းဖက်စစ်အုပ်စုက ကုလသမဂ္ဂ၏ ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေး နှင့် လုံခြုံရေး ယန္တရားအား ချိုးဖောက်ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ ၆။ ပညာရေး၀န်ကြီးဌာနအနေဖြင့် တစ်နိုင်ငံလုံးအနှံ့ နှိပ်စက်သတ်ဖြတ်ခံနေရသော အလုပ်သမား၊ လယ်သမား၊ ပြည်သူ လူထုနှင့် အတူရပ်တည်၍ လူ့အခွင့်အရေးချိုးဖောက်မှု မှတ်တမ်းများကို ကောက်ယူသိမ်းဆည်းလျက် တရားမျှတမှုရရှိနိုင်ရေးကို အစွမ်းကုန် ကြိုးစားလုပ်ဆောင်ပြီး အရေးတော်ပုံ အောင်သည်အထိ ဆက်လက်တိုက်ပွဲဝင်သွားမည်ဟု သန္ဓိဌာန်ပြုပါသည်။..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education - National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2023-01-12
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Title: Deification of Teachers in Burma: Why the Tradition of Paying Respect to Teachers should be Abolished
Description: "Before the annexation of Burma by the British, the only place where one could learn how to read and write was the country’s monasteries. The education of most young boys (since girls were prohibited from studying at monasteries) often culminated in the rote memorization of Buddhist scriptures. During the colonial era, the British government and foreign missionaries established schools and universities that taught modern subjects such as mathematics and science; consequently, monasteries as centers for learning became less relevant. However, at the beginning of the twentieth century, a new movement for national independence emerged, led by youths from Burma who were educated in Europe and India, and who aimed to establish a nation based on Buddhism and Burmese nationalism. During the 1930s, this movement had a strong influence over students from Rangoon University, who brought Buddhist traditions and rituals to the university precinct. The construction of a University dhamma-yone in 1934 and the existence of the tradition of paying respects to teachers, or saya-gadaw-pwe-dale were the most significant physical manifestation of Buddhism’s influence in the university campus. In other words, a secular realm, like a university campus, was influenced by a religion. This was not surprising; the majority of the students were Buddhists, and, at that time, they thought that the purity and very existence of Buddhism were being threatened by British colonialism, and they took it upon themselves to guard it. Nevertheless, even after Burma gained independence in 1948, Buddhist elements influenced and intervened in secular affairs such as politics and education. Under pressure from the monks, in 1961, then prime minster U Nu proclaimed that Buddhism is the national religion of Burma. Today, the tradition of paying respects to teachers continues to exist in schools and universities throughout Burma. The tradition has transformed into a formal ceremony held annually and organized collectively by teachers and students, in which students gather and sit on the floor of a great hall to pay respects to the teachers, who sit before them on rows of chairs. This tradition, I argue, is a hazard to ideals such as freedom of discussion and criticism upon which many modern universities are built. According to the Burmese tradition, paying respect to the parents, elders, and teachers is a noble act; people believe that by crouching down on the floor and asking for forgiveness before the abovementioned persons, one’s sins can be erased. Paying respects is also an act of admission that the person who earns this respect is also greater than and superior to those who offer it. It is obvious that only an inferior individual pays respects to the superior one, not vice-versa. This act also establishes a relationship in which the inferior person must listen to and obey the superior individual’s orders. Being inferior means one has neither the intellectual capacity nor the right to question the superior person’s wisdom. I call this kind of relationship a “one-way relationship.” This culture of deification of the figures in authority leads to the deification of public and political figures, and people would blindly follow those ‘teacher-like’ figures who preach what they want, rather than building a culture of healthy pluralistic democracy. It is worth noting that there are several teacher-like figures—whether they are civilian politicians, monks, or military personnel—who preach different doctrines, and they (and their followers) sincerely believe that the absolute truth is in their hands, while others are following the wrong path. However, they have a particular thing in common. They want to build a stronger and more powerful Burma, but they want to do it based on traditional values, not on democratic values. This might be the main reason why mainstream Burmese politics is brimming with populist politicians and their followers, despite intellectuals and academics’ efforts to shape a democratic Burma (since few hear the latter’s voices). On the other hand, modern universities aim to seek new knowledge for the benefit of humanity as a whole. To acquire new knowledge, academics and scholars need to conduct research by doing critical analyses of accepted theories, exchanging information and results with each other, and looking at conventional wisdom with scrutiny. So, what does critical education mean in the global context? It means that students must constantly question established knowledge and hierarchy and be active thinkers rather than passive followers. In the Burmese context, however, we should start with teachers asking students what they think about the topic, and students answering back and explaining their reason for holding a particular opinion. However, for this to occur, it is necessary for students not to see the teacher as an all-knowing deity, and for the teacher to not look down on the students and try to shut down their voices. This would necessarily mean that one has to criticize one’s master’s works if they contain inconsistencies or if one disagrees. Moreover, even in the classrooms—or at least in the universities that follow the Western tradition—students are encouraged to debate and exchange ideas with each other and with their teachers. They can question their teacher’s ideas and even criticize them; although it is important that they do this rationally, showing respect for their teachers and fellow students when they raise questions. I name this kind of relationship, in which both student and teacher listen to each other’s ideas, a “two-way relationship.” In Burmese universities, this kind of relationship does not exist due to the suppression of freedom of expression by successive military juntas and the deification of teachers. The lecture room in Burmese universities instead resembles a preaching ceremony or ta-ya-pwe in which monks preside over a whole ceremony, preach the sermon, and the audience obediently agrees with all the things the monk said. Teachers in Burmese universities read the textbook word-by-word and students sit in the classroom indifferently, occasionally murmuring their assent to the teacher. Students have not been given the intellectual freedom nor the skillset to analyze critically the textbooks nor the theories and ideas in them. The Burmese education system trains them to be obedient and not to question anything that has been spoon-fed to them. In other words, they have been put into a ‘one-way relationship” vis-à-vis their teachers. It is worth noting, however, that there are some major ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) which, for several years, have been running parallel educational institutions for youth who live in the area under their control. A few years ago, I had a chance to visit one of these places and learnt that their classes are run differently from government-funded universities. They either draw up their own curriculums or adopt foreign ones, and I noted that, in the classroom, the teacher encouraged students to ask questions freely and to actively participate in classroom activities. It would be a good start if the students from those institutions and state-funded universities had a chance to exchange experiences. To conclude, we must admit that this institutionalized tradition of paying respects to the teacher is an obstacle to realizing the ideals of modern universities. We must transform the relationship between teachers and students in Burma from a “one-way relationship” to a “two-way relationship.” Only after overturning the teacher-student relationships would Burmese universities abound with discussion and debate..."
Source/publisher: "Tea Circle" (Myanmar)
Date of entry/update: 2023-01-05
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Title: Myanmar: Tanintharyi Region Monthly Situation Update (31 December 2022)
Description: "This regular update, covering non-violent movements, conflict trends, human rights violations, and humanitarian developments up to 31 December is produced by Southern Monitor, a local research group. The next monthly situation update will be issued in January 2023. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES ● In December 2022, a total of 46 armed clashes erupted across all districts in Tanintharyi Region, showing an increasing trend in armed conflict. ● A total of 31 casualties (18 deaths and 13 injured) due to attacks targeting civilians were reported in December 2022. ● More than 60 civilians’ houses were burned down by junta forces following the armed clashes in Palaw Township. ● More than 17,000 people displaced in Tanintharyi Region: Increased displacement figures were reported in Palaw township; and new displacement in Bokpyin town. ● Humanitarian assistance has been largely impeded due to access constraints, and a widespread ban on transport of dry rations and medicines. Displaced populations are in dire need of adequate shelter and warm clothing. ● The junta forces conducted an increasing number of violent household inspections, arrests, arbitrary detentions, as well as increased troop deployments across all districts in the region..."
Source/publisher: Southern Monitor (Myanmar) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2023-01-04
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 25 | 30 December 2022
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 26 December, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. Response figures are based on self-reporting by organizations to clusters. The next humanitarian update will be issued at the end of January 2023. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES • Almost two years since the 2021 military takeover, the people of Myanmar continue to suffer amid hostilities and a crippling economic crisis that is being compounded by inflation. • More than 1.5 million people remain displaced across the country due to insecurity and violence. This is more than double the number a year ago with displaced people now living in undignified conditions and in desperate need in hardto-reach locations. • Conflict, contamination with landmines and explosive hazards, tight security, access restrictions, and threats against aid workers, particularly in the Northwest and Southeast, are on the rise, endangering lives and hampering humanitarian operations. • The informal ceasefire between the Arakan Army (AA) and the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF) in Rakhine and southern Chin continues to hold but remains very fragile. • Humanitarian and protection needs are mounting, forcing people to adopt negative coping mechanisms to survive. Women and girls are disproportionately being disproportionately affected. • The humanitarian community is deeply concerned about the impact of new administrative rules around NGO registration which will further shrink operating space. • Humanitarians continue to address the emerging needs of affected and displaced people where access is possible, reaching almost four million people in need with critical lifesaving assistance in the year to September. • As 2022 draws to a close, the 2022 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) remains drastically underfunded with only 35 per cent, leaving a gap of US$536 million (FTS). A dramatic increase in funding and an expansion of access will be critical for the humanitarian community to reach the 4.5 million people prioritized for life-saving assistance in 2023. KEY FIGURES* 1.5M People internally displaced across Myanmar 1.1M People currently displaced by clashes and insecurity since February 2021 330K People internally displaced due to conflict prior to February 2021, mainly in Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, and Shan 34K Civilian properties estimated burnt or destroyed since February 2021. *Displacement figures fluctuate during any given month. These figures represent the number of people currently displaced. Cumulative numbers for returns and displacement are not always available. SITUATION OVERVIEW As 2022 draws to an end, humanitarian needs and protection concerns continue to grow across Myanmar, exposing many men, women, boys and girls to constant risks that threaten their physical safety and mental well-being. Almost two years after the military takeover, armed clashes, including the use of heavy weaponry, between the MAF and various Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) and People’s Defence Forces (PDFs) in multiple states and regions are now a regular feature of daily life. Internal displacement and destruction of civilian properties have continued unabated, depriving more than 1.5 million people of safe shelter and dignified living conditions. The economic situation remains fragile and has been further undermined by inflation that has dramatically driven up the cost of basic food items and fuel. According to the Food Security Cluster, 15.2 million people are severely and moderately food insecure heading into 2023, up from 13.2 million people at the same time last year. To survive this multi-dimensional crisis, affected and displaced people have resorted negative coping mechanisms, including lowering food intake, selling their assets, dropping out of school, engaging in risky migration and marrying their children off early. Despite the dire humanitarian situation, access to humanitarian assistance continues to be undermined by the imposition of various administrative and physical constraints on the movement of people and goods. The humanitarian community is deeply concerned about new administrative requirements outlined on 28 October 2022 which establish a mandatory registration system for international and national non-government organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations (CSOs). These new rules have the serious potential to reduce timely and effective delivery of humanitarian assistance to people in need in Myanmar and would severely impede the work of NGOs and CSOs who are the backbone of the humanitarian operation. With rising needs, ensuring programme continuity and engagement of the NGO and CSO community is critical to ensuring no one is left behind as we move into 2023. The humanitarian community remains committed to staying and delivering for the people of Myanmar, but as they stand, the new requirements are likely to mean that many people in need will miss out on the support they require to survive in 2023. Given the consequences for millions of people in need, and the reality that the implementation infrastructure is not yet fully in place to facilitate the administrative steps outlined, the humanitarian community is proposing a six-month moratorium on any implementation of these new rules. Such a pause would allow an opportunity for discussions at national and sub-national level and would allow space to discuss how to ensure that vital support to people in need is not interrupted. Heading into 2023, conflict dynamics are expected to remain at the same level or worsen, especially in the Northwest and Southeast. It is estimated that 17.6 million people will be in need next year of whom 4.5 million have been prioritized for urgent assistance.2 Humanitarians are committed to meeting humanitarian needs of the population, providing food, shelter, health, water and sanitation, education and protection services to crisis-affected and displaced people across the country. However, both a lack of sustained access and of funding remain key obstacles. As of 28 December, the 2022 HRP is only 35 per cent funded, which amounts to only $290 million out of a total of $826 million required, leaving significant unmet needs which will flow on into 2023.3 A repeat of this level of funding in 2023 would have dire consequences and donors are urged to give generously in support of people affected by crisis in Myanmar next year..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-12-30
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 11, December 2022
Description: "Highlights The number of people displaced nationally, including those in protracted situations, has continued to rise, exceeding 1.5 million as of 26 December 2022. UNICEF reached over 2.7 million children aged 6–59 months with support to the vitamin A supplementation campaign. UNICEF and its partners helped 62,583 children access formal and non-formal education, despite the continuing conflict. During the reporting period, UNICEF and its partners provided lifesaving child protection services to 41,410 people (16,135 girls, 14,803 boys, 7,358 women and 3,114 men). UNICEF and its partners reached a total of 10,887 children aged 6– 59 months (5,446 boys and 5,441 girls) and 1,649 pregnant and lactating women with preventive nutrition services in December. 56,708 affected people were provided with life-saving WASH supplies by UNICEF and partners during the period. By the end of the year, UNICEF Myanmar had received only 20 per cent of its appeal (US$30.32 million), earmarked to provide humanitarian assistance to the targeted population. Situation in Numbers 5,000,000 children in need of humanitarian assistance (HRP 2022) 14,400,000 people in need (HRP 2022) 1,175,300 Internally displaced people after 1 February 2021 (UNHCR, 26 Dec 2022) 49,800 People displaced to neighbouring countries since 1 February 2021 (UNHCR, 26 Dec 2022) 330,400 people living in protracted displacement before February 2021 (UNHCR,269 Dec 2022) Funding Overview and Partnerships UNICEF Myanmar Country Office is appealing for US$151.4 million to deliver humanitarian assistance to displaced people and host communities across the country. The Myanmar Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) estimates that, in 2022, 14.4 million people, including 5 million children, have needed assistance. Up to December 2022, UNICEF has received generous contributions from the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (USAID/BHA), the European Commission’s Humanitarian Office, the German Federal Foreign Office, the Global Thematic Fund, Denmark, Japan, Norway, the Korean Committee for UNICEF, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The funds received contribute to delivering much needed assistance through UNICEF programmes covering Nutrition, Health, HIV/AIDS, Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Education, Child protection, Gender-based violence in emergencies, Prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse (PSEA), Social protection and cash-based programming, Accountability to affected populations (AAP), and Humanitarian leadership and Cluster coordination. UNICEF Myanmar has so far received US$30.32 million, representing 20 per cent of the amount appealed for. In 2023, UNICEF will continue responding according to its Humanitarian Action for Children appeal. The programmes hope to scale up services to the targeted populations, especially children in need, with continued support from the donors. UNICEF expresses its sincere appreciation to all private and public sector donors for their contributions to supporting the children of Myanmar. Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs Displacement due to conflict rose again in December, reaching a total of 1,505,7001 people. This figure includes those displaced by conflict prior to 2021. The ongoing conflict is constraining the movement of assistance, supplies and people. In Rakhine, the ceasefire between the Myanmar Armed Forces and the Arakan Army has resulted in the easing of some transportation restrictions. Nevertheless access, as elsewhere in the country, remains severely constrained. Heightened security measures, checkpoints and denial of travel authorizations are compounding humanitarian workers’ inability to reach children and their families, who are increasingly vulnerable to protection issues, malnutrition and disease. According to UNOCHA’s latest figures2 , approximately 20,800 people have been affected by the resurgence of conflict in the region since August 2022 and remain displaced in Rakhine State and Paletwa township in Chin. In the northwest, comprising Chin, Sagaing and Magway, 795,6001 displaced children, woman and men are located in these regions, representing 68 per cent of all people displaced nationally since February 2021. Severe access constraints continue to hinder timely and principled deliveries of aid. In the southeast, armed clashes are forcing people to search for safety in nearby forests or host communities and informal displacement sites. Humanitarian organizations face challenges in providing life-saving services for the numerous displaced people in remote rural areas due to security concerns and restricted access to urban zones. Despite this, UNICEF is coordinating with local partners to provide necessary assistance for the displaced population, notably with health, nutrition, WASH, child protection and education services. Throughout the country, landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) continue to pose a threat to the life of children and their communities. Based on UNICEF’s most recent monitoring report of landmines and ERW3 , the number of casualties nationwide from January to October 2022 has already exceeded the total number of cases for 2021 (117 per cent). Some 333 people have so far been impacted with 86 people killed and 247 injured. Children account for 32 per cent of cases. Giving the ongoing reporting constraints, the actual numbers are anticipated to be much higher. UNICEF is working with partners to provide explosive ordnance risk education (EORE) to prevent such incidents and to protect children and communities against the physical injury and psychological trauma caused by landmines and ERW..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (Myanmar) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-12-30
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Title: Urgent Action Needed to Save Rohingya Adrift at Sea
Description: "Please see below statement from Refugees International Deputy Director for Africa, Asia, and the Middle East Daniel P. Sullivan: “An alarming number of Rohingya refugees have been marooned at sea in recent weeks. Urgent action is needed to address the drivers behind these dangerous voyages and to save those still adrift. This month, at least three boats, each carrying more than 100 Rohingya from Myanmar or the refugee camps in Bangladesh, have spent weeks abandoned at sea. At least one boat remains at adrift. Yet regional governments have been slow to respond, and, even when saved, the refugees have been faced with detention or return to the genocidal regime that caused them to flee their homeland in the first place. The recent surge of dangerous sea voyages evokes memories of the May 2015 Andaman Sea crisis, during which some 3,000 Rohingya and Bangladeshis were abandoned by human smugglers. That crisis resulted in several pledges and proposals that could have avoided the current crisis, including setting up a regional task force and trust fund for mixed movements of refugees and migrants and agreeing to predetermined safe disembarkation points. Yet, the current response has largely only repeated the past. The drivers behind these desperate voyages must be addressed, both through enhanced coordinated global pressure on Myanmar’s military junta and through measures to empower Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh through improved protection and access to education and livelihood opportunities. But the most immediate need is for regional governments, including India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand to live up to their obligations to save those stranded at sea and to avoid moves like repatriation or detention that will only place vulnerable people in further danger.” Refugees International recently released a report covering the dire conditions in the Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh and recommending solutions. An earlier report following the May 2015 boat crisis highlighted the dangerous sea journeys and included recommendations for addressing them. For more information or to schedule an interview, please contact Refugees International’s Vice President for Strategic Outreach Sarah Sheffer at [email protected]..."
Source/publisher: Refugees International via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-12-20
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Title: Humanitarian Action for Children 2023 - Myanmar
Description: "HIGHLIGHTS..... Myanmar continues to experience a severe - and worsening - humanitarian and human rights crisis. Conflict and violence have escalated across the country, impacting children and their families and displacing more than 1.4 million people. The ongoing political crisis has been coupled with economic challenges, increasing people's vulnerability. An estimated 17.6 million people, including 5.6 million children, are in need of humanitarian assistance. Access of children and their families to such essential services as health care, nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and education is severely constrained. These interrelated challenges are threatening children's survival, development and well-being. UNICEF’s humanitarian strategy focuses on working with communities, local and international partners and with all stakeholders to deliver life-saving humanitarian assistance and ensure critical services reach children in need. UNICEF requires US$169.6 million to respond to the mult-isectoral humanitarian needs of children in Myanmar. HUMANITARIAN SITUATION AND NEEDS Children and their families continue to suffer due to widespread and deepening conflict in Myanmar. The situation further deteriorated in 2022, with increased fighting taking place nationwide between the Myanmar Armed Forces, ethnic armed organizations and more than 600 local defence groups. Around 17.6 million people - almost one third of the population - are in need of humanitarian assistance. The number of children and their families displaced by the conflict has increased by 60 per cent since December 2021 to more than 1.4 million people, including the 330,400 who had been living in protracted displacement even prior to the coup that took place in February 2021. Communities in the Sagaing region are the hardest hit, with nearly 612,400 people displaced as of October 2022. The resurgence of fighting in Rakhine State between government armed forces and a large ethnic armed organization has imperilled the situation of the nearly 220,000 people living in protracted displacement there. There are also extremely vulnerable non-displaced people, including 417,000 stateless Rohingyas, along with communities affected by conflict, insecurity and rising poverty in rural areas and cities. Cross-border movements are fluid and bidirectional. Those who fled to Thailand and then returned to Myanmar remain displaced within the country because they have not returned to places of origin. Grave violations of child rights have increased in 2022 compared with 2021: for example, the number of children killed and maimed between January and September 2022 more than doubled compared with 2021, largely due to indiscriminate use of heavy weapons, airstrikes and explosive ordnance. There has also been an eightfold increase in the number of abductions in 2022. Attacks on schools and hospitals have continued at alarming levels, while recruitment and use of children by all armed actors remains of serious concern. Millions of children and adolescents are deprived of the right to education because their safe access to education has been disrupted. The ongoing conflict has undermined the delivery of child health services, including routine immunization and the response to severe wasting. This has lead to a regression in child health outcomes in the country. The disruption in child immunization services also creates longer-term risks of increased disease prevalence. Access of conflict-affected populations to services and delivery of humanitarian assistance has been further constrained by restrictions imposed on movement of both people and goods. Camp closures and forced return and relocation remain key protection concerns for displaced people. The safety and protection of humanitarian and front-line workers has also become a serious concern, as they are increasingly targeted by parties to the conflict and subject to arbitrary arrests and detentions..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (Myanmar) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-12-06
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Title: Myanmar: Tanintharyi Region Monthly Situation Update (30 November 2022)
Description: "This regular update, covering non-violent movements, conflict trends, human rights violations, and humanitarian developments up to 30 November is produced by Southern Monitor, a local research group. The next monthly situation update will be issued in December 2022. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES In November 2022, a total of 43 armed clashes erupted across all districts in Tanintharyi Region. Junta forces deployed across Tanintharyi Region shot and killed civilians in Dawei and Launglon Townships, one of the victims was a 14 years old boy. The junta forces fortified search and arrest operations in Dawei and Palaw townships on suspicion of supporting local resistance groups. Humanitarian assistance has been largely impeded due to access constraints, and a widespread ban on transport of dry rations and medicines. Displaced populations are in dire need of adequate shelter and warm clothing. The junta forces conducted an increasing number of violent household inspections, arrests, arbitrary detentions, as well as increased troop deployments across Dawei and Palaw Townships..."
