Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups
Individual Documents
Description:
Summary: "In August and September 2007, Burmese democracy activists, monks and ordinary
people took to the streets of Rangoon and elsewhere to peacefully challenge nearly
two decades of dictatorial rule and economic mismanagement by Burma?s ruling
generals. While opposition to the military government is widespread in Burma, and
small acts of resistance are an everyday occurrence, military repression is so
systematic that such sentiment rarely is able to burst into public view; the last
comparable public uprising was in August 1988. As in 1988, the generals responded
this time with a brutal and bloody crackdown, leaving Burma?s population once
again struggling for a voice.
The government crackdown included baton-charges and beatings of unarmed
demonstrators, mass arbitrary arrests, and repeated instances where weapons were
fired shoot-to-kill. To remove the monks and nuns from the protests, the security
forces raided dozens of Buddhist monasteries during the night, and sought to
enforce the defrocking of thousands of monks. Current protest leaders, opposition
party members, and activists from the ?88 Generation students were tracked down
and arrested ? and continue to be arrested and detained.
The Burmese generals have taken draconian measures to ensure that the world does
not learn the true story of the horror of their crackdown. They have kept foreign
journalists out of Burma and maintained their complete control over domestic news.
Many local journalists were arrested after the crackdown, and the internet and mobile
phone networks, used extensively to send information, photos, and videos out of
Burma, were temporarily shut down, and have remained tightly controlled since.
Of course, those efforts at censorship were only partially successful, as some
enterprising and brave individuals found ways to get mobile phone video footage of
the demonstrations and crackdown out of the country and onto the world?s television
screens. This provided a small window into the violence and repression that the
Burmese military government continues to use to hold onto power..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
2007-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2007-12-08
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Events of 2007 and their consequences: "The Saffron Revolution" and its aftermath
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 2005..."Despite promises of political reform and national reconciliation, Burma?s authoritarian military government, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), continues to operate a strict police state and drastically restricts basic rights and freedoms. It has suppressed the democratic movement represented by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, under detention since May 30, 2003, and has used internationally outlawed tactics in ongoing conflicts with ethnic minority groups.
Hundreds of thousands of people, most of them from ethnic minority groups, continue to live precariously as internally displaced people. More than two million have fled to neighboring countries, in particular Thailand, where they face difficult circumstances as asylum seekers or illegal immigrants. The removal of Prime Minister General Khin Nyunt in October 2004 has reinforced hard-line elements within the SPDC and resulted in increasing hostility directed at democracy movements, ethnic minority groups, and international agencies..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
2005-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2007-03-07
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 2006..."Burma?s international isolation deepened during 2006 as the authoritarian military government, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), continued to restrict basic rights and freedoms and waged brutal counterinsurgency operations against ethnic minorities. The democratic movement inside the country remained suppressed, and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and other political activists continued to be detained or imprisoned. International efforts to foster change in Burma were thwarted by the SPDC and sympathetic neighboring governments..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
2007-01-11
Date of entry/update:
2007-03-07
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"The myth of state stability & a system of injustice
During 2006 Burma continued to be characterised by wanton criminality of state officers
at all levels, and the absence of the rule of law and rational government. Throughout the
year, the Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) documented violent crimes caused
by state officers, and the concomitant lack of any means for victims to complain and have
action taken against accused perpetrators..."
Source/publisher:
Asian Human Rights Commission
Date of publication:
2006-12-21
Date of entry/update:
2007-02-05
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"I would like to explain about this martial law according to records that I have studied...
martial law is neither more nor less than the will of the general who commands the army; in
fact, martial law means no law at all." (Major General Khin Nyunt, Secretary-1 of the State
Law and Order Restoration Council and head of military intelligence, 15 May 1991.)...
"Human rights are grossly and persistently violated throughout Myanmar. The victims
come from every section of society, and every ethnic and religious group. Opposition to the ruling
State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) has been systematically suppressed; over 1,500
political activists have been jailed, sometimes following unfair trials and sometimes with no trial
at all. Many have been tortured or have suffered other forms of ill-treatment. The military
continues to detain civilians to work as porters or as labourers who are routinely ill-treated and
even summarily killed when they become too exhausted to continue working. In ethnic minority
areas where the military confronts armed insurgency, defenceless civilians have been arbitrarily
arrested, tortured and killed. Minorities in areas where there is little or no armed opposition,
like the Muslims of Rakhine (Arakan) State, have also fallen victim to gross violations of their
basic rights, including arbitrary arrest, torture and extrajudicial execution..."