Source/publisher: Southern Monitor (Myanmar) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-12-05
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 24 | 3 December 2022
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 30 November, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. Response figures are based on self-reporting by organizations to clusters. The next humanitarian update will be issued at the end of December 2022. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES More than 1.4 million people are displaced across the country, of whom more than 1.1 million were displaced since the 2021 military takeover. Armed clashes, compounded by tight security, access restrictions, and threats against aid workers, continue to hamper humanitarian operations across Myanmar. Humanitarians are hoping that an informal ceasefire agreement between the Arakan Army (AA) and the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF) may create space for the delivery of much-needed assistance in Rakhine and southern Chin where access has been restricted since September. The situation is being closely monitored. Humanitarians are deeply concerned about the newly passed NGO registration law and partners are currently investigating the potential impact on the delivery of life-saving humanitarian assistance. Premature return of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) from past and present conflicts in Rakhine, Chin and southern Shan states remains a major protection concern amid ongoing insecurity and continued fighting. It is critical that returns are done safely and voluntarily, in line with international principles. Inflation in commodity prices, including for food and fuel, is deepening the socio-economic stress on communities, forcing them to adopt negative coping mechanisms. The 2022 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) remains drastically underfunded as the end of 2022 is approaching. As of 30 November, it is only 28 per cent funded, leaving a gap of US$597 million (FTS). In the first nine months of 2022, humanitarians reached at least 3.9 million people with assistance according to reports received by clusters. KEY FIGURES 1.4M People internally displaced across Myanmar 1.1M People currently displaced by clashes and insecurity since February 2021 330K People internally displaced due to conflict prior to February 2021, mainly in Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, and Shan 31K Civilian properties estimated to have been burnt or destroyed since February 2021. *Displacement figures fluctuate during any given month. These figures represent the number of people currently displaced. Cumulative numbers for returns and displacement are not always available. SITUATION OVERVIEW The humanitarian situation continues to be dominated by hostilities and increasing economic stress for millions of people. Frequent, indiscriminate attacks, including airstrikes and artillery fire in civilian areas have caused casualties and spread fear. Displacement also continues to rise despite some reported returns. According to the latest UN figures, the estimated number of new IDPs since the military takeover has passed 1.1 million, bringing the total number of IDPs across the country to almost 1.4 million. More than 49,400 people remain in neighbouring countries after fleeing since the takeover. Nearly 31,000 civilian properties, including houses, churches, monasteries, and schools are estimated to have been destroyed although figures are difficult to verify. The level of destruction of civilian property, particularly of homes, combined with the deteriorating security situation and explosive ordnance risks are delaying returns and prolonging people’s displacement. Suffering is being compounded by heavy restrictions on humanitarian access, including cumbersome bureaucratic processes and systematic blocks on access approvals, that continue to delay the delivery of critical and lifesaving assistance to affected people. Humanitarian actors, including the UN, INGOs, and local partners, continue responding to both pre-existing and emerging needs wherever they can. Despite the constrained operating environment and limited funding (less than 30 per cent), nearly 3.9 million people across Myanmar had received assistance by the end of September. Please see the full Quarter 3 dashboard here. Local partners are now the backbone of the response and Quarter 3 saw a further increase in the number of organizations coordinating their response through the cluster system from 177 in Quarter 2 to 219 - a direct result of a scale-up in cluster coordination efforts, with a particular focus on hard-to-reach areas. Nevertheless, response numbers are based on voluntary reporting by partners to clusters and there is likely to be significant underreporting by local organizations. As 2022 is nearing an end, this year’s HRP is only 28 per cent funded, which amounts to only $230 million out of a total of $826 million required..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-12-03
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 10, November 2022
Description: "Highlights Essential medical supplies were distributed to partners in the northwest and southeast regions for use in primary health care services and were expected to meet the needs of more than 14,000 children. A total of 10,370 children (5,348 girls and 5,022 boys) and 2,062 caregivers were provided with access to mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) activities and interventions through in-person and remote approaches. Nearly 28,000 temporarily displaced people in Kayin, Kayah, Magway and Tanintharyi received life-saving WASH supplies. So far this year, UNICEF has provided cash assistance to a total of 8,467 participants through its Maternal and Child Cash Transfer programme. Up to November, the 2022 UNICEF Humanitarian Action for Children appeal has received only 20 per cent of the required US$151.4 million to cover the multisectoral humanitarian needs of the targeted 1.1 million children..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-11-30
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Title: National Unity Government: Ministry of Education Announcement No.19/2022 - အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနက ကြေညာချက်အမှတ် (၁၉/၂၀၂၂) ထုတ်ပြန်
Sub-title: အသိမှတ်ပြုကြောင်းကြေညာချက်
Description: "ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန ကြေညာချက်အမှတ် (၁၉/၂၀၂၂) ၂၀၂၂ ခုနှစ်၊ နိုဝင်ဘာလ (၂၆) ရက် အသိမှတ်ပြုကြောင်းကြေညာချက်..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education, National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2022-11-26
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Title: Getting conflict-affected children back to school
Description: "The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and 11 years of conflict in Kachin have affected tens of thousands of internally displaced people (IDPs) who have sought shelter in various camps across Kachin State. People in Need (PIN) and our local partner organisation, Diocesan Commission for Education (DCE-Banmaw), support quality education for children in need through Education in Emergencies (EiE) programmes in the most conflict-affected areas in Kachin State. With financial support from the Myanmar Humanitarian Fund (MHF), PIN and DCE-Banmaw distributed student kits, provided home-based learning materials, and facilitated psychosocial support activities for more than 2,700 children in five IDPs camps and one host village in Bhamo district, Kachin State. New academic year and new challenges to accessing education In June 2022, children were supposed to return to school for the new academic year. However, many parents and caregivers faced financial crises and could not send their children back to school. At that time, PIN and DCE-Banmaw continued to support the educational needs of children between kindergarten (KG) and Grade 8. Htang Nu (name changed), a mother of three school children who received support from PIN and DCE-Banmaw, showed her gratitude to PIN and our donor. “I have three children, in Grades 1, 4, and KG. I have no money to enrol my children in school, so I borrowed money to pay school registration fees. At the beginning of the school year, my children were sad about using old school equipment, which was quite damaged. Now, they are happy to wear new school backpacks and use books, pencils, and raincoats from the distribution.” With these educational materials, children can continue their learning. Hkawng Hkawng (name changed), a 16-year-old, Grade 8 student studying at one of the IDP camps’ schools, dreams of becoming a doctor: “I love receiving student kits, such as backpack, raincoat, books, pens and other things. I am thankful I have them. I want to be a doctor and treat poor people in camps. That is why I study so hard to achieve my goal.” In addition to providing educational materials, children also receive psychosocial support activities to develop their social and emotional capacities and support their well-being. Supporting teachers, parents, and schools There are numerous challenges facing displaced and conflict-affected families and children, and access to quality education is one of the most urgent and critical needs. Volunteer teachers, educators, and parents play a key role in providing quality education to these children. Yet teachers and parents face many challenges; Lu Hpring (name changed), a headmistress of a school camp, expressed, “Most of the parents in the camps are earning money from daily labour at sugar cane farms, and some are returning to their land from which they fled to plant rice. Sugar cane farmers are losing profits and investments due to lingering border restrictions on exports to China, which have impacted the internally displaced people who can earn money from it.” Lu Hpring shared concerns regarding enrollment, “Our school accepts kindergarten to Grade 9 students. Some school children experienced late entry into the school system because their parents could not save the money to send them to school. Ongoing conflicts, COVID and border closures have caused several challenges for the parents.” Likewise, she adds, “despite the financial barriers, parents still face challenges to enrol in school. Most high school students drop out whether they fail or pass the matriculation exam. Parents cannot afford to send them back to school because they lack financial support. As all know, we live in a conflict-affected area with limited resources for better education.” To help ease these tensions, PIN and DCE-Banmaw provide volunteer teacher incentives, teacher capacity-building training (including on teacher well-being practices), and positive parenting skills workshops to parents and caregivers. Through school improvement planning, education committees and others (including parents and community leaders) work together to define the needs of the schools (e.g., materials and resources, infrastructure needs, training, etc.) and receive funds to address what is most necessary. Helping the most hard-to-reach children is essential In Kachin, only “a few local aid organisations can access hard-to-reach areas,” says Gam Seng (name changed), a DCE-Banmaw project focal person. Under this project, and through People in Need’s leadership, providing educational support to the most hard-to-reach children has been possible. A holistic approach to education is needed, even in these areas. “That is why DCE-Banmaw and PIN aim to strengthen quality education,” including by training “local teachers and camp-based volunteer educators with the Teaching in Crisis Contexts (TiCC) and Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) curricula” and providing activities that can help to “protect the children,” such psychosocial support activities and “parent [and caregiver] skills workshops.” *The names of certain individuals and locations have been changed for their protection..."
Source/publisher: People in Need
Date of entry/update: 2022-11-15
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Title: WFP Myanmar Situation Report (September 2022)
Description: "In Numbers 11 million people are facing acute food insecurity 1.38 million people are displaced 4 million people are targeted for WFP assistance 2.7 million people assisted by WFP in 2022 Highlights • In September, WFP reached close to 780,000 people with food and cash assistance, including 26,000 internally displaced people (IDP) and other vulnerable people who received WFP assistance for the first time. • In 2022, WFP has thus far assisted 2.7 million crisisaffected people across Myanmar with emergency food, livelihoods, and nutrition support. Situation Update • Food prices continued to soar in September, with an increase of 14 percent compared to August. WFP’s price monitoring showed a 62 percent year-on-year increase in the cost of a basic food basket. The cost of cooking oil was up by 137 percent, and rice was up by 53 percent. Fuel prices remained steady but nearly double (+94 percent) that of last year. • The temporary suspension of humanitarian assistance, announced in mid-September, in six townships in Rakhine State remains in place, currently affecting some 60,000 WFP beneficiaries. WFP is working with concerned authorities to resume cash and food deliveries to beneficiaries as soon as possible. • Financial situation: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has placed Myanmar on its blacklist, on grounds of serious deficiencies in the country’s ability to counter money laundering and terrorist financing. International financial transfers will be subject to increased monitoring and restrictions. The decision may affect WFP’s ability to maintain cash flows into the country. Delays and additional costs are expected. • Humanitarian situation: UNHCR estimates more than 1.38 million people are internally displaced by conflict in Myanmar as of 10 October. Of whom, more than 1 million have been displaced since February 2021, with 734,000 displaced in 2022 alone. This comes on top of a further 330,000 protracted IDPs before February 2021..."
Source/publisher: World Food Programme (WFP) (Rome) via reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-10-26
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Title: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, Thomas H. Andrews (A/77/2955) (Advanced unedited version)
Description: "Seventy-seventh session Item 72 (c) of the provisional agenda* Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms Summary In July, Myanmar’s military junta executed four political prisoners, including a prominent pro-democracy activist and a former member of parliament. These unconscionable acts are consistent with the junta’s unflinching embrace of violence against the people of Myanmar. In recent months, military forces have systematically bombed and burned villages and massacred innocent civilians, including eleven children in Sagaing Region who were shot and killed when junta forces attacked their school in September. These forces have killed thousands and displaced nearly one million people since the coup. Many of the more than 12,000 political prisoners have been tortured and an unknown number have died in custody. In the midst of this darkness, however, Myanmar civil society is a shining light and inspiration. Activists, human rights defenders, aid workers, community leaders, journalists, health care professionals, and educators are among those who are taking great personal risks to document atrocities, deliver humanitarian assistance, and respond to the needs of displaced and traumatized communities. Human rights organizations, women’s associations, professional networks, trade unions and labour activists, and grassroots groups are adopting strategies to remain safe and effective in a deadly environment. In many cases, individuals and organizations are operating with little international support and few opportunities to communicate with the outside world. In this report, the Special Rapporteur outlines the human rights and humanitarian catastrophe in Myanmar. He also describes the essential and awe-inspiring work being done by Myanmar civil society in the most challenging of circumstances. He calls on the international community to view Myanmar civil society as a vital partner in addressing the crisis in the country, working with grassroots networks to deliver aid and increasing financial and technical support to civil society organizations. Myanmar’s fate depends on the activists, organizations, and networks that have risen up to defy military rule, defend human rights, and prepare for a free and democratic future. They need and deserve a significant increase in support from the international community..."
Source/publisher: United Nations General Assembly (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-10-12
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 8 for 1 to 30 September 2022
Description: "Highlights: As of 26 September, the number of internally displaced people has reached 1,347,400, including 1,017,000 displaced since the military takeover in February 2021 and 330,400 living in protracted displacement prior to the coup. On 16 September, at least 11 children died as a result of an air strike and indiscriminate fire in civilian areas, including a school, in Tabayin Township, in the Sagaing region. In Rakhine, the security situation continues to deteriorate. Movement restrictions are being imposed as a result of continuing clashes between the Arakan Army and Myanmar Armed Forces, severely affecting humanitarian interventions and the ability of aid workers to reach the affected population. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) reports that almost 13,400 people have been newly displaced in the region as of 26 September. Although the UNICEF nutrition programme is facing a funding gap of 85 per cent, implementing partners have been able to reach 32,119 children aged 6–59 months (15,821 girls) with preventive nutrition services, including multiple micronutrient powder and vitamin A supplementation. Funding Overview and Partnerships UNICEF Myanmar Country Office is appealing for US$151.4 million to deliver humanitarian assistance to displaced people and host communities across the country. The Myanmar Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) estimates that, in 2022, 14.4 million people including 5 million children, need assistance. During September 2022, UNICEF has received generous contributions from the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (USAID/BHA), the European Commission’s Humanitarian Office (ECHO), the German Federal Foreign Office, the Global Thematic Fund, the Government of Denmark, the Government of Japan, the Government of Norway, the Korean Committee for UNICEF and UNOCHA. UNICEF Myanmar has so far received US$34.13 million, representing an increase of US$2.2 million from the previous reporting period. The funds received contribute to delivering much needed assistance through UNICEF programmes covering: Nutrition, Health, HIV/AIDS, Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Education, Child Protection, Genderbased violence in emergencies (GBViE), Protection of sexual exploitation and abuse (PSEA), Social protection, Accountability affected population (AAP) and Cluster coordination. UNICEF continues to respond to the Humanitarian Action for Children (HAC) appeal but experienced an overall funding gap of 77 per cent that significantly affects the provision of humanitarian assistance and services to the targeted populations, especially children in need. UNICEF can scale up responses and accelerate service deliveries to the targeted population with continued support from donors. UNICEF expresses its sincere appreciation to all private and public sector donors for their contributions to supporting the children of Myanmar. Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs The escalating conflict and violence, rising poverty and a struggling economy due to inflation continues to severely affect children and families across Myanmar. As of 26 September, the conflict has displaced 1,347,400 people, including an estimated 471,590 children, who need critical humanitarian assistance. More than half of the displaced population is in Sagaing region, accounting for 545,200 people, where the volatility of the situation and active military operations continue to trigger displacements. On 16 September, in Tabayin township of Sagaing, at least 11 children died in an air strike and from indiscriminate fire in civilian areas, including a school, while another 15 children from the same school are still missing. Humanitarian actors are facing significant challenges posed by security risks in the northwest, particularly as there is a need to provide immediate assistance to children and communities there. In September, UNICEF conducted a field assessment in some parts of the northwest to evaluate the operational environment and hopes that the recently established subnational inter-cluster coordination group will contribute to increasing coordinated efforts in response to the local needs. The protracted humanitarian situation in Rakhine continues to deteriorate due to resurgence of conflict between the Arakan Army and the Myanmar Armed Forces, severely affecting the lives of thousands of children and their families. People who have been displaced for a long time are confined in camps with limited access to health care, water and sanitation facilities, school or a livelihood, while increased population displacements have been reported from rural to urban areas. According to the latest OCHA figures, an estimated 13,400 people have been newly displaced across Rakhine as of 26 September. Humanitarian assistance is extremely challenged by movement restrictions and security measures, preventing access to the affected population. UNICEF and partners are monitoring the situation and have revised contingency plans and supplies, to respond in the event of further deterioration of the humanitarian situation. In the southeast, conflict was also reported in Loikaw township in Kayah, resulting in civilian casualties and displacement. At the end of September, UNICEF was able to reach the area and directly distribute much needed supplies, including WASH, child protection, health and nutrition. A total of 21,095 people (4,736 households) from 48 displacement sites in Loikaw and Demoso township were assisted, as a follow-up to the initial distribution held by UNICEF last June..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-10-06
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 22 | 1 October 2022
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 26 September, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. The next humanitarian update will be issued at the end of October 2022. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES Hostilities and soaring inflation continue to impose security and protection risks on affected and displaced people. More than 1.3 million people remain displaced across the country, of whom more than 1 million were displaced since the 2021 military takeover. Of particular concern is the escalation in fighting between the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF) and the Arakan Army (AA) in Rakhine state and southern Chin, which has displaced more than 17,400 people since August and prompted movement restrictions that are delaying the delivery of critical assistance, particularly food and nutrition support. More areas are being contaminated with landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERWs) due to active fighting in Rakhine and other areas, threatening the lives of people seeking safety or returning to their places of origin. Inflation in the costs of basic commodities and the rapid devaluation of the Myanmar Kyat, continue to limit individual purchasing power and the ability of farmers to plant and grow food. As a result, there are continued concerns about food affordability and availability in the upcoming lean season. Intensifying armed conflict and access restrictions are obstructing the transportation of medical supplies and mobile clinic activities, particularly in Rakhine and Kayah states. Malaria drugs are critically needed in light of increasing cases due to the monsoon season. Humanitarian partners have continued to respond to new needs, reaching 3.1 million people with at least one form of assistance in the first half year of 2022. However, a shortfall in funding and access constraints have hindered partners from delivering the range of relief required, leading to significant unmet needs. The 2022 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) is only 20 per cent funded, leaving a gap of US$660 million (FTS). Partners are consequently being forced to make tough decisions about prioritization of their assistance. Worryingly, funding remains below 2021 levels despite a dramatic increase in needs in 2022. SITUATION OVERVIEW Ongoing hostilities, insecurity, economic stress and soaring inflation are significantly impacting the lives, movement and safety of conflict-affected people across the country. The conflict has led to the deaths of more than 2,316 people, including an estimated 188 children, and has caused injury to thousands of others. Between January and July 2022 alone, UNICEF recorded 206 casualties from landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW). The actual number is likely to be higher due to underreporting as a result of access constraints, insecurity, and telecommunication challenges. More than 1 million people have been internally displaced since the 2021 military takeover, bringing the total number of internally displaced people (IDPs) to more than 1.3 million across the country, as of 26 September 2022, according to latest UN figures. Local and international humanitarian partners have been rapidly scaling up efforts to respond to pre-existing and emerging needs using creative approaches to overcome access constraints. During the first half of 2022, partners reached 3.1 million people with assistance at least once which represents half of the target for the year. However, access constraints and underfunding have meant this assistance is often intermittent and does not cover the full range of people’s needs. Immediate removal of access obstacles, particularly in conflict areas, and increased funding to the 2022 Humanitarian Response Plan are urgently needed for humanitarian partners to respond to escalating needs, provide protection and alleviate suffering. Escalating conflict in Rakhine and Southern Chin prompts severe access restrictions for humanitarian partners Fighting between the AA-MAF has continued across Rakhine State and Paletwa Township in Chin State. Since August, more than 17,400 people have been newly displaced, bringing the total number of internally displaced people (IDPs) from past and present AA-MAF fighting in these areas to more than 91,000, according to UN latest figures. The use of heavy weapons, airstrikes, landmines and mortar shelling has been seen in multiple townships, mainly in Maungdaw, Rathedaung and Buthidaung in northern Rakhine; and Mrauk-U, Kyauktaw, and Minbya in central Rakhine. In a new dynamic, conflict between the AA and the MAF has also spread to southern Rakhine. Amid fears about inter-communal tension, arbitrary arrests, indiscriminate attacks, and destruction to private property, many people have left their villages. One mother who fled her village in Mrauk-U township describes the situation. “I had experienced and witnessed military troops shooting [in random] directions during the armed conflicts. That is why, when our village was hit by heavy artillery in early morning, we fled”. When she arrived at Ywar Thit Kay displacement site with nothing, she received humanitarian assistance and was provided with a cooking set and other essential items but like others at this site, she still needs food and shelter. There are concerns about the safety of returns, with the de facto authorities reportedly pushing people displaced from AA-MAF conflict to go back to their places of origin before October of this year even as fighting continues. Local and international humanitarian partners have been working to meet the basic needs of affected people however access to displaced people has become increasingly difficult. Security measures have tightened in many areas across the state; waterways and roads have become blocked in northern Rakhine; and the transportation of medical supplies and food has been restricted into Paletwa. These measures have limited people’s movement and are obstructing the delivery of humanitarian assistance. On 15 September, the de facto authorities prohibited the UN and INGOs from accessing six key townships - Buthidaung, Maungdaw, Rathedaung, Mrauk-U, Minbya, Myebon - until further notice. Access requests to the other 11 townships in Rakhine continue to be processed but food and nutrition activities continue to face problems. These service and supply interruptions are compounding the suffering of affected people who depend on humanitarian support for their survival. The movement restrictions have also prompted concerns about commercial shortages and surging prices for key commodities, including food, in some areas. The UN is advocating for restrictions to be eased for humanitarian activities and for expedited access through checkpoints for humanitarian actors delivering critical assistance. In addition, funding is urgently required to address needs and overcome contingency supply shortages. Since May, the United League of Arakan/Arakan Army (ULA/AA) has also been pushing to introduce a parallel registration and travel notification system for humanitarian actors in Rakhine and this has resulted in additional interference in the implementation of humanitarian activities..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-10-01
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Title: Myanmar: Escalation of Conflict in Rakhine and Southern Chin Flash Update (As of 30 September 2022)
Description: "Highlights • Heavy fighting between the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF) and the Arakan Army (AA) has continued across Rakhine and southern Chin. • As of 27 September, more than 17,400 people have been newly displaced since August, bringing the total number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) from past and present AA-MAF fighting to more than 91,000, according to UN latest figures. • Particularly, intense fighting was reported in Ponnagyun, Kyauktaw, Minbya, Buthidaung, Rathedaung, Maungdaw townships in Rakhine and Paletwa township in southern Chin. • Key roads and waterways remain blocked in northern Rakhine, restricting the movement of civilians and preventing humanitarian assistance from reaching people in need. • Most of the humanitarian response in Buthidaung, Maungdaw, Rathedaung, Mrauk-U, Minbya, Myebon townships has been suspended since 15 September after the de facto authorities imposed restrictions on the UN and INGOs delivering assistance to these key six townships until further notice, causing shortages in food, shelter and other relief items. • Delays are being observed on the key transportation route between Yangon and Sittwe, the state capital, which will contribute to rising commodity prices and impact on the movement of relief items. • Safe, unimpeded access and additional funding are urgently needed to address expected shortages in contingency supplies, especially for WASH, food, shelter, NFIs and health. • Advocacy efforts are underway at the Rakhine state level to negotiate the lifting of the new restrictions on humanitarian activities..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
Date of entry/update: 2022-09-30
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Title: Country Results Report 2021: UN in Myanmar (April 2022)
Description: "FOREWORD During 2021 the people of Myanmar experienced an unprecedented political, socioeconomic, human rights, and humanitarian crisis. On 1 February the Myanmar Armed Forces detained elected political leaders, declared a state of emergency, and transferred all legislative, executive and judicial powers to themselves. Compounded by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the military takeover unleashed a crisis that has resulted in significant human suffering and a reversal of many of the development gains made in recent years. On top of this, Myanmar experienced a severe outbreak of COVID-19 between June and August during which many people lost their lives and the economy was almost brought to a halt. The events at the beginning of the year had significant implications on the work of the UN. As the member states contended with the legitimacy of the de facto authorities, overnight, UN’s operating environment became much more challenging, while the need for UN assistance increased exponentially. To respond to the new and escalating needs, the UN undertook an extensive reprogramming exercise. Funds and programmes were refocused on meeting the humanitarian needs of people, supporting the COVID-19 public health response, and mitigating the impact on the most vulnerable people and communities. To complement the UN’s humanitarian response, two new development programming frameworks were developed: the Health Response Contingency Plan (HRCP); and the Socio-economic Resilience Response Plan (SERRP). Despite the operational challenges, the UN disbursed a total of US$453 million in programmatic expenditures under the two development frameworks and its humanitarian response. Under the HRCP, the UN contributed to the COVID-19 response, promoted continued access to essential health and nutrition services for vulnerable groups, and strengthened logistics and supply chains for immunizations, and reproductive health commodity security. Under the SERRP, the UN supported continued access for vulnerable populations to essential services in areas including social protection, food and nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene, education, shelter, and gender-based violence and violence against children. In addition, the UN worked to promote gender-responsive employment, private sector resilience, and strengthen households, communities and micro, small and medium enterprises capacities to weather future shocks. To promote and protect human rights, the rule of law, and the democratic space, the UN supported civil society actors to hold decision makers to account, facilitated access to legal aid, and worked with communities to increase awareness of fundamental and democratic rights. At the time of writing, the situation in Myanmar remains uncertain and the political, socioeconomic, human rights and humanitarian continues. Going forward the UN is determined to strengthen our efforts to serve the people of Myanmar. We will use the lessons learnt in 2021 to ensure that our support becomes increasingly impactful as we keep delivering humanitarian assistance, support the most vulnerable, build resilience, and promote conditions for an inclusive and sustainable recovery when the situation allows. I am confident that through the strength of the people of Myanmar, the country will find its way back on a brighter path. Ramanathan Balakrishnan UN Resident Coordinator a.i./ Humanitarian Coordinator a.i..."
Source/publisher: UN Country Team in Myanmar via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-09-27
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Title: Education in the crossfire in Myanmar: Attacks on schools, use by military and armed groups, skyrocketed after 2021 takeover
Description: "New York, 9 September 2022 – In Myanmar, violent attacks on schools increased to over 190 in 2021, from ten in 2020, the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (GCPEA) said in a report released today, the third United Nations International Day to Protect Education from Attack. As conflict intensified in Myanmar following the February 2021 takeover, attacks on schools occurred in 13 states and regions, up from three in 2020. The report, The Impacts of Attacks on Education and Military Use in Myanmar, also found a sharp increase in military use of schools and universities after the takeover, with over 170 cases reported in 2021. The Myanmar military and armed groups used education facilities primarily as bases, but also as detention sites, to store weapons, and as fighting positions. Use of schools by armed forces and armed groups upends education as parties to the conflict typically damage schools or universities, while their presence endangers students. More often, it also leads to the institutions shutting down and setting back learning, sometimes for years. Families are particularly wary of sending girls to schools used by armed forces and armed groups, for fear of them falling victim to sexual and other forms of violence. Military use of schools and fighting nearby also increases the risk of explosive remnants of war, including unexploded ordnance, contaminating schools and routes to and from them, creating long-term dangers. In addition, military use can convert schools and universities from civilian objects into legitimate military objectives, putting them at risk of attack. GCPEA found that over a quarter of schools and universities used for military purposes in Myanmar in 2021 were later targeted, threatening lives, and destroying education infrastructure. “Myanmar’s armed forces and armed groups should take all feasible measures to avoid using schools and universities,” said Diya Nijhowne, GCPEA Executive Director. “Research has shown that military use of schools can increase the risk of violence, sexual abuse, and recruitment of children by armed forces and armed groups, putting learning spaces, students, and teachers, in the line of fire.” Globally, around 40 percent of all reported military use of schools, universities, and other education facilities occurred in Myanmar in 2020 and 2021, according to GCPEA’s Education under Attack 2022 report. In the last two years, military use of education facilities occurred in 24 countries, with the total number of cases doubling as compared to the 2018 and 2019 period. The Safe Schools Declaration, a political commitment to protect students, educators, schools, and universities during armed conflict, and endorsed by 114 countries, plays an essential role in preventing attacks on education and mitigating their impacts, including by restricting military use of schools. By endorsing the Declaration, countries commit to using the Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict. As of 2015, over a dozen countries have made changes to their national policies and practices, including their military manuals, to limit the use of schools for military purposes. The Myanmar military and armed groups should incorporate the Guidelines into their doctrine and practice and abide by United Nations Security Council Resolution 2601(2021), which urges all parties to armed conflict to respect the civilian character of schools. All non-state armed groups should also sign onto Geneva Call’s Deed of Commitment for the Protection of Children from the Effects of Armed Conflict, which includes protections for education spaces. “On this International Day to Protect Education from Attack, militaries and armed groups in Myanmar and around the world should ensure that learning does not become a casualty of conflict, and that fighting is kept out of school grounds,” said Nijhowne. “Safe, quality education must continue during conflict to normalize children’s lives and so that there is the capacity and knowledge to rebuild and attain just and peaceful societies.” “The Impacts of Attacks on Education and Military Use in Myanmar” is available here. Notes to editors: The Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (GCPEA) is a coalition of UN agencies and nongovernmental organizations working in the fields of education in emergencies, protection, and higher education..."
Source/publisher: Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack and Save the Children
Date of entry/update: 2022-09-09
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Title: The impacts of attacks on education and military use in Myanmar
Description: "Summary: In 2020 and 2021, the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (GCPEA) identified over 450 reported attacks on education and incidents of military use of schools, universities, and educational facilities in Myanmar by state armed forces and non-state armed groups, the majority of which occurred after the military takeover on February 1, 2021. Reported attacks on schools increased from approximately 10 in 2020 to around 190 in 2021, an increase of approximately 1,800 percent. Furthermore, GCPEA found that attacks on schools spread from at least three to 13 states and regions in Myanmar following the military takeover, with a peak in May 2021, and often involved the use of explosive weapons with wide-area effects. Military use of schools and universities was also pervasive in Myanmar and further threatened the safety and security of education. Military use alone can have grave consequences for education, since armed forces and armed groups often damage schools or universities while using them as a base or for other military purposes, and their presence places students and educators still attending the institutions at risk. Worth noting, however, is that military use can also provoke rival forces or armed groups to target the educational facility, yet further risking lives and damage. Military use may turn schools and universities into military objectives, rendering them lawful targets of attack during armed conflict. In the data collected, GCPEA found that over a quarter of schools and universities used for military purposes in 2021 were subsequently targeted by rival forces or armed groups. The widespread targeted attacks on, and military use of, schools, universities, and education infrastructure in Myanmar has created a hostile educational context for students, parents, and educators, who have found it increasingly challenging to make safe choices with regards to their learning, their children, and their jobs. GCPEA remains concerned about both the short and long-term consequences of this severe learning interruption and its broader implications for teaching and learning, from pre-primary through higher education. Key recommendations Armed actors should protect the civilian character of schools and universities and cease attacks and threats of attacks against students, teachers, academics, and educational facilities. Armed actors should refrain from using schools and universities for military purposes, including by implementing the Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict. Non-state armed groups should sign and implement Geneva Call’s Deed of Commitment for the Protection of Children from the Effects of Armed Conflict, including as it relates to educational spaces. Armed actors should allow access for humanitarian actors delivering education to the most vulnerable children. Armed actors should refrain from politicizing education, and safeguard access to all levels of education. States and international justice mechanisms should support efforts to hold perpetrators of attacks on education accountable in impartial and independent courts. Education providers, humanitarian and development agencies, and donors should commit to supporting communities and local organizations to facilitate flexible ways to continue education..."
Source/publisher: Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-09-09
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Title: Stateless Rohingya continue to struggle for survival in Myanmar
Description: "Five years after 700,000 Rohingya fled to Bangladesh, and a decade after intercommunal violence rocked Rakhine State, those who remain live in a state of limbo. Over the course of her life, Zaw Bedah, a 27-year-old Rohingya woman living in Myanmar’s western Rakhine State, has had to adapt to increasing restrictions on her rights and freedoms. In 2012, intercommunal clashes rocked Rakhine State. Zaw Bedah was 17 at the time and had just started her own family. Together with tens of thousands of others, they were forced to flee. A decade later, over 153,000 Rohingya like her remain displaced, the majority of them confined to camps. An additional 447,000 live in villages where they have little freedom of movement, affecting their ability to obtain healthcare, attend school or make a living. Another 700,000 Rohingya fled a further round of violence in 2017 and now live as refugees in Bangladesh and elsewhere in the region. Restrictions on the amount of land the camps can occupy have meant that many are unable to expand to accommodate growing populations. Living in a crowded camp with limited sanitation facilitates and a growing family has brought hardships for Zaw Bedah. “I have difficulties sleeping because there is not enough space for the eight of us in our shelter. I often go to my neighbour’s house to sleep,” she says. Access to healthcare is an additional challenge. Now enduring a difficult pregnancy with her third child, Zaw Bedah is unwilling to seek medical care due to a cumbersome and costly administrative process involving the need for approval from local administrators, male escorts, and navigating security checkpoints where extortion is common. “I get upset when complications occur during childbirth,” says Hassinah Begom, a midwife who attends to the needs of Zaw Bedah and other pregnant women in the camp. Despite not having had any formal training, she has successfully delivered over 500 children during her two-decade career and is often the first person mothers call on when they need assistance. “In serious cases, I have to quickly accompany them to the hospital. We cannot leave if it is past 6pm because of the curfew. When we do go, only one person is allowed to accompany the patient, and we are not allowed to bring our phones. We also pay higher prices for medication,” says Begom. “Thankfully, no mother has died under my care.” To improve living conditions and heal historical wounds, UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, and its partners have supported the Rohingya, Rakhine and other displaced communities in Rakhine State through distributions of household items, shelter reconstruction, livelihoods support and services. Such assistance is aimed at reducing vulnerabilities such as gender-based violence while promoting dialogue between different communities. But policies such as denying equal access to citizenship and essential services, as well as movement restrictions, have kept the Rohingya marginalized and highly dependent on humanitarian aid. “No amount of aid is enough to solve the crisis,” says Federico Sersale, UNHCR’s head of office in Sittwe, the Rakhine state capital. “While it is imperative to assist, access to rights and freedoms, social cohesion between communities, the closure of camps, and allowing the Rohingya to return to their homes or places of choice are crucial to lasting solutions.” Even after giving birth with little or no medical care, women living in the camps continue to worry for their children. Birth certificates are rarely issued to Rohingya children, a key document that provides them with a legal identity. “It saddens me that none of the children born here have birth certificates.” Zaw Bedah’s second child, who was born in the camp, never received a birth certificate. Her eldest child had one, but it was lost during the chaos of their displacement in 2012. “I’ve tried many ways to obtain a new one for him, but it has been impossible,” she says. “It saddens me that none of the children born here have birth certificates. No one can grow up to be successful without one,” says Begom. Determined to help as best she can, she has diligently recorded the date of birth for every child she has delivered. “My wish is for these records to help children obtain identity documents one day,” she says. Restricting the Rohingya’s access to civil documents like birth certificates has long term consequences. As children grow up, they are unable to acquire other important identity documents such as national registration cards, leaving them legally and administratively invisible. This in turn jeopardizes their future prospects, limits their freedom of movement and traps them in a cycle of poverty and marginalization. “The longer this situation persists, the more vulnerable and marginalized the Rohingya communities become. This will further diminish the prospects for those in Bangladesh who wish to return safely,” says UNHCR’s Federico Sersale. Ajam Bibi, a 16-year-old living in the camp who Begom helped deliver as a baby, had to drop out of school at the age of 14 because her mother could not afford the fees. “I love to learn. If I have a chance to complete my studies, I will apply for a job with a humanitarian agency … Right now, I do chores and help my younger siblings with their studies,” she says. While primary education is often provided by humanitarian agencies for free inside camps, state-run high schools are often located far from camps and segregated from other communities. School fees and transportation costs add to the financial strain faced by cash-strapped families, a situation exacerbated by the lack of employment opportunities. Reflecting on the difficulties faced in her own life and those of her children, Zaw Bedah worries about the future. “I feel sad and unhappy with the situation … I cannot imagine what life will be like when the children grow up,” she says..."