Source/publisher:
Amnesty International (ASA16/11/92)
Date of publication:
1992-10-28
Date of entry/update:
2006-06-24
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
602.06 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
AN INVESTIGATION AND LEGAL ASSESSMENT OF
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS INFLICTED IN BURMA,
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE
INTERNALLY DISPLACED, EASTERN PEOPLES..."For over a decade, the United Nations and Human Rights organisations have documented
systematic and widespread human rights violations inflicted on the people of Burma
generally, and on the ethnic people in particular. Most reports, however, with the exception
of some references to Article Three of The Geneva Conventions, have refrained from
conceptualizing the violations in terms of International Humanitarian Law. This report
addresses that gap and, in the aftermath of the State organised ambush of Daw Aung San
Suu Kyi?s convoy on May 30, 2003; the ongoing, widespread, systematic destruction of
substantial parts of the eastern ethnic peoples; and the failure to end impunity, recommends
a period of consultation, education and consensus building to explore the practicality,
political appropriateness, and morality of applying and enforcing relevant International
Humanitarian Law. This report analyses the human rights violations, identified by, amongst others, UN Special
Rapporteurs for human rights and Amnesty International, and expressed in UN General
Assembly Resolutions, that have been inflicted on the people of Burma for decades..." NOTE ON FORMAT: There is a glitch in the CD the online version is based on, with lines from the next page creeping onto the current page. This will be fixed eventually. There is also a plan to break the text up into managable chunks.
Guy Horton
Source/publisher:
Guy Horton, Images Asia
Date of publication:
2005-03-31
Date of entry/update:
2006-05-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
International Humanitarian Law (reports of violations in Burma), Armed conflict and peace-building in Burma - theoretical, strategic and general, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, International Justice and Burma
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
4.69 MB
Local URL:
more
Description:
A senior human rights official outlines Burmese ethnic minority communities? ongoing horrors...
In June, New York-based Human Rights Watch issued a damning and all too resonant report on the plight of an estimated 650,000 internally displaced persons in eastern Burma, most from the large Karen minority. The Karen are part of a very grim overall picture. ?The human rights situation in Burma is horrible,” says Brad Adams, HRW?s director for Asia. ?Gross violations of international humanitarian law are regularly committed by government forces, including the continued recruitment and use of child soldiers, extrajudicial executions, rape of women and girls, torture, and forced relocation.” Adams was recently interviewed by Dominic Faulder for The Irrawaddy.
Dominic Faulder/Brad Adams
Source/publisher:
"The Irrawaddy" Vol. 13, No. 9
Date of publication:
2005-08-31
Date of entry/update:
2006-04-30
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"Over the past two and half years, Amnesty International has been
increasingly concerned about the growing number of reports it has received
of serious human rights violations in the Socialist Republic of the Union
of Burma. These violations have allegedly been committed by Burmese
government armed forces and security agencies against mostly non-combattant
civilians of ethnic minority origin living in regions where armed insurgent
groups are active, notably in Burma?s eastern Karen and Kayah States.
Similar information has, however, come out of the Shan State in the east,
the Rakhine (Arakan) State in the west, the Mon State in the south and,
more recently, the Kachin State in the north (see Amnesty International?s
Reports 1985, 1986 and 1987). The alleged violations include the frequent
practice of arbitrary arrest and short-term detention without charge or
trial of suspected political offenders and the torture and ill-treatment of
political detainees, particularly of civilian villagers taken into military
custody during military operations. They also include persistent
allegations that civilian villagers suspected of supporting or sympathizing
with ethnic rebels, porters and traders travelling through restricted
areas as well as prisoners of war captured in combat have been
extrajudicially executed for political, ethnic or other reasons...".....APPENDIX:
SOME ILLUSTRATIONS OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL?S CONCERNS IN EASTERN BURMA
(1985-EARLY 1987): ALLEGATIONS OF EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS, TORTURE AND
ILL-TREATMENT OF CIVILIAN VILLAGERS IN THE KAREN STATE
Source/publisher:
Amnesty International (ASA 16/03.87)
Date of publication:
1987-08-31
Date of entry/update:
2005-08-19
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
50.79 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
"The 26-year rule of General Ne Win?s Burma Socialist Programme Party came
to an end when Armed Forces Chief of Staff General Saw Maung led a military
coup on 18 September 1988. The coup followed months of pro-democracy
demonstrations throughout the country - and the deaths of thousands of
mostly peaceful demonstrators as a result of shootings by the army. Since
the coup, severe human rights violations, including mass arrests of
prisoners of conscience and possible prisoners of conscience, widespread
torture, summary trials, and extrajudicial executions continued to occur at
a very high level. Recent testimonies obtained by Amnesty International
describe these human rights abuses and indicate that real or imputed
critics of Myanmar?s military government run a high risk of being
imprisoned, interrogated, and tortured for the peaceful expression of their
political views.