Source/publisher: United Nations Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2022-09-09
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 7 for 1 July to 31 August 2022
Description: "Highlights: As of 29 August, the number of displaced people has reached 1.3 million nationally, including displacement since February 2021 and protracted displacement prior to the military takeover. Some schools reopened across the country, as the school year began in June, but many more remain closed, particularly in rural areas. Only 33 per cent opened in Kachin, Kayah, and Chin states while, in Sagaing region, around half the schools are closed because of the conflict. Levels of violence and instability have worsened, causing large-scale internal displacement and disrupting children’s opportunities to learn safely. The Mine Action Area of Responsibility (AoR) reported 185 incidents of landmines and explosive ordnance from January to June 2022 of which 33 percent of the casualties are children. UNICEF continues to work towards providing assistance to the victims and increasing explosive risk education for children and their parents. UNICEF and its partners have seen a marked improvement in Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) indicator. 40,834 people were assisted during the period, a 53 per cent increase compared to the previous month, due to the implementing a variety of methods including virtual access and hotlines, capacity building and communities empowering, allowing expanded access in hard to reach areas. A total of 3,568 children aged 9 to 18 months were vaccinated against measles in Rakhine, Kachin and Shan during the reporting period. Situation in Numbers 5,000,000 children in need of humanitarian assistance (HRP 2022) 14,400,000 people in need (HRP 2022) 974,400 Internally displaced people after 1 February 2021 (UNHCR) 45,500 People displaced to neighbouring countries since 1 February 2021 330,400 people living in protracted displacement before February 2021 (UNHCR) Funding Overview and Partnerships UNICEF Myanmar Country Office is appealing for US$151.4 million to deliver humanitarian assistance to displaced people and host communities across the country. The Myanmar Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) estimates that, in 2022, 14.4 million people, including 5 million children, need assistance. From January to August 2022, UNICEF has received generous contributions from the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (USAID/BHA), the European Commission/ECHO, the German Federal Foreign Office, Global Thematic Humanitarian Funds, Denmark, Japan, Norway, the Korean Committee for UNICEF and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). UNICEF Myanmar has so far received US$31.93 million; an increase of US$0.8 million from the previous reporting period. This fund has already contributed to delivering much-needed assistance through UNICEF programmes for Nutrition, Health, HIV/AIDS, Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Education, Child Protection, Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies (GBViE), Protection of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA), Social Protection, Accountability Affected Population (AAP) and Cluster coordination. The Humanitarian Action for Children (HAC) appeal had a funding gap of 79 per cent by the end of August. This affects humanitarian assistance and services to the targeted populations, especially children in need. Continued support from donors means that UNICEF can scale up responses and accelerate service deliveries to the population in dire need. UNICEF expresses its sincere appreciation to all private and public sector donors for their contributions to supporting the children of Myanmar. Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs Overall, the humanitarian situation continues to deteriorate across the country, with an escalation in armed conflict in the northwest and southeast regions and in Kachin state, resulting in increased displacement. As of 29 August 2022, an estimated 974,4001 people had been internally displaced since February 2021, which has resulted in more than 1.3 million internally displaced people living in camps, protracted settings and informal displacement sites across the country. The northwest region remains the most affected by the crisis with more than 665,700 displaced people; these are mainly in Sagaing (528,300), Magway (98,100), and Chin (39,300). An estimated 44,300 people crossed the border to the Indian states of Mizoram and Manipur. More than 22,544 civilian properties including houses, churches and monasteries have been destroyed or burnt in the northwest region. Access to the area for aid workers has not improved, as the de facto authorities maintain tight control on issuing travel authorizations. The United Nations continues to engage with the authorities to try to gain better access to more townships in the northwest region. The Humanitarian Country Team has approved an Inter Cluster Coordination Group (ICCG) for the northwest, which will address strategic operational issues. The number of displaced people in Kachin state increased from 1,600 as of 25 July to 10,000 by the end of August. This is in addition to the 91,500 displaced people living in protracted situations since before 2021. During the first week of August, more than 2,300 people (53 per cent women) were displaced in Hpakant township, Kachin State due to intensified clashes. UNICEF, in partnership with Karuna Mission Social Solidarity (KMSS), provided WASH supplies to 111 households in the displacement sites. In Rakhine, the humanitarian situation remains unpredictable due to the heightened tension and clashes between the Arakan Army and the Myanmar Armed Forces. Access to locations with high humanitarian needs, such as Maungdaw north, remains severely constrained, impacting the ability of humanitarian actors to provide assistance to the population in need. Across the state, 219,000 people remain in a situation of protracted displacement. In northern Shan state, a total of 656 people were displaced in Nawnghkio township due to armed clashes during 5 August and 7 August, but they returned to their homes on 12 August. Humanitarian agencies are finding it harder to access camps for displaced people in southern Shan and Kayah due to increased restrictions on movement of humanitarian assistance. The security situation in Kayah state is deteriorating as clashes continue, particularly in Hpruso and Demoso townships. In the southeast, armed conflicts have escalated across the region, specifically in Bago East where the number of displaced people has risen sharply to 33,800 by the end of August..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-09-06
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Title: Teaching History in Post-Coup Myanmar: Reading Textbooks Upside Downs and Sideways
Description: "“If students start to question whether King Bayinnaung was a good leader…will they start to question whether their leaders today are good?” It was the end of a day I’d spent in Mae Sot, Thailand, with a dozen teachers from migrant schools, as well as thirty more Zooming in from inside Myanmar or on the border. This daylong hybrid training on methodologies of teaching history, based on ideas I describe with my colleague Aung Khine in our chapter in the recent edited volume Teaching for Peace and Social Justice in Myanmar, built on work I’d been doing since 2001 about how to teach multiple perspectives on history in order to promote reconciliation. Yet the current situation demanded fresh approaches. We’d been working on new ways of using Myanmar government textbooks in Myanmar’s post-coup classrooms; in particular, we’d focused on a primary school text about King Bayinnaung. This text explains how great Bayinnaung was, and how he did the same three things that all the ancient bama kings supposedly did. These are, not coincidentally, the same things the Myanmar military claims to do currently: strengthen the economy, unite the national races, and propagate Buddhism. This limited description is one of the many myths that dominates government textbooks. But at our training, the teachers worked in teams to do what I call “reading textbooks upside down and sideways”: using them contrary to their intended purpose to broaden students’ perspectives. They’d generated role plays in which the conquered Mon people talked back to King Bayinnaung, they’d come up with questions about the textbook authors’ biases, and they’d created lessons that invited students to test the textbook’s theories against alternate evidence. Their work was so impressive. Nonetheless, this teacher’s question caught me off guard. She sounded concerned but also hopeful. Yes, I answered. If we teach students to read every text critically and invite them to form their own opinions about “heroes,” they are likely to turn those analytical skills on the current situation. That could be risky, for both students and teachers, and teachers would have to determine for themselves how much boundary-pushing was safe. Whether it was worth the risk depended on their purpose for teaching history. Why Teach History? I start many trainings by asking teachers: What is the purpose of teaching history? What would the authors of Myanmar textbooks say? What would your teachers have said? What would your organization or school say? And what do you think is the purpose of teaching history? History textbooks produced by the Myanmar Ministry of Education before 2010 used to start with a foreword that explained that their purpose was to promote union spirit and patriotism. Despite the partial revision of this curriculum, textbooks are still oriented toward that goal. They tell a story of bama Buddhist rulers leading other “national races” toward unity and prosperity. They leave out the conflicts among those groups, as well as most of the accomplishments, cultures, religions, and languages or other ethnic groups. Textbooks produced by EBEPs connected to the Karen National Union, the Shan State Army-South, and the Karenni National Progressive Party prior to 2010 provided alternative facts but a similar narrative structure: the bama Buddhist rulers were the enemy, and the histories of sub-ethnic or non-dominant political groups were often minimized. In all cases, a one-dimensional view of history was presented. In 2016, textbooks revised with the support of UNICEF, the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Asian Development Bank started to be released. These organizations prioritized peace and social inclusion. The revised textbooks compromise between union spirit and patriotism on the one hand, and peace and social inclusion on the other, by editing out any mention of ethnicity from the primary level history textbooks. No longer are Anawrahata or Bayinnaung identified as bama, no longer are they battling with/uniting with the Mon or Shan kingdoms. There are only myanma tainyintha and nameless enemies. Personally, I don’t think this solves the problem, as students will learn from their families about ethnic tensions lasting until today; this approach, while well-intentioned, just sweeps problems under the rug. But to teachers, promoting “patriotism and union spirit” or “peace and social inclusion,” are not the only reasons for teaching history. When I ask them what their own teachers were trying to accomplish by teaching history, they say things like, “make me memorize information” or “help me get a good exam score.” When I ask them what their own purposes for teaching history are, the answers vary: “tell students the true facts” is always popular; “help them learn from the past so they do not repeat mistakes” is often mentioned; and “show them the value of diversity and their own ethnic identity” is also raised. History Is Always Political Which methods and materials we choose for teaching history depends on the purposes we embrace. As I explain to teachers, there is no politically neutral history curriculum. There are so many historical facts that no textbook could include them all, and so what is put in and what is left out depends on the author’s purpose and biases. If we don’t consider our purpose carefully and reflect on our own biases, we will probably default to the way we were taught, or to the dominant ideologies in our society. If we are looking to change our society, we will have to think carefully about what kind of change we hope to make and why. To return to the teacher’s question: do adults in Myanmar—or in my own country, the US, for that matter—want students to think critically about their own leaders? My former president, Donald Trump, said a clear no: he wanted the history of the US to be taught in a way that promoted patriotism, telling students that the US was the greatest country on earth, and whitewashing anything negative, like slavery or the genocide of indigenous people. When I taught history in US high schools, I wanted my students to think critically and to hear the voices that had been left out of the curriculum. As a white person who had racial privilege because of the historical and ongoing oppression of people of color, I wanted to teach in a way that led to a more just society. But the administrators of the schools I worked in, my students’ parents, and political leaders did not always agree. I could not always choose my textbooks, or the tests that were used to assess my students, or the circumstances that interfered with my students’ ability to focus on school. Working Within Limitations of the Current Situation Myanmar teachers have many more factors outside of their control. The coup may have displaced them; they may be part of the CDM boycott of government schools; or they may need to continue teaching in government schools either for financial reasons or because they feel it’s their responsibility to continue educating youth. How much leeway they have to adjust the way they teach history depends on many factors, including whether they work for Myanmar government schools, Ethnic Basic Education Providers (EBEPs), migrant schools in Thailand, or private schools. Despite the constraints they may face, I deeply believe in the agency of teachers and their ability to keep their students’ best interests at heart. While teachers in government schools must continue using state textbooks, many EBEPs and migrant schools also continue using Myanmar government textbooks even if they don’t agree with their ideological orientation. Their students may try to matriculate inside Myanmar and will need to know the answers to the exams. Or they may not have alternative curricula available. That’s what inspired me to do this series of trainings on reading textbooks “upside down and sideways.” Teachers may have to keep using these imperfect materials, but they can do so in creative ways that broaden the interpretive possibilities for their students. All the same, they must keep the constraints and possibilities of their situations in mind. I often have teachers brainstorm the difficult things they can’t easily change about their teaching contexts (e.g., their salaries are low; students don’t have enough food; there are COVID-19 restrictions) as well as existing opportunities and possibilities (e.g., they have supportive colleagues; digital technology makes sharing resources easier). I write these on chart paper and keep them on the walls as we talk about teaching history, so we don’t lose sight of the realities they are facing. Once we’ve talked about their current situations as well as their chosen purposes for studying history, I ask them about negative and positive experiences they’ve had studying history. Their responses often reveal deep emotion. On the negative side, they talk about being forced to memorize “facts” they knew weren’t true or complete, and having their ethnicity or religion ignored. On the positive side, they express gratitude to the teachers who worked against the system to teach more inclusive history, and how much they enjoyed the opportunities to collaborate with peers or be more active in their learning. We use these positive and negative experiences as our guides, considering how they can leave behind what didn’t work for them, and build on what did, in their own classrooms. Experimenting with Textbooks Then comes the fun: experimenting with how they can turn textbooks “upside down and sideways” to expand students’ experiences. Knowing that women and poor people are usually left out, we invent role plays that imagine their perspectives back into histories of wars and kings. What did the soldier’s wife who was left at home with five kids think of King Bayinnaung’s war? Historical sources are extremely limited on such questions, and there’s no clear right or wrong answer. But questions like this expand students’ thinking and open the question of how war affects women and children today. These new methods do not always come easily. I have observed that it is easier for teachers to embrace active learning methods and child-centered education than it is for them to adjust their purposes for teaching history. For instance, one team of teachers designed a lesson on General Aung San that, while it vastly improved the instructional design of the textbook lesson, still asked students a leading question: “What do you admire about General Aung San?” This kind of question forecloses the possibility of criticizing a leader about whom many valid criticisms exist. Other teachers in the training gently raised this point, supporting their colleagues who had created the lesson while also encouraging them to think more broadly. There are also important questions about when students should start learning about disturbing events such as wars and violence. The text about King Bayinnaung is from the 1st Grade Social Studies textbook, which students use when they are around 6 years old. These lessons on the ancient kings were moved from the old 3rd Standard to revised 1st Grade textbooks, for reasons I don’t understand. Some teachers in the training felt that young children couldn’t understand conflicts well and that textbooks that covered war in early grades could use additional context. In response to this point about children’s developmental level, I shared with teachers some activities to help even young students develop their understanding of multiple perspectives. For instance, students could divide a paper in half and draw pictures of a time they had a conflict with a friend or family member to show the distinction between their own view and the other person’s view of the situation (see Figure 1—I have recreated these drawings based on what teachers created in the workshop to avoid the danger of their identities being revealed). They could then brainstorm solutions to their conflict. Through this activity, students could more easily imagine the different perspectives of, for instance, King Bayinnaung and the leaders of the areas he attacked (See Figure 2), as well as imagining other ways the conflict could have been resolved. We also shared ideas about positive ways teachers could add to the curriculum, for instance by covering the cultures, foods, dances, music, and traditions of various ethnic groups, so that they do not come to see certain groups only as victims of oppression, but also as leaders and innovators. Why History? Why Now? Unfortunately, it is a dangerous time to be a teacher in Myanmar and along its borders. Some would say that changes in teaching methodology can wait until there is peace and democracy. While teachers must take care of themselves first, waiting for total stability may take decades. That’s why I am eager to work with any teacher who wants to teach history to promote critical thinking, inclusion, and justice. Many teachers may face constraints in doing so currently. But the ones that are able to embrace new visions for the purpose of teaching history can make a huge difference in their students’ lives. History is so intimately connected to people’s sense of identity and their perceptions about the future; to deny students the opportunity to study history is to restrict their ability to understand how they fit into their society, and to limit their ability to solve problems in the present. Even if some teachers are ready to change, is society as a whole? Are the leaders of the SAC, the NUG, ethnic armed organizations, or the Thai government ready for students to question the histories that are taught? These are not my questions to answer. But my impression of this new generation, which has seen the trauma and upheaval caused by the ideologies of militarism and narrow nationalism, leads me to this conviction: the students themselves are ready. Rosalie Metro is an anthropologist of education who has been working with teachers from Myanmar since 2001. She holds a Ph.D. from Cornell University in Learning, Teaching, and Social Policy, and she is currently an Assistant Teaching Professor in the College of Education and Human Development at the University of Missouri-Columbia, USA. She is also the author, with Aung Khine, of Histories of Burma: A Source-Based Approach to Myanmar’s History..."
Source/publisher: "Tea Circle" (Myanmar)
Date of entry/update: 2022-09-05
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Response Plan 2022 Mid-Year Report (1 January to June 30)
Description: "Changes in Context The people of Myanmar continue to face an unprecedented political, human rights, and humanitarian crisis that is posing grave protection risks for civilians, limiting access to vital services including health and education, and driving deep food insecurity. Humanitarian needs have worsened across the country as conflict continues to rage, causing unprecedented levels of displacement, destruction of property, and land mine contamination especially in the country’s northwest and southeast and driving grave protection risks for civilians. Forced recruitment – including of children – is being increasingly reported. The use of heavy weapons, including air strikes and artillery fire, continues to claim lives and pose risks to the safety and security of civilians, while raids, random searches and arrests are of grave concern. The destruction of civilian properties, particularly homes, combined with the protracted fighting, is prolonging the displacement of IDPs and further degrading people’s fragile living conditions. The arrival of the monsoon in the second quarter of the year has been a miserable time for the hundreds of thousands of displaced people living in informal sites and in the jungle or forest without proper shelter. While there have been modest access openings, these are very localized, and the overall access environment remains heavily constrained with a strong reliance on and risk transfer to low-profile local responders. Humanitarian operating space is under increasing threat from bureaucratic blockages imposed by the de facto authorities around registration, travel, banking, and visas. While the economy has shown a glimmer of improvement in the past few months, inflation is undermining this modest recovery at the household level with fuel and food becoming increasingly unaffordable and adding to financial stress in vulnerable households. Expansion of conflict In the first half of the year, fighting has further escalated across multiple states and regions in Myanmar, particularly in the Northwest and Southeast, with no signs of abating. According to the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, since the military takeover, nearly 2,000 civilians have been killed during hostilities and other fatal incidents, including as a result of landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERWs).1 Nearly 20,000 civilian properties, including houses, churches, monasteries, and schools, are estimated to have been destroyed during hostilities, although figures are difficult to verify. The Northwest has seen the greatest intensification of conflict between the MAF and PDFs and the biggest surge in displacement since the original HRP was published. Now, more than half of all new IDPs are in the Northwest, with the heaviest concentration in Sagaing. There have been various waves of fighting in different states across the Southeast as the MAF has attempted to take control of EAO-controlled areas. Across the Southeast, fighting intensified in January and February as the MAF intensified campaigns in Kayin and Kayah states. In Kayin state, combined MAF/Border Guard Forces and combined KNU/ PDF forces clashed frequently and intensely. Heavy artillery shelling and airstrikes in these areas caused mass displacement, including across the border into Thailand. During the same period fighting escalated substantially across nearly all of Kayah state between the MAF and the aligned Karenni resistance groups. Loikaw town, in particular, experienced a sustained campaign of aerial bombardment that caused 80 per cent of the town to be displaced to other parts of Kayah state and southern Shan. Fighting also intensified throughout other parts of the Southeast, particularly during the second quarter, with heavy clashes and sudden spikes in displacement in Mon, Tanintharyi and eastern Bago between the MAF and aligned militia groups and the KNU and PDFs. In Rakhine, a ceasefire between the MAF and Arakan Army (AA), continued to hold at mid-year but tensions are building with sporadic confrontations presenting the very real risk that the conflict could resume in the second half of the year. Intermittent clashes, numerous mine incidents, arrests, and counter-arrests on both sides have been reported with some smallscale displacement. Contingency planning has been undertaken in case the situation worsens..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-09-02
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 21 | 2 September 2022
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 25 August, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. The next humanitarian update will be issued at the end of September 2022 HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES • Civilians continue to bear the brunt of the armed conflict while households are grappling with financial stress as a result of soaring inflation. • Almost 1.3 million people are currently displaced across the country. This includes more than 974,000 people displaced by the conflict and insecurity since the military takeover last year. • Tensions are rising in Rakhine state and southern Chin between the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF) and the Arakan Army (AA) with concerns for the impact of a resumption in fullscale fighting on civilians. Funding is urgently needed to procure depleted supplies for both the ongoing response and to meet new needs both for displaced people and affected communities. • Rising food prices and constrained agricultural production nationwide are contributing to deep food insecurity as items become more unaffordable for much of Myanmar’s population. Fertilizer and other farm inputs are now prohibitively expensive, lowering productivity at the same time that fuel challenges and conflict are making transportation of produce more difficult. Concerns remain regarding food availability during the upcoming lean season as conditions are expected to worsen. • Low availability of some medical products is being reported due to import issues. • Despite the ongoing challenges, humanitarian partners have continued to rapidly scale-up in response to new needs, reaching a total of 3.1 million people with at least one form of assistance in the first half year of 2022. • However, due to a shortfall in funding and access constraints, partners are not able to deliver the depth of relief required and there are significant unmet needs. • The 2022 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) is only 17 per cent funded, leaving a gap of US$688 million (FTS) that is forcing partners to make tough decisions about prioritization of assistance. Worryingly, funding remains below 2021 levels despite a dramatic increase in needs in 2022..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-09-02
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Country Office Humanitarian Situation Report No. 6: 1 January to 30 June 2022
Description: "Highlights From January to June 2022, the number of people fleeing from conflict[1]affected locations has increased by nearly 200 per cent, bringing the current number of people displaced since the military takeover to 866,400. 346,600 people who were displaced prior to February 2021 remain living in displacement sites. The “Bright Start: Mobile-based Health Microinsurance” programme for primary health care services has so far helped 27,500 people (69 per cent of the annual target). Despite the reopening of schools in June, UNICEF estimates that 6 million children currently have restricted or no access to learning. During the first half of 2022, UNICEF and its 12 health programme partners have provided 203,277 women and children with primary health care services. COVID-19 has led to increasing health needs and primary health care consultations, responsible for UNICEF HAC target to be exceeded mid-way through the year. Child protection case management interventions have reached 69 per cent of the annual target, helping 1,962 children (49 per cent girls), most of whom have experienced multiple deprivations including physical abuse, neglect, and maltreatment..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-08-05
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 20 | 31 July 2022
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 31 July, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. The next humanitarian update will be issued in August 2022. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES • More than 1.2 million people are currently displaced across the country. This includes nearly 866,400 people displaced by the conflict and insecurity since the military takeover last year. • Inflation in commodity prices, including for food, fuel, shelter materials and NFIs, remains a major concern to partners in addressing the needs of the most vulnerable. Interim measures are being applied to mitigate against its impact on humanitarian programming where possible, but communities are struggling in the face of cost pressures. • Humanitarians are stepping up efforts to expand support to affected people in northwest Myanmar which hosts the majority of the country’s new IDPs (583,100 as of 25 July 2022). • Contingency planning is underway as tensions escalate in Rakhine. • The unstable security situation and cyclical displacement across the Southeast and Northwest are exacerbating mental health issues among children and their caregivers, generating increased need for child protection responses in these areas. • In northern Shan, forced recruitment, extortion and landmines continue to put IDPs and host communities at risk. • In Rakhine, there remain significant shelter gaps for displaced people. There are also significant deficits in water availability in the AA-MAF sites in Rakhine and Chin. • In the Southeast, shelter and other humanitarian support is urgently needed for newly displaced people including 5,400 new IDPs in Kyaukkyi township in eastern Bago. • The 2022 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) is only 13 per cent funded prompting the need for prioritization in the second half of the year. KEY FIGURES 1.2M People internally displaced across Myanmar 866K People currently displaced by clashes and insecurity since February 2021 346K People internally displaced due to conflict prior to February 2021, mainly in Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, and Shan 21K Civilian properties estimated burnt or destroyed since February 2021. Displacement figures fluctuate during any given month. These figures represent the number of people currently displaced. Cumulative numbers for returns and displacement are not always available. SITUATION OVERVIEW The people of Myanmar continue to bear the brunt of ongoing hostilities and a crippling economic situation that has been compounded by increasing inflation since May. Both crises have entrenched people’s pre-existing vulnerabilities and generated new needs. There are currently, more than 1.2 million internally displaced people (IDPs) in camps and informal displacement sites across the country. Of those who are displaced, 866,4002 fled their homes since the 2021 military takeover. A further 346,600 people are in protracted displacement as a result of conflict prior to 2021, the majority of whom are in Rakhine State. Many of the new IDPs have been displaced multiple times. Many have been sheltering for months in the jungle, where it is difficult to reach them with humanitarian assistance, particularly during the rainy season. During the past year, limited numbers of IDPs have managed to return to their places of origin, but this is sometimes short-lived and most people have been unable to return due to insecurity and ongoing hostilities in their places of origin, the destruction of their homes, or lack of livelihood opportunities. More than 21,000 civilian properties, including homes, churches, monasteries, and schools, have reportedly been destroyed since the military takeover. Humanitarian partners are trying to reach 6.2 million people with life-saving assistance this year, including IDPs in conflict areas, wherever access is possible. Despite the ongoing access challenges and shortfalls in funding, humanitarian partners have been providing affected people with critical life-saving assistance, including emergency shelter and NFIs, food and livelihood assistance, health and nutrition, education, as well as protection services, including child protection, gender-based violence, legal aid and mine action, to alleviate their suffering and strengthen their resilience. Mid-year results are being finalized now and are expected to show at least 3 million people or almost half the 2022 target have been reached with humanitarian assistance since the beginning of the year. The Inter-Cluster Coordination Group (ICCG) is working to identify ways of expanding reach into under-served, high displacement areas, particularly in the Northwest where the response has been challenging. On 29 July, the HCT endorsed a proposal to proceed with the establishment of a sub-national ICCG for the Northwest to improve coordination and information sharing, as well as access advocacy. Myanmar remains one of only four countries in the world classified by ACAPS as having “extreme” access constraints, alongside Eritrea, Ukraine and Yemen.3 A new analysis of the physical, conflict and stakeholder constraints that are affecting accessibility in different parts of the country has been produced by the Humanitarian Access Working Group. The analysis indicates that humanitarian access is considered ‘difficult’ or ‘very difficult’ to at least 1.4 million people of the 6.2 million targeted for assistance this year. High-level efforts continue to advocate for access to these areas and donors are encouraged to support efforts by partners in underserved locations where needs are severe, on the understanding that this work may take longer, require more human resources and deliver results on a smaller scale because of the access constraints. Several inter-agency needs monitoring missions have taken place in the first half of the year. In late June, several UN agencies visited one relocation site, one temporary displacement site and three protracted IDP camps in Kyaukme, Manton and Namtu townships in northern Shan to assess the overall humanitarian situation of the IDPs and identify need and gaps in responses. Based on the findings of this mission, IDPs are in need of more vocational training activities to support their livelihoods. In Namtu township, IDPs are in need of desludging services and water purifying chemicals. Displaced children have access to public education in these two towns, and health services are also provided, but there is a need to scale-up. With the ongoing increase of commodity prices, the running costs for camps have become challenging within existing allocations, especially in protracted IDP camps and relocation sites in Manton and Namtu townships. The UN, in collaboration with its partners, including local organization, is currently arranging responses to the identified needs. The joint distribution mission to southern Shan that was scheduled for early July in response to a prior needs monitoring mission, remains pending due to travel authorization issues. Advocacy is underway to resolve this delay. It is critical that humanitarian partners have unconditional, unimpeded and safe access to all affected people wherever they are in Myanmar. Funding is also critically needed, especially in light of the increasing inflation since May 2022, in order to save more lives, protect people and alleviate their suffering. As of 27 July, the 2022 Humanitarian Response Plan is only 13 per cent funded, leaving a gap of $719 million (FTS) and clusters will be working to make difficult prioritization decisions for the second half of the year..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-07-31
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Title: Families in Myanmar lose more than half their income in year of conflict, says Save the Children
Description: "28 July 2022 – Families in Myanmar have lost on average more than half of their income since the political crisis and escalation of conflict in February 2021, according to Save the Children, with soaring poverty rates threatening to reverse 17 years of economic progress. The economic impact of the political crisis, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic, has left families struggling to feed themselves and their children, the child rights organisation said. Some 80% of families said food was their primary concern, with adults in one in five households cutting back on meals in order to feed their children. A third of households are borrowing food or relying on help from others to feed their families. Kin Thida*, 39, lives with her husband and three children in Yangon, Myanmar. She and her husband used to work as masons on a construction site and all three of their children went to school. But since February 2021 and the ensuing economic turmoil, the couple are now both without jobs. “In the past, I could buy some pieces of meat and some vegetables for two meals with around 3000 kyat (around US$1.5), but for now, it’s only enough for one meal, sometimes not even that,” Kin Thida said. Kin Thida’s 17-year-old daughter, Sabal*, had to drop out of school to work in a garment factory to support her family – before she also lost her job due to factory closures. “I need to find another job, but for that I need a national registration card, and to get that I need to travel to my parents’ hometown to apply. I can’t afford the transport to get there,” Sabal said. “I only want to go back to school – that's the only place I was happy. I was hoping to be a nurse after school.” The political crisis in Myanmar started when the country was already vulnerable. The economic crisis drove an increase in the share of households experiencing moderate to severe food insecurity between August and October 2020. Since February last year the country has suffered further economic decline, with mass job losses, business closures and weakening of the Myanmar currency (kyat), which has affected households across the country. Even middle-income households that were benefiting from the country’s economic growth since 2011 are now being pushed below the poverty line, Save the Children said. Families are reporting an average price increase of between 30% and 70% for basic foods. Earlier this year, the child rights organisation warned that at least 150,000 children had been forced to flee their homes due to violence, and last month reports showed that the number of children out of school had doubled over the past two years. Save the Children called on the international community to do everything it can to prevent the country plummeting into mass poverty and hunger, including stepping up humanitarian funding. Shaheen Chughtai, Regional Advocacy Director for Save the Children in Asia, said: “More than a year on from the coup, millions of children do not have enough to eat and families are having to beg or borrow to survive. These new figures are especially sobering at a time where humanitarian response is severely underfunded. At a time when children in Myanmar need us most, they are being let down by the international community. "Deprivation and hunger on this scale is a worrying step backwards for a country that was already struggling to pull itself out of poverty after decades of political turmoil. The speed at which poverty levels are regressing after 17 years of progress – and the impact this is having on children and their families - is an absolute tragedy, and the world must ensure children in Myanmar are not forgotten.” Save the Children has been working in Myanmar since 1995, providing life-saving healthcare, food, education and child protection programmes through more than 50 partners and 900 staff across the country..."
Source/publisher: Save the Children (London)
Date of entry/update: 2022-07-28
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Title: World Vision Myanmar - Impact Report 2021
Description: "World Vision has been present in Myanmar for over two and a half decades working for the most vulnerable children and families, partnering with the Government departments, local partners and different stakeholders. Commenced with Health intervention in 1993, WVM has expanded its area of work and has been operating programmes on Education, Child Protection, Health and Nutrition, Livelihoods, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Emergency Response, ensuring that children are well educated, protected from violence and hostile environments, and benefited from their families' secured livelihoods..."
Source/publisher: World Vision Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2022-07-21
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Title: National Unity Government: Ministry of Education Announcement No.12/2022 - အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနက ကြေညာချက်အမှတ် (၁၂/၂၀၂၂) ထုတ်ပြန်
Sub-title: Kaung For You ကျောင်း၏ ဖြစ်စဥ်နှင့် စပ်လျဉ်း၍ မိဘပြည်သူများသို့ အသိပေးတင်ပြခြင်း
Description: "၁။ ၂၀၂၂ ဇွန်လ အတွင်းမှစ၍ ဖြစ်ပေါ်နေသော ပုဂ္ဂလိက Online ပညာသင်ကျောင်းတစ်ခု ဖြစ်သည့် Kaung For You ကျောင်းတွင် ကျောင်းအပ်နှံရန် တောင်းခံထားသော ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူ များနှင့် သင်ကြားပေးနေသော ဆရာ၊ ဆရာမများ၊ သင်ကြားရန် လျှောက်ထားသော ဆရာ၊ ဆရာမများ၏ အချက်အလက်များ ပေါက်ကြားခဲ့သည်ဟု သိခဲ့ရသည်။ ၂။ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနသည် ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများ၊ မိဘများနှင့် ဆရာ၊ ဆရာမများ၏ လုံခြုံရေးတို့ကို ဦးစားပေး၍ ဇွန်လ (၂၂) ရက်နေ့တွင် Kaung for You ကျောင်းမှ တာဝန်ရှိသူများ အား စတင်ခေါ်ယူကာ ဆွေးနွေးမေးမြန်းခဲ့ပါသည်။ ထိုဖြစ်စဥ်သည် ဆွေးနွေးရန် မလုံလောက်ဘဲ စစ်ဆေးရမည်ဟု ယူဆသောကြောင့် ဝန်ကြီးဌာနအတွင်း “စုံစမ်းစစ်ဆေးရေးနှင့် အကြံပေးရေး ကော်မတီ” တစ်ရပ်ဖွဲ့စည်းကာ စုံစမ်းမှုများစတင်ပြုလုပ်၍ စစ်ဆေးရန် ပြင်ဆင်ခဲ့ပါသည်။ ထိုသို့ ဆောင်ရွက်နေစဥ် ဇူလိုင်လ (၁၃) ရက် နံနက်တွင် Kaung For You ကျောင်းတည်ထောင်သူ ဆရာဦးကောင်းသိုက်စိုး အဖမ်းခံရသည်ဟူသော သတင်းများ ထွက်ပေါ်လာခဲ့ပါသည်။ ထို သတင်း ထွက်ပေါ်ခဲ့ပြီးနောက်တွင် အကြမ်းဖက်စစ်အုပ်စုမှ သတင်းများအား နောက်ယောင်ခံ၍ ဆရာ၊ ဆရာမများနှင့် ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများအား ဖမ်းဆီးမှုများ ကျူးလွန်နေသည်။ ၃။ ဇူလိုင်လ (၁၆) ရက်နေ့ ညအချိန်တွင် စစ်ကောင်စီသတင်းဌာနမှ ဆရာဦးကောင်းသိုက်စိုး အပါ အဝင် CDM ဆရာ (၃) ဦးကို မတရားဖမ်းဆီးသည့်အပြင် ဆရာ့ပုံရိပ်သိက္ခာများ ကျဆင်းစေရန် မဟုတ်မမှန်သတင်းများ လုပ်ကြံဖန်တီး၍ ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာခဲ့သည်။ ၎င်းကဲ့သို့ ယုံကြည်ဖွယ်ရာ မရှိသော လုပ်ကြံဖန်တီးထုတ်ပြန်ခဲ့သည့် သတင်းမှားများသည် စစ်ကောင်စီ၏လုပ်ရိုးလုပ်စဉ် များသာ ဖြစ်သည်။ ၄။ ထိုသို့ ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများကို ပညာသင်ကြားပေးနေသော ဆရာ၊ ဆရာမများအား မတရားဖမ်းဆီးခြင်းသည် ပညာသင်ယူခွင့်ဆုံးရှုံးနေသော ကလေးသူငယ်များ စဉ်ဆက်မပြတ် ပညာသင်ယူခွင့်ရရှိစေရန်အတွက် ကြားကာလပညာရေး ဖော်ဆောင်နေသော ကျောင်းများကို ဖျက်ဆီးရန် ရည်ရွယ်ချက်ဖြင့် လုပ်ဆောင်နေခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ ၅။ ထိုသို့ပြုလုပ်သော အကြမ်းဖက်စစ်ကောင်စီ၏ လုပ်ရပ်များသည် ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများ ၏ ပညာရေးအခွင့်အရေးများအား ဖော်ပြထားသော ကမ္ဘာ့လူ့အခွင့်အရေးကြေညာချက်စာတမ်း အပိုဒ် (၂၆)၊ ကမ္ဘာ့ကလေး သူငယ်အခွင့်အရေးဆိုင်ရာ သဘောတူစာချုပ် အပိုဒ် (၃၊ ၂၈)နှင့် ပြည်တွင်းဥပဒေဖြစ်သည့် ၂၀၁၉ ခုနှစ် ကလေးသူငယ်အခွင့်အရေးများဆိုင်ရာ ဥပဒေပြဋ္ဌာန်းချက် များအား ပြောင်ပြောင်တင်းတင်း ကျူးလွန်နေခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ ၆။ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနအနေဖြင့် သက်ဆိုင်ရာဝန်ကြီးဌာနများနှင့်ပူးပေါင်း၍ Kaung For You ကျောင်း အချက်အလက်ပေါက်ကြားမှုကြောင့် ဖြစ်ပေါ်လာသော ကျောင်းအပ်နှံထားသော ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများ၏ ပညာရေး၊ အဖမ်းခံရသော ဆရာ၊ ဆရာမများနှင့်ပါတ်သက်၍ တတ်နိုင်သည့်ဘက်မှ ကူညီဆောင်ရွက်ပေးမည်ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ခြိမ်းခြောက်ငွေညှစ် တောင်းခံခြင်း ခံခဲ့ရသော ပြည်သူများ အနေဖြင့် တိုင်ကြားနိုင်ရန်နှင့် အရေးယူဆောင်ရွက်နိုင်ရန် (Complaint Mechanism) hotline channel များကိုလည်း ပြန်လည်အသိပေးသွားမည်ဖြစ်သည်။ ဆရာ၊ ဆရာမများ၊ မိဘများနှင့် ကလေးများအတွက် စိတ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ နှစ်သိမ့်ဆွေးနွေးမှု အစီအစဉ်များ ကိုလည်း (Counseling Service) လုပ်ဆောင်ပေးသွားမည်ဖြစ်သည်။ ၇။ Kaung For You ကျောင်း၏ အချက်အလက်ပေါက်ကြားမှုကို အခွင့်ကောင်းယူကာ ဆရာ၊ ဆရာမများ၊ ကျောင်းသားမိဘများ၊ ကျောင်းသားကျောင်းသူများအား ဖမ်းဆီးချုပ်နှောင်ခြင်း၊ ခြိမ်းခြောက်ခြင်း၊ ငွေလိမ်လည်ခြင်းများ ပြုလုပ်နေမှုများအား အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၏ ဝန်ကြီးဌာနများအနေဖြင့် စုံစမ်းဖော်ထုတ်ကာ တရားမျှတမှုရရှိစေရေး ဆောင်ရွက်သွားမည် ဖြစ်သည်။ ၈။ အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေး၀န်ကြီးဌာနသည် မိဘပြည်သူများ၊ ဆရာ၊ ဆရာမများနှင့် ကျောင်းသူ၊ ကျောင်းသားများ၏ လုံခြုံရေးကို အစဥ်အမြဲအလေးထား စဥ်းစားပါသောကြောင့် ကြားကာလပညာရေး ဖော်ဆောင်နေသာ ကျောင်းများတွင် အလားတူဖြစ်ရပ်မျိုး ထပ်မံမဖြစ်ပွား စေရန် လမ်းညွှန်အကြံပြုချက်များ၊ ပံ့ပိုးကူညီမှုများနှင့်အတူ ပညာရေးလုပ်ငန်းများအား ပူးပေါင်း ဆောင်ရွက်သွားမည် ဖြစ်သည်။..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education, National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2022-07-17
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Title: Myanmar Situation - Inter-Agency Operational Update - 05 July 2022
Description: "The volatile situation in Myanmar following the 01 February 2021 coup has increased armed conflict and subsequent population displacement within and across borders, including in Thailand. As of 4 July 2022, the Royal Thai Government (RTG) reports that there are 802 refugees remaining on the Thai side of the border. Since February 2021, the RTG estimates that over 21,000 Myanmar refugees have sought temporary safety in Thailand. Refugees are sheltered in temporary safety areas (TSA), which are placed under the general jurisdiction of the Royal Thai Army by the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) established by the RTG in March 2021. SITUATION OVERVIEW ON THE THAI MYANMAR BORDER The security situation continues to deteriorate in Southeast Myanmar with the intensification of armed clashes reported between the Tatmadaw and ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) or People's Defence Force (PDF) in several areas. The Military continues to deploy security forces and has increased the use of heavy artilleries. In Kayah State, armed clashes continue, and the State Administration Council(SAC) has been deploying more troops to the area since mid-May. According to the Tagaung Institute of Political Studies and the US-based Wilson Center, there are more than 20,000 resistance fighters in Karenni State In Kayin State, fierce clashes have been ongoing between the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) and the Tatmadaw following a KNLA attack on a military outpost in Myawaddy Township on 26 June. The battle for control over the outpost is the fiercest fighting that has taken place since last year. In neighboring Mon State, around 7,000 residents from six villages in Thaton Township fled their homes due to arson attacks carried out by security forces, the first time such attacks have taken place in the state. In the Tanintharyi region, The People’s Defense Force (PDF), KNU, and the Tatmadaw continue to clash, with the latter pressuring the former with logistic hindrances (e.g., road blockage). Since June 24, around 100 military council troops have been entering the area from Kazina village to Sipin Taung, Myanadi Taung. Fighting was occurring mostly in Dawei and Myeik District and scaled up with the Military using heavy artillery throughout the night. As of 30 June, the total number of internally displaced people (IDPs) in Myanmar displaced since 1 February is 758,500, of whom 244,500 are in the southeast provinces – Kayah, Shan, Kayin, Mon States, and Tanintharyi and Bago regions. In Kayah State, more than 4,000 people were able to return to Loikaw and Demoso Townships. Nevertheless, the security situation in Demoso Township continues to be unstable, with more than 2,000 people unable to return to their places of origin and to experience multiple displacement..."
Source/publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (Geneva) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-07-15
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Title: National Unity Government Ministry of Education Notification No.11/2022 - Public Announcement for the Administration of Basic Education Completion Assessment, 2023
Description: "1. The National Unity Government's Ministry of Education will administer the Basic Education Completion Assessment, commencing in February 2023. 2. Those who meet the following requirements are eligible to take the Basic Education Completion Assessment administering in coming February, 2023: (a) Any student who will be 17 years old on August 31, 2022. (b) Any student who has attended basic education Grade 10 (old system). 3. For the convenience of students who are taking the assessment amid the various issues and difficulties facing across the country, students can take the assessment: (a) via online assessment portal if internet access is available. (b) via offline assessment applications if stable internet access is not available. (c) at on-ground assessment centers where safety is guaranteed. 4. Basic education completion assessment will be based on Grade 11 (old system) curriculum. However, instead of memorization-based question types, (a) Knowledge and Comprehension (b) Application and Analysis (c) Creative Problem-solving skills of the students related to the respective subjects will be assessed. 5. The duration of assessment for each subject will be two hours in total and assessment papers, like other international assessments, will include objective type items that are to be responded with critical and analytical thinking skills. 6. In 2023, the assessment will be administered twice as follows: (a) February 2023 (b) August 2023 (Those who might not be able to take the assessment in the first time in February, 2023 will be able to take in August, 2023.) 7. Assessment results will be released with competency-based gradings, not with a pass or fail. Therefore, students will not need all the subjects to be assessed again just not meeting the passing requirements of one or two subjects. Instead, depending on the admission requirements of higher or vocational education institutions they would like to enroll, students can retake assessment for the subject in which their previous grades are not unsatisfactory or ineligible. 8. The Ministry of Education shall promptly release vital information for students, teachers, and parents on the basic education completion assessment. 9. For those who are taking part in the revolution, students with disabilities, and students who affected the conflicts, special education and assessment programs will be implemented specially during the appropriate interim or post-revolution period. 10. Students are therefore encouraged and advised to start learning lessons in the Grade 11 curriculum (old system) in order to get ready for the assessment..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education, National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2022-07-10
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Title: Education in Danger Monthly News Brief, February 2022
Description: "Myanmar 31 January 2022: In Kanpetlet town and township, Mindat district, Chin state, a school and education office as well as a police station were occupied by approximately 300 State Administration Council (SAC) forces.* Source: Myanmar Now 01 February 2022: In Kalay town, township and district, Sagaing region, a 42-year-old female middle school teacher, also a member of Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM), was shot and killed while she was driving a motorcycle by an unidentified perpetrator. Source: Myanmar Now 08 February 2022: In Taung Pyin Nge village, Sagaing region, SAC forces occupied a local school and detained 68 villagers.* Sources: Myanmar Now I and Myanmar Now II 13 February 2022: In Pyigyitagon township, Mandalay division, People's Defence Force (PDF) fighters attacked a school occupied by SAC soldiers.* Source: The Irrawaddy 26 February 2022: In Chinpon village, Yinmabin township and district, Sagaing division, SAC forces launched a raid on a PDF training graduation ceremony leaving nine civilians dead, including one woman. Approximately 200 civilians, including teachers, were held hostage for two days. Sources: The Irrawaddy..."
Source/publisher: Insecurity Insight (Geneva) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-07-06
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 5: 1 to 30 June 2022
Description: "Highlights: • Halfway throughout the year, UNICEF has only received 19 per cent of the required financial resources to respond to increasing humanitarian needs. This is severely affecting the capacity to respond. Without additional resources, targeted children in need will not access humanitarian assistance and services. • The national total of internally displaced people (IDP) has reached an unprecedented 1.1 million, including 758,500 IDPs since 1 February 2021, consequently increasing the multisectoral needs of the displaced communities. • Direct distribution was provided by UNICEF to IDPs in Loikaw and Demoso townships in Kayah from 7 to 14 June. A total of 16,023 individuals from 3,566 households received much-needed WASH, child protection, education, health and nutrition supplies. • 1,862 children suffering from severe acute malnutrition have received treatment since the beginning of the year, representing 5 per cent of the target. The nutrition programme has a funding gap of 86 per cent. With additional funding, the targeted 37,503 severely malnourished children could be provided with therapeutic treatment. Funding Overview and Partnerships UNICEF Myanmar Country Office is appealing for US$151.4 million to deliver humanitarian assistance to the displaced and host populations across the country. The Myanmar Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) estimates that a total of 14.4 million people, including 5 million children, are in need of assistance this year. UNICEF has received generous contributions from the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (USAID/BHA), the Government of Denmark, the European Commission/ECHO, the German Federal Foreign Office (GFFO), the Government of Japan, the Korean Committee for UNICEF, the Government of Norway, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), and the Global Humanitarian Thematic Funding. These funds will contribute to delivering much-needed assistance through UNICEF Child Protection, Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Education, Health and Nutrition programmes and responses to affected populations. Although US$29.13 million has been received so far through the UNICEF Humanitarian Action for Children (HAC) appeal, the funding gap of 81 per cent is severely affecting our ability to provide aid to the targeted populations, especially children in need of humanitarian assistance and services. Continued donor support is critical to continue scaling up the response. UNICEF expresses its sincere appreciation to all private and public donors for their contributions to supporting the children of Myanmar. Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs The humanitarian and security situation remains extremely serious across the country, particularly in the northwest and southeast regions, where active fighting continues to be reported, resulting in continuous population displacement. As of 20 June 2022, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported a national total of more than 1.1 million displaced civilians1 , including 758,500 internally displaced people (IDP) across the country since the military takeover of 1 February 2021, in addition to 346,600 IDP estimated to be displaced before the coup. For the past two months, a considerable surge of displacement has been reported in Sagaing, with a total of 395,600 IDPs located within the region, including an estimated 146,000 children and their families with immediate needs for essential services. Clashes and insecurity are currently hindering most partners from accessing the area, and the deteriorating situation is triggering severe concerns as needs are expected to increase, while access remains restricted. The restrictions and barriers on access to internet, in addition to the constraints related to transportation of basic supplies, pose further obstacles to the coordination and distribution of aid in the region. In the southeast, the overall number of people displaced by conflict remains stable, and new displacements during this period have been offset by reported returns. At the beginning of June, UNHCR reported2 approximately 83,000 IDPs in Kayah and more than 50,000 IDPs in southern Shan. UNICEF accessed Loikaw township in Kayah state, where a significant number of IDPs was reported to have returned. Immediate delivery of humanitarian assistance was provided by UNICEF through the direct distribution modality from 7 to 14 June. A total of 16,023 individuals from 3,566 households in Loikaw and Demoso townships received basic WASH, child protection, education, health and nutrition supplies. UNICEF provided mine risk education through pamphlets to 1,500 families, 340 pregnant and lactating mothers received multi-vitamin tablets covering a period of 3 months, 864 children aged 6 to 59 months received nutrition bowls and feeding messages, 1,400 children aged 5 to 12 years received storybooks about COVID-19 prevention and social skills to reinforce reading capabilities, 2,500 children under the age of 18 received child protection kits, and 33 communities received water purification tablets and knowledge on how to use them in order to prevent waterborne diseases. The overall distribution was achieved successfully and brought considerable relief to the returned communities. UNICEF hopes to build upon this experience to foster continuous access to areas previously out of reach. Unimpeded access remains crucial for the delivery of life-saving assistance and appropriate coverage of essential services for the most vulnerable population, including children, often located in areas with severe operational constraints..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-07-01
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 19 | 28 June 2022
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 21 June, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. The next humanitarian update will be issued in July 2022. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES • The number of displaced men, women and children in Myanmar remains above one million. This includes nearly 760,000 people displaced by the conflict and insecurity since the military takeover in February last year. • The monsoon season continues to cause heavy rain and flooding. In June in Kachin State, 600 people were relocated to higher grounds due to flooding. Responses by the de facto authorities and humanitarian partners are underway in high-risk areas. • Humanitarians continue providing critical life-saving assistance to the most vulnerable people despite access challenges and limited funding. Concerted advocacy efforts have led to new, but modest access in the country’s southeast. Expanded access in hard-to reach areas across the southeast and the northwest (Chin, Sagaing and Magway) is still much needed. • Inflation in commodity prices, including food, fuel, shelter materials and NFIs, remains a major concern to partners in addressing the needs of the most vulnerable people. Myanmar is particularly vulnerable to price hikes given its heavy dependence on importation of products. • More than four million children—half of the school-aged children in Myanmar—have not accessed education for two full academic years. • The limited availability of staff, health facilities and supplies are contributing to the worsening of maternal and child health outcomes and poor emergency health care. The monsoon season will increase the spread of communicable diseases, which requires urgent action and expansion of basic primary health care and preventive measures. • Approximately 71,600 internally displaced people (IDPs) in MAF-AA displacement sites in Rakhine State lack treatment programs for malnourished children and pregnant and lactating women. This is a critical gap given levels of malnutrition in IDP communities in Rakhine State. • The funding situation for 2022 remains dire with the 2022 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) only 11 per cent funded six months into the year. This leaves a gap of US$740m (FTS), negatively affecting the breadth and quality of assistance delivered by humanitarians. KEY FIGURES * 1M People internally displaced across Myanmar 758K People currently displaced by clashes and insecurity since February 2021 346K People internally displaced mainly in Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, and Shan due to conflict prior to February 2021 18K Civilian properties estimated burnt or destroyed since February 2021. *Displacement figures fluctuate during any given month. These figures represent the number of people currently displaced. Cumulative numbers for returns and displacement are not always available. SITUATION OVERVIEW Fighting has escalated across multiple states and regions in Myanmar, particularly in the southeast and northwest during the reporting period, with no signs of abating. Nearly, 2,000 civilians were killed during hostilities and other fatal incidents, including landmines and explosive remnant of war (ERWs) since the military takeover. The number of IDPs has also continued to increase despite some reported returns. According to UN figures, the estimated number of IDPs since the military takeover has passed 758,000, including more than 250,000 children bringing the total number of IDP across the country to over 1,100,000. Over 40,000 people remain in neighbouring countries since the takeover. More than 18,058 civilian properties, including houses, churches, monasteries, and schools are estimated to have been destroyed during hostilities, although figures are difficult to verify. The level of destruction of civilian properties, particularly homes, combined with the seemingly never-ending fighting will very likely prolong the displacement of the IDPs and would further deteriorate their already fragile living conditions. The current volatile security situation and its associated restrictions, such as bureaucratic processes, systematic blocks on access approvals, continue to hamper humanitarian access and delay the delivery of assistance. People’s suffering across the country will be prolonged. Despite these obstacles, humanitarian partners, including local partners, continue to stay and deliver critical and life-saving assistance to address both pre-existing and new emerging needs of the most affected people, including IDPs and host community, wherever possible. These include responses to temporary evacuated people who are affected by this year’s monsoon season. In parallel, recent concerted advocacy efforts to gain principled access have borne fruits in the past two months and partners managed to reach areas previously not fully accessible in Kayah, reaching tens of thousands of people with shelter, NFI, hygiene and food assistance. A multisector needs identification mission of the displaced population from Kayah to southern Shan was also possible. This will be followed by a multi-sectoral distribution at the end of June/early July. It is hoped that these openings could be a step towards broader access in hard-to-reach areas across the southeast. Despite these modest improvements, overall access to conflict areas remains a challenge especially in areas outside the control of the State Administration Council (SAC). Humanitarian access to the northwest also remains heavily restricted although some support is reaching people at a modest scale. On top of access constraints, funding remains critical to provide the breadth and quality of humanitarian assistance. Six months into 2022, the Humanitarian Response Plan is only 11 per cent funded, leaving a gap of US$740m (FTS). The ability of humanitarian partners to save more lives and reduce suffering throughout the remainder of the year will be dependent on increased funding, improved access approvals, application of creative, flexible funding and response modalities, as well as the removal or easing of the bottlenecks such as visa delays and banking restrictions..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-06-28
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Title: Myanmar: Number of children out of school more than doubles in two years
Description: "1 June 2022 – The number of children out of school in Myanmar has more than doubled in two years, with about half of the country’s children now missing out on a formal education due to COVID-19 school closures and escalating insecurity, according to Save the Children. Enrolment in schools has dropped by up to 80% in two years in some parts of the country, the aid organisation said, with at least 7.8 million children out of school[i]. This comes after the COVID-19 pandemic forced the closure of places of learning globally in early 2020. In Myanmar, schools were fully or partially closed for 15 months due to the pandemic[ii]. Attacks on schools, teachers and students have surged over the past year due to the conflict, leaving many of them scared to return to the classroom, and in some cases with no schools left to attend. Schools and children must be protected at all times, Save the Children said. There were at least 260 attacks on schools between May 2021 and April this year, according to Save the Children, with explosions in and around school buildings accounting for 190 – nearly three quarters – of the incidents. In April this year, explosive devices were discovered at four schools or education offices, and there were three explosions in or very close to schools. There were also 33 recorded cases of schools or education offices being set on fire, and 10 direct attacks on teachers and education staff. In March and April this year, Save the Children also recorded 10 incidents in which schools were occupied by armed actors in the 32 townships where its education teams work. It said the actual number of school occupations across the country is likely to be much higher. Kyi*, 14 , from Magway Region, Myanmar, said: “I haven’t been to school since they closed due to COVID. I was a Grade 6 student before COVID. Due to the fighting, and unstable situation, teachers didn’t go back to our school and the village. There have been no teachers in my village since the fighting began. I think they have also had to flee and hide in a safe place like us due to the fighting. I now live in a temporary tent in a jungle after fleeing from my village. “My dream is to be a businesswoman. My family’s small grocery store inspired the idea. I am unhappy and so sad when I think about my future. To become my dream, I think I must study hard and need better learning opportunities. I want to learn English, I want to learn other things at school, and I want to meet with my friends and teachers. It has been a long time since I have had a chance to meet with them.” Emma Wagner, head of Education Policy and Advocacy at Save the Children, said: “It’s really shocking that so many children are out of school, but when you think about it, it should come as no surprise. The COVID-19 pandemic propelled a worldwide education emergency for children. We raised the alarm early on that children were at risk of dropping out of school altogether due to being forced into labour or early marriage. “In Myanmar, conflict has contributed to a perfect storm for the country’s children. Every one of these attacks on schools is an attack on the future of an entire generation of Myanmar children, who are missing out on the opportunity to learn. That’s something that we absolutely cannot and must not accept.” “We need to see an immediate end to attacks on schools.” Save the Children is urging the UN Security Council and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to urgently take concrete action to protect the futures of children in Myanmar. Myanmar also desperately needs more humanitarian assistance from the international community, Save the Children said, with the UN humanitarian response plan having just 10.4% of the funding needed. Save the Children implements programmes across Myanmar and its staff remain fully committed to helping the most vulnerable children in Myanmar, especially during this time of conflict and crisis..."
Source/publisher: Save the Children (London)
Date of entry/update: 2022-06-01
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 4: 1 to 31 May 2022
Description: "Highlights: • The conflict in Myanmar has caused many areas to become contaminated with landmines and explosive remnants of war, with the number and frequency of casualties propelling Myanmar into becoming one of the most mine-affected countries in the world. UNICEF is protecting children from this risk by ensuring that Explosive Ordnance Risk Education is integrated across all relevant sectors of its humanitarian response. • As of 23 May, a reported 694,300 civilians have been displaced nationally by the conflict, more than double that of the figure of 320,900 at the end of 2021. • June will mark the traditional start of the academic year, and safe access to education for all children remains an urgent priority across the conflictaffected areas. • The reporting period usually sees the onset of water shortages, especially in Rakhine. To ensure an uninterrupted water supply for internally displaced people (IDPs) and the host communities, UNICEF has initiated a scarcity response to meet the daily water needs of 28,078 IDPs in Pauktaw in Sittwe, and at Ah Agnu IDP site in Meybon township. Funding Overview and Partnerships The UNICEF Myanmar Country Office is appealing for US$ 151.4 million to respond to the multi-sectoral humanitarian needs of the targeted 1.1 million children in Myanmar in 2022. The Myanmar Humanitarian Needs Overview estimates that, in 2022, a total of 14.4 million people are in need of assistance, including 5 million children. UNICEF wishes to express its deep gratitude to all public and private sector donors for the contributions and pledges received, which have made the current response possible. UNICEF would especially like to thank the generous support received this year from the governments of Japan, Norway, Denmark and the United Nations office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA). These funds will contribute to delivering services to affected populations, notably for Child Protection, Water Sanitation and Hygiene, Education, Health and Nutrition programmes and responses. Although 19 per cent of the UNICEF Humanitarian Action for Children requirements were received, the funding gap of 81 per cent is severely affecting the capacity to respond. Without these resources, targeted populations, especially children, who need basic social services will not be able to receive assistance. Continued donor support is critical to continue scaling up the response. UNICEF is thankful for the commitment and dedication of all its partners and colleagues in Myanmar who continue to stay and deliver lifesaving assistance to affected children and women, amidst an incredibly challenging context. Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs Children in Myanmar continue to face unprecedented needs, compounded by the national political, security and humanitarian crises, limiting access to services. During the last few weeks, the conflict has continued to deteriorate in the northwest regions of Sagaing, Magway and Chin, with armed clashes between the Myanmar Armed Forces, local People’s Defence Forces and Chinland Defence Forces, resulting in an escalation in the displacement of children and their families. At the end of 2021, more than 320,900 civilians had reportedly been displaced. However, in the first quarter of 2022 this figure has more than doubled and, as of 23 May, approximately 694,300 people have been internally displaced in Myanmar since the military coup, with nearly 49 per cent of them (336,600 people) within the Sagaing region. The support from humanitarian partners to civilians in new areas of conflict remains limited to urban zones, as constraints on access to rural conflict-affected regions are resulting in lower coverage there. The Mine Action Area of Responsibility (AoR) reports that, as a direct result of the conflict, many areas have become contaminated with landmines and explosive remnants of war. The consequent number and frequency of casualties have propelled Myanmar into becoming one of the most mine-affected countries in the world. To protect children against these risks, the Mine Action AoR is working towards supporting the integration and mainstreaming of Explosive Ordnance Risk Education across sectors of the humanitarian response, in order to teach children and adults how to identify, report and protect themselves against explosive hazards. Although a recent survey in Rakhine has highlighted the dangers of mines and explosive remnants of war in six villages, a national mapping has demonstrated the gaps across all regions in mine action interventions. To reach the children in dire need of assistance, improved and unimpeded access is necessary, including secured physical access, reduced bureaucratic impediments, lessened scrutiny, functioning telecommunication networks and alleviated banking restrictions. Nevertheless, UNICEF and its partners continue to scale up their response and adapt their activities through prioritizing strengthening capacity and tailoring programming modalities to cope with the security risks and severe travel restrictions..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (Myanmar) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-05-31
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Title: Statement on access to learning for millions of children in Myanmar
Description: "As the traditional start of the Myanmar academic year in June approaches, millions of children and young people across the country face uncertainty as to when and how they will continue learning. The learning of almost 12 million children and young people in Myanmar has been disrupted by COVID-19 and the current humanitarian crisis. All children in Myanmar have the right to education, as enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Myanmar Child Rights Law, and the National Education Law. To realize this right, access to quality learning options needs to be rapidly scaled up. To facilitate access to learning, the safety of children, their parents, and educators must be protected. These include teachers, volunteer teachers, learning facilitators and education officials. Safe, unimpeded access for the delivery of all humanitarian aid, including the delivery of learning materials, needs to be guaranteed. Guided by humanitarian principles, UNICEF is working with its partners to provide supplementary learning opportunities for children by distributing reading books, including in ethnic languages; supplementary learning materials; and essential learning package kits, coupled with follow-up support to children and their families. UNICEF is engaging with relevant stakeholders to help ensure that the most vulnerable children can benefit from safe learning, wherever they are. UNICEF in Myanmar operates within the UN system to protect and promote the rights of children enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. UNICEF abides by the humanitarian principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence, as well as do no harm and universality in all of its work.....မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၏ ပညာသင်နှစ် စတင်လေ့ရှိသည့် ဇွန်လသို့ ရောက်ရှိခါနီးအချိန်တွင် နိုင်ငံတဝှမ်းရှိ သန်းပေါင်းများစွာသော ကလေးငယ်များနှင့် လူငယ်များသည် မည်သည့်အချိန်တွင် မည်သို့ ဆက်လက်လေ့လာသင်ယူကြရမည်နှင့်ပတ်သက်၍ မရေရာမှုများနှင့် ရင်ဆိုင်နေကြရပါသည်။ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံရှိ ကလေးငယ်နှင့်လူငယ်ဦးရေ ၁၂ သန်းနီးပါးခန့်၏ လေ့လာသင်ယူမှုမှာ COVID-19 နှင့် လက်ရှိလူသားချင်းစာနာထောက်ထားမှုဆိုင်ရာ အကျပ်အတည်းကြောင့် နှောင့်‌နှေးပြတ်တောက်နေရပါသည်။ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံရှိ ကလေးသူငယ်များအားလုံးသည် ကလေးသူငယ်အခွင့်အရေးများဆိုင်ရာ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ သဘောတူစာချုပ်၊ အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ လူ့အခွင့်အရေးကြေညာစာတမ်း၊ မြန်မာ့ကလေးသူငယ် အခွင့်အရေးများဆိုင်ရာ ဥပဒေနှင့် အမျိုးသားပညာရေးဥပဒေများတွင် ပြဋ္ဌာန်းထားသည့်အတိုင်း ပညာသင်ယူခွင့်ရှိပါသည်။ ဤအခွင့်အရေးကို အကောင်အထည်ဖော်နိုင်ရန်အလို့ငှာ အရည်အသွေးမီသော လေ့လာသင်ယူမှု ရွေးချယ်စရာများ လက်လှမ်းမီရရှိနိုင်ခွင့်ကို အလျင်အမြန် မြှင့်တင်ရန် လိုအပ်ပါသည်။ လွယ်ကူချောမွေ့စွာ လေ့လာသင်ယူနိုင်ရေးအတွက် ကလေးများ၊ ၎င်းတို့၏မိဘများနှင့် သင်ကြားပေးသူများ၏ ဘေးကင်းလုံခြုံရေးကို ကာကွယ်ပေးရပါမည်။ သင်ကြားပေးသူတို့တွင် ဆရာ / ဆရာမ များ၊ လုပ်အားပေးစေတနာ့၀န်ထမ်း ဆရာ / ဆရာမ များ၊ သင်ယူလေ့လာမှုဆိုင်ရာ ပံ့ပိုးကူညီသူများနှင့် ပညာရေးတာဝန်ရှိသူများ အားလုံးပါဝင်ပါသည်။ သင်ယူလေ့လာမှု အထောက်အကူပြုပစ္စည်းများ အပါအဝင် လူသားချင်းစာနာထောက်ထားမှု အကူအညီအားလုံးကို ဘေးအန္တရာယ်ကင်းစွာဖြင့် အတားအဆီးမရှိ ပေးပို့နိုင်ရေးအတွက် တာဝန်ယူရန်လိုအပ်ပါသည်။ ကလေးများအတွက် တိုင်းရင်းသားဘာသာစကားများသုံး စာအုပ်များအပါအဝင် စာအုပ်အမျိုးမျိုး ၊ ဖြည့်စွက်သင်ယူလေ့လာရေး အထောက်အကူပြုများ၊ မရှိမဖြစ်လိုအပ်သော သင်ယူလေ့လာရေးသုံးပစ္စည်းများကို ဖြန့်ဝေပေးခြင်းအပြင် ကလေးများနှင့် ၎င်းတို့၏မိသားစုများအား နောက်ဆက်တွဲပံ့ပိုးမှုများဖြင့် ဖြည့်စွက်သင်ယူလေ့လာရေး အခွင့်အလမ်းများကို လူသားချင်းစာနာထောက်ထားမှုဆိုင်ရာ အခြေခံမူများ၏ လမ်းညွှန်ချက်ဖြင့် ယူနီဆက်သည် မိတ်ဖက်အဖွဲ့အစည်းများနှင့် ပူးပေါင်း၍ ပံ့ပိုးပေးလျှက်ရှိပါသည်။ ယူနီဆက်သည် ထိခိုက်အလွယ်ဆုံး ကလေးငယ်များ မည်သည့်နေရာတွင် ရှိနေသည်ဖြစ်စေ ဘေးကင်းလုံခြုံသော သင်ယူလေ့လာရေးမှ အကျိုးကျေးဇူးများရရှိကြောင်း သေချာစေရန် သက်ဆိုင်ရာ ပါဝင်ပတ်သက်သူအားလုံးနှင့် ချိတ်ဆက်လုပ်ဆောင်နေပါသည်။ ယူနီဆက်မြန်မာအနေဖြင့် ကလေးသူငယ်အခွင့်အရေးများဆိုင်ရာ ကုလသမဂ္ဂသဘောတူစာချုပ်တွင် ပြဋ္ဌာန်းထားသည့် ကလေးသူငယ်အခွင့်အရေးများကို ကာကွယ်ရန်နှင့် အားပေးမြှင့်တင်ရန်အတွက် ကုလသမဂ္ဂစနစ်အတွင်းမှ လုပ်ဆောင်လျက်ရှိပါသည်။ ယူနီဆက်သည် ၎င်း၏လုပ်ဆောင်မှုအားလုံးတွင် လူသားဆန်ခြင်း၊ ဘက်မလိုက်ခြင်း၊ ကြားနေခြင်းနှင့် အမှီအခိုကင်းခြင်းအပြင် မထိခိုက်စေခြင်းနှင့် အများလက်ခံကျင့်သုံးနိုင်ခြင်းစသည့် လူသားချင်းစာနာထောက်ထားမှုဆိုင်ရာ အခြေခံမူများကို စောင့်ထိန်းလိုက်နာပါသည်။..."
Source/publisher: United Nations Children's Fund (Myanmar)
Date of entry/update: 2022-05-28
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Title: National Unity Government: Ministry of Education Announcement No.8/2022 - အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန ကြေညာချက်အမှတ်(၈/၂၀၂၂)
Sub-title: ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများအား အသိအမှတ်ပြုမူဝါဒ ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာခြင်
Description: "ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများအား အသိအမှတ်ပြုမူဝါဒ ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာခြင်း ၁။ အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနသည် ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများ စတင် ပေါ်ပေါက်လာသော အချိန်မှစ၍ အမြဲဂုဏ်ယူ အသိအမှတ်ပြုပါကြောင်း ပြောကြားလျက်ရှိပါသည်။ ယခု ကြေညာချက်သည် ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးယန္တရားကို တာဝန်ယူမှု၊ တာဝန်ခံမှုရှိစေရန် မူဝါဒ (၁၁) ချက်ဖြင့် ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများ အသိအမှတ်ပြုရေးဆိုင်ရာမူဝါဒ (Recognition Policy) ကို ထုတ်ပြန် ကြေညာခြင်း ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ၂။ ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများသည် သက်ဆိုင်ရာရပ်ကွက် (သို့မဟုတ်) ကျေးရွာရှိ ပြည်သူများကို ပညာရေးဖြင့် လူနေမှုအဆင့်အတန်း တိုးတက်စေရန်နှင့် အသိဉာဏ်ပညာမြင့်မားစေရန် သင်ယူသူတို့၏ ဆန္ဒအပေါ်တွင်အခြေခံ၍ သင်ကြားပေးသည့် ပညာရေးကျောင်းများ ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်း များသည် ပညာသင်ယူခွင့် လူ့အခွင့်အရေးကို ဖြည့်ဆည်းခြင်းဖြစ်ပြီး လူသားချင်းစာနာမှု အကူအညီများနှင့် အကာအကွယ်ပေးမှုများလည်း လိုအပ်ပါသည်။ ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများသည် ကလေးများ၏ အတွေး အခေါ်လွတ်လပ်ခွင့်ကို ပို၍အလေးထား သင်ကြားပေးသည့် လူမှုရေးသဟဇာတဖြစ်မှုနှင့် ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေး မူဝါဒများကို သင်ကြားပေးရမည် ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ၃။ ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးယန္တရား ဖော်ဆောင်နေသော ကြားကာလပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများကို အောက်ဖော်ပြပါ မူဝါဒများဖြင့် အသိအမှတ်ပြု ကြေညာပေးသွားမည် ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးယန္တရားဖော်ဆောင်နေသော ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများအား အသိအမှတ်ပြုမှု မူဝါဒ (က) ပညာသင်ယူခွင့်ဆုံးရှုံးနေသော ကလေးသူငယ်များ၏အကျိုးအတွက် စစ်အာဏာရှင်ကို ဆန့်ကျင် သော ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးယန္တရားကို ဖော်ဆောင်သည့်ကျောင်း ဖြစ်ရမည်။ (ခ) ဖက်ဒရယ်ဒီမိုကရေစီပညာရေးကို ဦးတည်ရမည်။ (ဂ) အခမဲ့ပညာရေးကို ဖော်ဆောင်နေသောကျောင်း ဖြစ်ရမည်။ ကိုယ်ကျိုးစီးပွားအတွက် မဟုတ်သည့် ပညာရေးကို ဖော်ဆောင်နေသောကျောင်း (Non-profit School) ဖြစ်ရမည်။ (ပညာရေးလုပ်ငန်းစဉ် များ ဖော်ဆောင်ရန် လိုအပ်သော အသုံးစရိတ်နှင့် သင်ကြားရေး ဆရာ၊ ဆရာမများကို ထောက်ပံ့ရန် အတွက် ရန်ပုံငွေရှာသင့်သည်ဟု ယူဆပါက မိမိအဖွဲ့အစည်းအတွင်း ဘဏ္ဍာငွေနှင့် သက်ဆိုင်သော စည်းမျဉ်းစည်းကမ်းများ (Terms of Reference) ရေးဆွဲထားပြီး ရှာဖွေထူထောင်နိုင်သည်။) (ဃ) ဖက်ဒရယ်ဒီမိုကရေစီ စံနှုန်းများနှင့်အညီ မိမိတို့ဒေသ၏လိုအပ်ချက်နှင့် ကိုက်ညီသော ဒေသသင်ရိုး များ၊ မိခင်ဘာသာစကားအခြေပြုသင်ရိုးများနှင့် အခြားဖြည့်စွက်သင်ခန်းစာများကို လွတ်လပ်စွာ အသုံးပြုသင်ကြားနိုင်သည်။ အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန၏ Bluemark အမှတ်အသားပါရှိသော Myanmar Basic Education Home Facebook Page တွင် ဖော်ပြထား သော ပြဋ္ဌာန်းချက်သင်ရိုးညွှန်းတမ်းများကိုလည်း အသုံးပြုသင်ကြားနိုင်သည်။ (င) အသက်အရွယ်အလိုက် ရှိသင့်သည့် တတ်ကျွမ်းမှုများ (Competencies) ရရှိအောင် သင်ကြားပေး ရမည်။ (စ) ပညာရေးလွတ်လပ်ခွင့်ရှိပြီး ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေးကို ဦးတည်ရှေးရှုသော ပညာသင်ကြားရေး ဖြစ်ရမည်။ (ဆ) က‌လေးများ၏ အတွေးအခေါ်လွတ်လပ်ခွင့်ကို လေးစားအသိအမှတ်ပြုရမည်။ (ဇ) မတူကွဲပြားမှုများကို ခွဲခြားဆက်ဆံမှုမရှိဘဲ တရားမျှတမှု၊ တန်းတူညီမျှမှုနှင့် လူ့အခွင့်အရေး ဘုံတန်ဖိုးများကို ညှိနှိုင်းရှာဖွေကာ ငြိမ်းချမ်းစွာ အတူယှဉ်တွဲနေထိုင်တတ်သော ယဉ်ကျေးမှု (လူမှုရေးသဟဇာတဖြစ်မှု) ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေးကို ရှေးရှု၍ သင်ကြားပေးရမည်။ (ဈ) သင်ယူစဉ်စစ်ဆေးခြင်းမှတ်တမ်းများကို အသုံးပြု၍ အကဲဖြတ်စစ်ဆေးခြင်းများနှင့် အသက်အရွယ် အလိုက်လိုအပ်သည့် ကျွမ်းကျင်တတ်မြောက်မှုများ ရရှိပါက မိမိတို့ကျောင်းအတွင်း အတန်း ကူးပြောင်းသတ်မှတ်ပေးခြင်းများကို လုပ်ဆောင်ပေးနိုင်သည်။ (ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများ၏ အတန်းအဆင့်ကူးပြောင်းမှု သတ်မှတ်ချက်များသည် ကျောင်းတစ်ကျောင်းချင်းစီ၏ ကိုယ်ပိုင် သတ်မှတ်ချက်သာဖြစ်ပြီး ကြားကာလပညာရေးအတွက်သာ အကျုံးဝင်မည် ဖြစ်သည်။) (ည) ယခုအသိအမှတ်ပြုမှုသည် ကြားကာလ ပြည်နယ်/ ဖက်ဒရယ်ယူနစ်များအလိုက် ကိုယ်စားပြု ပညာရေးစီမံခန့်ခွဲမှုအဖွဲ့အစည်းများ မပေါ်လာခင်အထိ ပညာရေး၀န်ကြီးဌာနမှ ညှိနှိုင်းတာ၀န်ယူ ထားမည်ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ပြည်နယ်/ ဖက်ဒရယ်ယူနစ် ကိုယ်စားပြုနှင့် လူမျိုး/ ဒေသအခြေပြု အဖွဲ့ အစည်းများ၊ ကောင်စီများ၏ ပညာရေးအဖွဲ့များနှင့် ချိတ်ဆက်ညှိနှိုင်းပြီးပါက ဖက်ဒရယ်ဆိုင်ရာ လုပ်ထုံးလုပ်နည်းများနှင့်အညီ၊ ပြည်နယ်/ ဖက်ဒရယ်ယူနစ် ကိုယ်စားပြုနှင့် လူမျိုး/ ဒေသအခြေပြု အဖွဲ့အစည်းများ၊ ကောင်စီများ၏ လုပ်ပိုင်ခွင့်များကို လေးစားလိုက်နာ၍ ညှိနှိုင်းလွှဲပြောင်း ပူးပေါင်း ဆောင်ရွက်သွားပါမည်။ (ဋ) ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများသည် အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနနှင့် ပြည်နယ်/ ဖက်ဒရယ်ယူနစ်များအလိုက် ကိုယ်စားပြုပညာရေးစီမံခန့်ခွဲမှု အဖွဲ့အစည်းများက အခါ အားလျော်စွာထုတ်ပြန်သော ပညာရေးမူဝါဒများအတိုင်း လိုက်နာဆောင်ရွက်ရမည်။ ဖက်ဒရယ် ဒီမိုကရေစီနှင့် လူ့အခွင့်အရေးစံနှုန်းများမှ သွေဖယ်ခြင်း၊ အကျိုးစီးပွားအတွက် ဆောင်ရွက်ခြင်းနှင့် အငြင်းပွားမှုပဋိပက္ခများ ဖြစ်ပွားခြင်းများ ပေါ်ပေါက်လာပါက လိုအပ်သည့် စစ်ဆေးမှုများပြုလုပ်ပြီး မူဝါဒများနှင့် မကိုက်ညီကြောင်းထင်ရှားပါက ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းအဖြစ် အသိအမှတ်ပြုခြင်း အား ရပ်ဆိုင်းမည်ကို လက်ခံရမည်။ ၄။ အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန၏ အသိအမှတ်ပြုလက်မှတ် လျှောက်ထား နိုင်ရန်အတွက် အထက်ဖော်ပြပါ ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများ အသိအမှတ်ပြုမူဝါဒနှင့် ကိုက်ညီသည့် ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးယန္တရားကို ဖော်ဆောင်နေသော (ကရင်နီပြည်နှင့် ချင်းပြည် အတိုင်ပင်ခံကောင်စီများ၊ တိုင်းရင်းသားတော်လှန်ရေးအဖွဲ့အစည်းများ (EROs) ၏ စီမံအုပ်ချုပ်မှုဒေသများရှိ ပညာရေးကျောင်းများမှ လွဲ၍) ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများအားလုံးသည် [email protected] သို့ Email ပေးပို့ ဆက်သွယ်လျှောက်ထားနိုင်ပါကြောင်း အသိပေး ကြေညာအပ်ပါသည်။ ၅။ ကရင်နီပြည်အတိုင်ပင်ခံကောင်စီ၏ စီမံအုပ်ချုပ်မှုဒေသများရှိ ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးယန္တရားကို ဖော်ဆောင်နေသော ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများသည် [email protected] သို့ Email ပေးပို့ဆက်သွယ်လျှောက်ထားနိုင်ပြီး သက်ဆိုင်ရာပြည်နယ်အတိုင်ပင်ခံကောင်စီနှင့် အမျိုးသား ညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနတို့ ညှိနှိုင်း၍ ပူးပေါင်းဆောင်ရွက်သွားမည် ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ၆။ ကြားကာလ ချင်းအမျိုးသားအတိုင်ပင်ခံကောင်စီ၏ စီမံအုပ်ချုပ်မှုဒေသများရှိ ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေး ယန္တရားကို ဖော်ဆောင်နေသော ပြည်သူ့ပညာရေးကျောင်းများသည် [email protected] သို့ Email ပေးပို့ဆက်သွယ်လျှောက်ထားနိုင်ပြီး သက်ဆိုင်ရာပြည်နယ်အတိုင်ပင်ခံကောင်စီနှင့် အမျိုးသား ညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနတို့ ညှိနှိုင်း၍ ပူးပေါင်းဆောင်ရွက်သွားမည် ဖြစ်ပါသည်။..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education, National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2022-05-27
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Title: MIMU 5W/Overview of southeastern Myanmar as of 25th March 2022 - Bago (East), Kayah, Kayin, Mon, Shan (East), Shan (South) and Tanintharyi - May 2022
Description: "The MIMU 5W gathers inputs from participating humanitarian and development agencies on Who is doing What, Where, When and for Whom across Myanmar. It is normally conducted every 6 months and provides information on agencies’ activities at various levels (village/village tract/township, and IDP camps). In total, 209 agencies participated in the March 2022 round of the MIMU 5W, providing information on their humanitarian and development activities across 22 sectors and 157 sub-sectors as defined by technical/sector working groups. 5W reporting is quite comprehensive for projects of INGO, UN and Red Cross agencies, but there is underreporting of activities for local NGOs and CBOs, since not all are participating. Note that Agencies must report to a sufficiently detailed level (village or camp level) for their work to be reflected fully in the MIMU 5W products. This Overview describes projects reported as under implementation in Kachin as of March 25th, 2022. Further information on planned and recently completed projects is available from the 5W dataset, which can be requested by 5W Partners. Projects under implementation can also be viewed on our interactive dashboards - 5W Township Dashboard and 5W Village Tract Dashboard..."
Source/publisher: Myanmar Information Management Unit (Myanmar) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-05-19
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Title: MIMU 5W/ Overview of Rakhine State as of 25th March, 2022 (May 2022)
Description: "The MIMU 5W gathers inputs from participating humanitarian and development agencies on Who is doing What, Where, When and for Whom across Myanmar. It is normally conducted every 6 months and provides information on agencies’ activities at various levels (village/village tract/township, and IDP camps). In total, 209 agencies participated in the March 2022 round of the MIMU 5W, providing information on their humanitarian and development activities across 22 sectors and 157 sub-sectors as defined by technical/sector working groups. 5W reporting is quite comprehensive for projects of INGO, UN and Red Cross agencies, but there is underreporting of activities for local NGOs and CBOs, since not all are participating. Note that Agencies must report to a sufficiently detailed level (village or camp level) for their work to be reflected fully in the MIMU 5W products. This Overview describes projects reported as under implementation in Rakhine as of March 25th, 2022. Further information on planned and recently completed projects is available from the 5W dataset, which can be requested by 5W Partners. Projects under implementation can also be viewed on our interactive dashboards - 5W Township Dashboard and 5W Village Tract Dashboard. 1. Organisations active in Rakhine State as of March 25th, 2022 In total, 72 agencies reported activities in Rakhine state: 37 are engaged in Development-focused projects (700 village tracts/towns), 26 are engaged in support to other vulnerable groups (not IDP related, 267 village tracts/towns), 32 are engaged in activities which target IDP and Host Communities (419 village tracts/towns and 27 camps) and 22 are active in IDP-focused activities (104 village tracts/towns and 27 camps). IDP-related projects were reported in a total of 30 camps or camp-like settings. A total of 134 projects were reported in Rakhine State: 41% of the projects involve work with IDPs (54 IDP & Host Community or IDP-only focused projects), and 59% have a focus on other populations (80 Other Vulnerable Groups and/or Development-focused projects). Non-IDP focused projects (Other Vulnerable Groups and/or Development activities): 57 organisations reported 80 village or township-based projects under implementation in 813 village tracts/towns. The majority are implemented by INGOs. Most of the reported projects are in Maungdaw (68 village tracts/towns), Ponnagyun (64), Buthidaung (63), Rathedaung (59), Thandwe (58), Minbya (57), Mrauk-U (57), Toungup (55), Kyaukpyu (52), Kyauktaw (51), Myebon (47), Ramree (45), Pauktaw (42), Gwa (35), Ann (31), Sittwe (28), Munaung (1). IDP & Host Community and IDP-only focused activities: 39 organisations reported 54 projects under implementation in 441 village tracts/towns and 30 IDP camps. The majority are implemented by INGOs and UN agencies. Most of these projects are in Ponnagyun (85 village tracts/towns, 0 camp), Rathedaung (67, 0), Minbya (54, 1), Kyauktaw (50, 1), Myebon (48, 2), Buthidaung (38, 0), Mrauk-U (35, 1), Sittwe (23, 18), Maungdaw (21, 0), Pauktaw (15, 6), Ann (3, 0), Kyaukpyu (2, 1)..."
Source/publisher: Myanmar Information Management Unit (Myanmar) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-05-12
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Title: National Unity Government: Ministry of Education Announcement No.7/2022 - အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန ကြေညာချက်အမှတ်(၇/၂၀၂၂)
Sub-title: ဂုဏ်ယူဝမ်းမြောက်ပါကြောင်း ကြေညာခြင်း
Description: "၁။ အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနသည် ဖက်ဒရယ်ပညာရေးစနစ်ပေါ်ပေါက်လာစေရန်အတွက် စုပေါင်းခေါင်းဆောင်မှုမှတဆင့် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံပညာရေးကို ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲမှုကို အကောင်အထည်ဖော် ဆောင်ရွက် နေပြီး သက်ဆိုင်ရာ ကဏ္ဍအလိုက်တွင် လွတ်လပ်စွာစီမံခန့်ခွဲခွင့်ကို တိုက်တွန်းအားပေး အကောင်အထည်ဖော်လျက် ရှိပါသည်။ ၂။ ၂၀၂၂ ခုနှစ် မေလ (၈) ရက်နေ့တွင် ကျင်းပခဲ့သော နွေဦးဆရာအတတ်သင်တက္ကသိုလ်ကောင်စီ (ယာယီ) အစည်းအဝေးဆုံးဖြတ်ချက်အရ ဒေါက်တာသိန်းလွင်အား နွေဦးဆရာအတတ်သင်တက္ကသိုလ်၏ အဓိပတိအဖြစ် ခန့်အပ်ခြင်းကို ဂုဏ်ယူဝမ်းမြောက်ပါကြောင်းနှင့် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၏ ပညာရေးပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲမှုများတွင် အတူ ပူးပေါင်းဆောင်ရွက်သွားမည်ဖြစ်ကြောင်း ကြေညာအပ်ပါသည်။ ..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education, National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2022-05-10
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Title: UNICEF and partners expand mental health services for children and young people
Description: "Hlyan Htet, 6, keeps close to his mother these days and does not venture far. “I have friends, but my best friend is a dog from downstairs. We play every evening together,” says Hlyan Htet. Although Hlyan Htet’s innocent charm shines through, his mother, Hnin Hnin, says the events of the past two years have taken their toll on him. “I was having problems in my marriage, then the first wave of COVID-19 came, and then the current crisis unfolded, one after the other.” The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted Hlyan Htet’s early education and socialization. At first, “Mommy taught me at home,” Hlyan Htet says. Fortunately, Hlyan Htet has access to the Internet and he is still excited by his lessons offered online via Zoom. “I also love drawing,” says Hlyan Htet. However, the distressing circumstances of last year’s events has had a huge impact on Hlyan Htet. “My son started having trouble controlling his emotions and became overly attached and clingy to me. He gets up with me, since he doesn’t want to be left alone in bed, and, even when I pray, he sits beside me,” recalls, Hnin Hnin. Hlyan Htet is not alone in his distress and behavioural response to these compounding situations. COVID-19 has left 12 million children out of school for over a year and the current crisis is further undermining their mental health and psychosocial well-being. Many have witnessed violence and attacks, and some have been victims, leaving them mentally, if not physically, scarred. In response, UNICEF and its partners have been expanding psychosocial services for children and young people. This includes individual counselling, peer-support groups for adolescents and young people, and a national mental health and psychosocial advice helpline for children which is available in several ethnic languages. In July 2021, Hlyan Htet started participating in one of the virtual psychosocial activities, Little Pyit Tine Htaungs, named after one of Myanmar’s traditional brightly coloured egg-shaped toys that always stand upright when thrown. Hnin Hnin found this service on the Facebook page of Metanoia, UNICEF partner and mental health services and resource centre in Yangon. One of Metanoia’s staff explains the process. First, virtual helpline operators register participants and explain the activities on offer. Children over the age of 7 fill in pre-assessment and post-assessment forms, or a caregiver fills in the forms on their behalf if the child is under the age of 7. The three-day sessions are adapted to three age groups: 4–12 years, 13–17 years and 18–29 years. The younger children “learn to understand emotions and empathy, respect and boundaries, and identity while doing arts and crafts activities,” says the Metanoia staff member, while the older age groups focus on “understanding reactions to crisis, practising stabilization techniques, promoting a sense of safety, maintaining hope, staying connected and strengthening efficacy to overcome crisis.” After group sessions, participants are usually offered a counselling session. “We request parents to give them [their children] personal space during these sessions. We will then talk with parents, and sometimes we find it’s them who needs therapy, not their child,” says the Metanoia staff member. Hnin Hnin says, “It’s really great and I’ve been recommending it to everyone.” She says that single parents, like her, are struggling with raising children during these times of crisis. “This project definitely helped them and their children.” Both Hlyan Htet and his mother also received individual therapy sessions from a counsellor. “He got close to the counsellor,’ says his mother. “He was even asking me about her since he dreamt of her.” After some sessions, “he has gained more control (over his emotions), except that he won’t let me disappear from his sight,” says Hnin Hnin..."
Source/publisher: United Nations Children's Fund
Date of entry/update: 2022-05-10
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Title: UNICEF Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report No. 3: 1 to 30 April 2022
Description: "Highlights Escalation of conflict in the northwest and southeast regions resulted in increased numbers of internally displaced person (IDP), to 327,400 and 186,200 IDPs in these two regions respectively. The ongoing clashes and movement restrictions in the northwest are impeding access and delivery of humanitarian assistance. As of 25 April 2022, 578,200 people were displaced nationally since the 1 February 2021 military takeover. 9,084 children under the age of 7 and 1,007 pregnant women in peri-urban Yangon benefited from primary health care services through the “Bright Start: Mobile-based health microinsurance” pilot programme. Since the beginning of 2022, a total of 53,332 people, including 36,258 children, have accessed critical child protection services nationally through 28 partners. Services include access to mental health and psychosocial support, gender-based violence risk mitigation, prevention and response interventions as well as explosive ordnance risk education. Funding Overview and Partnerships The UNICEF Myanmar Country Office is appealing for US$ 151.4 million to deliver humanitarian assistance to displaced populations across the country. The Myanmar Humanitarian Needs Overview estimates that a total of 14.4 million people are in need of assistance this year. In 2022, UNICEF received generous support from the governments of Japan, Denmark and UN OCHA Global Humanitarian Thematic funding to support Child Protection, Water Sanitation and Hygiene, Education, Health and Nutrition programme and response. These funds will contribute to delivering services to affected populations. The UNICEF Humanitarian Action for Children (HAC) currently has a funding gap of 82 per cent. Without this funding, targeted populations especially children who need basic social services will not be able to receive assistance. UNICEF expresses its gratitude to all donors, private and public, for their contributions to supporting the children of Myanmar. Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs The humanitarian situation in Myanmar continues to deteriorate with intense clashes between the Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF), Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) and the People’s Defence Forces (PDFs). Intensified clashes between MAF and PDFs were reported in the northwest and southeast region where MAF used heavy artillery, airstrikes, and torched and destroyed civilian properties. As of 25 April 2022, an estimated 578,200 people were internally displaced including more than 327,400 people in the northwest and 186,200 in the southeast, accounting for almost 89 per cent of the national displacement figures since the military takeover of 1 February 20211 . Increased use of landmines and explosive ordnance in conflict-affected areas has been reported. More than 8,200 houses and public places such as churches, monasteries and schools were destroyed or burned down, mainly in Sagaing (4,416), Magway (1,751), and Chin (1,071), Kayah (819)2 . In the northwest region, frequent displacements of IDPs have been reported, as children and their families are struggling to escape the surge of conflict affecting the area. In Sagaing, one of the most affected regions, an estimated 240,600 people are in need of humanitarian assistance. However, numerous challenges are being faced such as the security risks posed by the escalation of conflict, the increased number of checkpoints, the travel restrictions and transportation of supplies, and the limited number of humanitarian partners, all factors severely hampering the humanitarian response capacity to reach the people in need..."
Source/publisher: UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) (New York) via Reliefweb (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-05-09
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Title: National Unity Government: Ministry of Education Announcement No.6/2022 - အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန ကြေညာချက်အမှတ်(၆/၂၀၂၂)
Sub-title: အဆင့်မြင့်ပညာကဏ္ဍနှင့် သက်မွေးပညာကဏ္ဍမှ ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများအတွက် သာတူညီမျှပညာရေးအစီအစဉ်နှင့်ပတ်သက်၍ ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာချက်
Description: "၁။ အဆင့်မြင့်ပညာကဏ္ဍနှင့် သက်မွေးပညာကဏ္ဍမှ ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများအတွက် ကြားကာလ ပညာရေးပြင်ဆင်နေမှုများကို ဖက်ဒရယ်ဒီမိုကရေစီအတွက် အထောက်အကူပြုရန်၊ တော်လှန်ရေးအောင်မြင်မှုကို အထောက်အကူပြုရန်၊ စဉ်ဆက်မပြတ်ပညာရေးကို အကောင်အထည်ဖော်ရန် နှင့် အရည်အချင်းပြည့်မီသည့် လူ့စွမ်းအားရင်းမြစ်များ မွေးထုတ်ပေးနိုင်ရန် ရည်ရွယ်ချက်များဖြင့် ဆောင်ရွက်လျက်ရှိပါသည်။ ၂။ ဖော်ပြပါပညာရေးရည်ရွယ်ချက်များနှင့်အညီ အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနမှ လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ယာယီတက္ကသိုလ်/ဒီဂရီကောလိပ်/သိပ္ပံကျောင်း ကောင်စီ များမှလည်းကောင်း ကြားကာလ ပညာရေးအစီအစဉ်များကို အကောင်အထည်ဖော် ဆောင်ရွက်လျက်ရှိပါသည်။ ၃။ ထိုကြားကာလပညာရေးအစီအစဉ်များတွင် တက်ရောက်သင်ယူနေသော ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများရှိသကဲ့သို့ စစ်အုပ်စု၏ ဖိနှိပ်မှုများ နှင့် အခက်အခဲအမျိုးမျိုးကြောင့် ကြားကာလပညာရေး အစီအစဉ်များတွင် ပါဝင်နိုင်ခြင်း မရှိကြသည့် ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများနှင့် တော်လှန်ရေးလှုပ်ရှားမှုအသီးသီးတွင် ကိုယ်ကျိုးစွန့်အနစ်နာခံ၍ ပါဝင်နေကြသော ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများလည်း ရှိပါသည်။ ထို့ကြောင့် ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများ အားလုံးအတွက် သာတူညီမျှရှိ၍ အာမခံချက်ပေးနိုင်သည့် ပညာရေးမူဝါဒများနှင့် အစီအစဉ်များကို သက်ဆိုင်ရာ အစုအဖွဲ့အသီးသီးနှင့် ဆွေးနွေးတိုင်ပင်ပြီး ပြုလုပ်သွားမည် ဖြစ်ကြောင်း အသိပေးအပ်ပါသည်။..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education, National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2022-05-07
[field_licence]
Type: Individual Documents
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Format : pdf
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Title: National Unity Government: Ministry of Education Announcement No.5/2022 - အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန ကြေညာချက်အမှတ်(၅/၂၀၂၂)
Sub-title: ပညာရေး၀န်ကြီးဌာနမှအရည်အသွေးပြည့်ဝသည့်ကြားကာလအဆင့်မြင့်နှင့်သက်မွေးပညာရေး လုပ်ငန်းများဆောင်ရွက်နေခြင်းအား အသိပေးကြေညာခြင်း
Description: "၁။ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်၊ အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန အနေဖြင့် စစ်ကျွန်ပညာရေးကို သပိတ်မှောက်ကာ ပြည်သူ့အာဏာဖီဆန်ရေးလှုပ်ရှားမှု(CDM) ပြုလုပ်နေကြသော အမှန်တရားကို မြတ်နိုးကျင့်သုံးနေကြသည့် ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများ အတွက် အာမခံချက်ရှိပြီး တရားမျှတသော ကြားကာလပညာရေးကို အမြဲမပြတ် အလေးပေး ဆောင်ရွက်လျက်ရှိပါသည်။ အာဏာသိမ်းစစ်ကောင်စီနှင့် ပူးပေါင်းဆောင်ရွက်ပြီး ၎င်းတို့၏ အုပ်ချုပ်ရေးယန္တရားကို လည်ပတ်စေသော အသုံးချခံပညာရေးစနစ်တွင် ပါဝင်ပတ်သက်နေသူများကို Non-CDM များအဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်ကြောင်း သက်ဆိုင်ရာကျောင်းကောင်စီအသီးသီးမှ ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာခဲ့ပြီး ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနမှလည်း ကြေညာချက်အမှတ် (၃/၂၀၂၁)၊ (၁၁/၂၀၂၁)၊ (၂၀/၂၀၂၁) နှင့် (၄၀/၂၀၂၁) တို့ဖြင့် ထုတ်ပြန် ကြေညာခဲ့ပြီးဖြစ်သည်။ ၂။ သို့ဖြစ်ပါ၍ အဓမ္မနည်းလမ်းအမျိုးမျိုးဖြင့် စစ်ကျွန်ပညာရေးယန္တရားလည်ပတ်နိုင်ရန်အတွက် တက္ကသိုလ်များ ဖွင့်ရန် အားထုတ်ခြင်း၊ တက္ကသိုလ်၀င်တန်းအောင် စာမေးပွဲများ ကျင်းပခြင်း၊ တက္ကသိုလ်ပထမနှစ် ၀င်ခွင့်များ ခေါ်ယူခြင်း တို့ပြုလုပ်ကာ အကြမ်းဖက်စစ်ကောင်စီက ကြိုးစားနေရာတွင် အဆိုပါယန္တရားတွင် ပါ၀င်နေသော ကျောင်းသား၊ကျောင်းသူများအား Non-CDM ကျောင်းသား၊ကျောင်းသူများအဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်ပါသည်။ (၂၀၂၀)ပြည့်နှစ်တွင် တက္ကသိုလ်ဝင်တန်း အောင်ထားသော်လည်း စစ်ကောင်စီ၏တက္ကသိုလ်ဝင်ခွင့်ကို လျှောက်ထား ခြင်းမရှိသော ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများကို CDM ကျောင်းသား၊ကျောင်းသူများအဖြစ် ဂုဏ်ပြုမှတ်တမ်းတင် အပ်ပါသည်။ ၃။ ဖိအားအမျိုးမျိုးကြောင့် တက္ကသိုလ်၀င်ခွင့်လျှောက်ခဲ့ရပြီး ဝင်ခွင့်ရသွားသော်လည်း ကျောင်းတက်ခြင်းမပြုဘဲ စစ်ကျွန်ပညာရေးအား သပိတ်မှောက်သည့် တက္ကသိုလ်၀င်တန်း အောင်မြင်ထားသူ ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူ လူငယ်များကို သက်ဆိုင်ရာကျောင်းကောင်စီအသီးသီးမှ CDM ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများဟု မှတ်တမ်းတင်ထားရှိသည်ကို ဆွေးနွေးခဲ့ပြီးဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ၄။ တော်လှန်ရေးကာလအတွင်း ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများ ပညာသင်ယူ ခွင့်မဆုံးရှုံးစေရေး အတွက် သက်ဆိုင်ရာကျောင်း ကောင်စီ အသီးသီးမှလည်း ကြားကာလသင်ကြားရေး အစီအစဉ် များကို အကောင်အထည်ဖော် ဆောင်ရွက်လျက်ရှိသကဲ့သို့ အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေး အစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနမှလည်း Open Access Education/ Open University (OU) အား ပြည်တွင်းပြည်ပပညာရှင်များ၏ ပံ့ပိုးကူညီမှုဖြင့် ဖော်ဆောင်လျက် ရှိပါသည်။ ထို့အပြင် သင်ကြားရေးအစီအစဉ်များတွင် သက်မွေးနှင့်နည်းပညာဆိုင်ရာ သင်တန်းများ ကိုလည်း ထည့်သွင်း သင်ကြားသွားနိုင်ရန် စီစဉ်ထားပါသည်။ ၅။ တိုင်းရင်းသားပညာရေးအဖွဲ့အစည်းများ နှင့် ရွေ့ပြောင်းကျောင်းသားပညာရေးအဖွဲ့အစည်းများနှင့်လက်တွဲ၍ စဉ်ဆက်မပြတ်ပညာရေးကို ဆောင်ရွက်လျက်ရှိပါသည်။ တိုင်းရင်းသား ပညာရေးအဖွဲ့အစည်းများ နှင့် ရွေ့ပြောင်းကျောင်းသားပညာရေးအဖွဲ့အစည်းများမှ ကျင်းပသော တက္ကသိုလ်ဝင်တန်း သို့မဟုတ် အထက်တန်း (၁၀ တန်း) စာမေးပွဲများအောင်မြင်လာသော ကျောင်းသား၊ကျောင်းသူများသည် အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ၊ ပညာရေး ဝန်ကြီးဌာနနှင့် တက္ကသိုလ်၊ဒီဂရီကောလိပ်၊သိပ္ပံများ မှ စီစဉ်ဆောင်ရွက်နေသည့် ကြားကာလ အဆင့်မြင့်ပညာ၊ သက်မွေးပညာများကို သင်ယူခွင့်ရှိမည် ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ၆။ Open Access Education/ Open University (OU)တွင် အောက်ပါအစီအစဉ် (၃) ရပ်ဖြင့်ဆောင်ရွက်သွားမည် ဖြစ်ကြောင်း အသိပေးအပ်ပါသည်။ (က)ကိုဗစ်ကပ်ရောဂါနှင့် စစ်အာဏာသိမ်းမှုကြောင့် ရပ်တန့်ခဲ့ရသော အတန်းပညာရေးများ အတွက် ဆရာဆရာမ၊ ကျောင်းသူ ကျောင်းသား သမဂ္ဂများနှင့် ကျောင်းကောင်စီများ၏ သဘောတူညီမှု ဖြင့် ဖော်ဆောင်သွားမည် ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ (ခ)(၂၀၂၀) ခုနှစ်တက္ကသိုလ်ဝင်တန်းအောင် ကျောင်းသား၊ ကျောင်းသူများ၊ တိုင်းရင်းသား ဒေသကျောင်းများ နှင့်ရွှေ့ပြောင်းကျောင်းသား၊ကျောင်းသူများအတွက် တက္ကသိုလ် မရောက်မီ ၎င်းတို့သိသင့်သိထိုက်သော အသိပညာ၊ အတတ်ပညာများ ရနိုင်ရန်အတွက် Core Curriculum များကို Certificate Course (သို့မဟုတ်) Diploma သင်တန်းများအဖြစ် ပို့ချနိုင်ရန် ပြင်ဆင်နေပါသည်။ (ဂ)သတ်မှတ်ချက်နှင့် ကိုက်ညီသော စိတ်ပါဝင်စားသည့် မည်သူမဆို လွတ်လပ်စွာတက်ရောက် လေ့လာ သင်ယူနိုင်မည့် Certificate Course (သို့မဟုတ်) Diploma သင်တန်းများအဖြစ် ပို့ချနိုင်ရန် ပြင်ဆင်နေပါသည်။..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education, National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2022-05-06
[field_licence]
Type: Individual Documents
Language:
Format : pdf
Size: 658.9 KB
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Title: National Unity Government: Ministry of Education Announcement No.4/2022 - အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန ကြေညာချက်အမှတ်(၄/၂၀၂၂)
Description: "ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ပညာရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန ကြေညာချက်အမှတ်(၄/၂၀၂၂) ၂၀၂၂ ခုနှစ်၊ မေလ (၄) ရက် အသိအမှတ်ပြုကြောင်းကြေညာခြင်း..."
Source/publisher: Ministry of Education, National Unity Government of Myanmar
Date of entry/update: 2022-05-04
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Title: Myanmar Humanitarian Update No. 17 | 19 April 2022
Description: "This regular update, covering humanitarian developments up to 12 April, is produced by OCHA Myanmar in collaboration with the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group and UN agencies. The next humanitarian update will be issued in May 2022. HIGHLIGHTS & KEY MESSAGES • Across Myanmar, as of 11 April, 912,700 men, women and children remain displaced. This includes 566,100 people displaced by the conflict and insecurity since the military takeover in February last year. For the first time, displacement in the northwest has exceeded 300,000 people. • Humanitarians continue providing critical life-saving assistance to displaced people and host communities wherever they can, including through local partners in the face of serious access constraints. • Increasing challenges are being reported by clusters around roadblocks and checkpoints, transportation of supplies and incomplete coverage by local partners in several conflict areas. • Despite access challenges and funding shortfalls, food security partners have reached 1.4 million people with life-saving assistance – a quarter of the Cluster’s target for 2022. • The Nutrition Cluster is facing pipeline breaks for both preventative and therapeutic nutrition supplies as early as June. • Amid escalating dangers from landmines and explosive ordnance in conflict areas, clusters have agreed to scale-up mainstreaming of risk education across all sectors. • There remains high risk of transmission of acute watery diarrhoea (AWD) in protracted IDP camps in Rakhine amid significant WASH gaps, as well as reliance on water trucking, and potentially boating, at the peak of the dry season in some areas. • Shelter repair gaps in Rakhine’s IDP camps are a significant concern heading into the monsoon season with more than 550 longhouses, sheltering more than 28,000 IDPs, considered structurally unsound and in urgent need of reconstruction. • Preparedness plans are being updated ahead of the rainy season to ensure a timely and efficient response in the event of an emergency in high-risk areas. • Funding for the 2022 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP), which requests US$826 million to reach 6.2 million people in need of life-saving support, is critical. Only 5 per cent ($37.2 million) of required funds have been received at the end of the first quarter of 2022 (FTS). All clusters are underfunded, which impedes their ability to respond to the growing needs and gaps in response. KEY FIGURES 912K People internally displaced across Myanmar 566K People currently displaced by clashes and insecurity since February 2021 346K People internally displaced mainly in Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, and Shan due to conflict prior to February 2021 8K Civilian properties estimated burnt or destroyed since February 2021. Displacement figures fluctuate during any given month. These figures represent the number of people currently displaced. Cumulative numbers for returns and displacement are not always available. SITUATION OVERVIEW Ongoing fighting in the country’s east and northwest has exacerbated the humanitarian and displacement situation. The use of heavy weapons, including airstrikes and artillery fire, as well as landmines and the presence of explosive remnants of war (ERW) continues to claim lives and pose risks to the safety and security of the civilian population, especially Internally Displaced People (IDPs). Since the military takeover, at least 1,600 people, including over 100 children, have been killed, and thousands injured or maimed according to Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).2 During the first two months of 2022, UNICEF recorded 53 casualties from landmines and ERW alone. (See page 5 of this update for more details) Hundreds of thousands of men, women, boys and girls have fled their homes for safety since the February military takeover, many of them forced to move multiple times exposing people to grave protection risks. As of 11 April 2022, the number of new IDPs since the military takeover in 2021 stands at 566,100, according to UN figures, bringing the total number of IDPs across the country to 912,700. In addition, it is estimated that 36,100 people from Myanmar are currently displaced in neighbouring countries. This includes 34,500 in India and 1,600 in Thailand. At least 8,262 houses and other civilian properties, including churches monasteries, schools, and markets have reportedly been either burnt down or destroyed, mainly in Sagaing and Magway regions and Chin and Kayah states. (See page 3 of this update for more details) The stressful financial situation already facing many vulnerable families after COVID-19 and the recent conflict has been placed under further strain by fresh price rises, especially for fuel since the start of the conflict in Ukraine which has impacted on global supply. According to WFP price monitoring, the price of fuel has increased by 18 per cent from February to March 2022 and is more than double the price (up 133 per cent) compared to February 2021.3The next round of monthly data is expected to show even steeper hikes. This has serious implications for people’s ability to purchase food and other essentials and if it becomes protracted, will also have an impact on the cost of humanitarian operations in 2022. In the HRP 2022, clusters anticipated continued inflation (ranging from 15-35 per cent depending on the cluster) but the ICCG will conduct a fresh stocktake of these impacts in the coming weeks. Against this backdrop of conflict, the monsoon season is now approaching, placing another burden on the lives of vulnerable and displaced people in high-risk areas and adding new urgency to addressing shelter and NFI funding gaps. While the first storm of the season reached the Rakhine coast with limited impact at the end of March, the weather system was a timely opportunity to refresh preparedness planning. In the lead up to the storm, the de facto Rakhine State authorities evacuated some 300 people to a primary school in Yone Ka Htoe village in Gwa township and at least 90 vulnerable IDPs, including elderly people and persons with disabilities, were relocated to cyclone shelters in Sittwe. The de facto authorities immediately activated the respective township-level Disaster Management Committees (DMCs), instructed Village Tract leaders to prepare cyclone shelters around camp areas to accommodate Rohingya IDPs in Sittwe and put in place a plan to relocate IDPs in Pauktaw township to high ground, if needed. Each district office of the Department of Disaster Management stored non-food items to cover 1,000 families as part of the initial response. Operational humanitarian partners in Rakhine immediately undertook preparedness activities at the sub-national level, disseminating disaster preparedness messages around cyclone, flood and landslide risks in Rohingya languages in camps in Sittwe and in Pauktaw townships. The Inter-Cluster Coordination Group (ICCG) also convened an emergency meeting in Yangon to take stock of preparedness actions before the storm hit. Humanitarian partners have been recently updating their national emergency response preparedness plans for 2022 in preparation for the monsoon season and in the event of an emergency, will coordinate with the relevant de facto authorities to ensure an immediate and efficient response. Overall, humanitarian actors, in close coordination with local partners, continue providing critical life-saving assistance to the most affected people but face ongoing challenges in addressing urgent needs due to access constraints and funding shortfalls. To meet their obligations to people in need, humanitarian actors, including the UN, international and national NGOs, need quicker, simpler and more predictable access processes. Visa, banking, registration, and MOU blockages remain major obstacles to effective response and must urgently be resolved. It is critical that new banking rules introduced by the Central Bank on foreign currency transactions do not hamper the ability of humanitarian organizations from accessing funding for life-saving work. Significant funding gaps persist, a quarter of the way into 2022. To date, only 5 per cent ($37.1 million) of the $826 million requested in the 2022 Humanitarian Response Plan, has been received (FTS). Continued underfunding of this magnitude will have life-threatening consequences for millions of people in 2022. Donors are urged to give generously, in solidarity with the people of Myanmar to save lives and protect hard-fought development gains while there is still a window to do so. Donors and funding recipients are also reminded of the importance of up-to-date and complete reporting of funding flows to the Financial Tracking Service to ensure that a clear picture of gaps is available to support decision-making..."
Source/publisher: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (New York) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of entry/update: 2022-04-19
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