The new military government pledged political and economic reforms
that appeared to go some way towards meeting the demands of pro-democracy
protesters. The authorities announced that elections to a new parliament
would take place in May 1990, following which a new constitution would be
drawn up to lay the foundation for a multi-party, parliamentary democracy.
For the first time since 1962 political opposition parties were permitted
to organize and were recognized by the government. However, the promised
transition to parliamentary democracy was marred by renewed repression even
as the new military government established itself. Hundreds of people were
shot in the weeks following the coup by troops who fired on demonstrators
without warning. Possibly thousands had been detained by the military
government by March 1990, many of them prisoners of conscience. Prisoners
of conscience included the main opposition leaders, many of whom were
arrested in July 1989 and officially disqualified by the SLORC from
standing in the elections. Evidence based on interviews conducted in November and December 1989
by Amnesty International from recently released political prisoners and
refugees who have fled the country suggests not only that torture and
unlawful killings of civilians in ethnic minority areas continue to be
widespread but that torture of political suspects occurs in other parts of
the country (i.e. non-ethnic minority areas). Several of those interviewed
had been prisoners of conscience, arrested, interrogated and tortured for
the peaceful exercise of their fundamental human rights. In the light of
this new information, Amnesty International is seriously concerned that any
person arrested for political reasons in Myanmar must be considered to be
at risk of torture by government security forces..."
Source/publisher:
Amnesty International (ASA 16-04-90)
Date of publication:
1990-05-02
Date of entry/update:
2005-08-19
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Torture and ill-treatment: reports of incidents in Burma, Political prisoners and other violations in Burma - reports, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
67.66 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
"Widespread human rights violations have taken place throughout the country since
March 1988 as security forces have moved to suppress unprecedented popular
unrest that culminated in August in a huge uprising demanding an end to
authoritarian military rule and the establishment of multi-party democracy.
Several thousand mostly non-violent demonstrators including women and
children were reportedly killed by government security forces in March, June and
August in Rangoon, the capital, and in Mandalay, Moulmein, Pegu, Prome,
Taunggyi, Sagaing and other towns. During the same period a thousand others,
including prisoners of conscience, were arrested and held for long periods,
mostly in incommunicado detention. Although many of them were reportedly
released after, sometimes brutal, interrogation, hundreds, including prisoners
of conscience, were reported, in early September, to be still in prison, many
without charge or trial.
On 18 September 1988 the army staged a coup and brutally re-imposed
government control over the administration of the country which had been almost
paralysed by a series of general strikes that had involved an enormous number of
people throughout the country. The coup and its immediate aftermath prompted a
fresh outburst of street violence that resulted in hundreds more mostly
peaceful, unarmed demonstrators being killed and wounded and thousands of others
being arrested. Although no official figure was available, by December 1988
hundreds of political prisoners nationwide (including possible prisoners of
conscience) arrested since or before 18 September, were believed to be in
detention, most of them without charge or trial..."
Source/publisher:
Amnesty International (ASA 16/00/88, ASA 16/15/88)
Date of publication:
1988-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2005-08-18
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
82.87 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
"Thousands of ethnic minority people have fled Burma to escape the indiscriminate
brutality of the army?s counter-insurgency operations. Most of the refugees are
from the Karen State, a mountainous area bordering on Thailand. Others come
from the Mon and Kachin States and other parts of Burma. Their plight has
received little attention from the international community. In this report
Amnesty International publishes, for the first time, a detailed account of the
widespread extrajudicial executions, and torture and harsh treatment inflicted
on these people by soldiers operating in defiance of both Burmese and
international law...Since 1984 the Burmese army has waged intensive counter-insurgency
campaigns against various armed opposition groups, including minority movements
fighting for greater autonomy in the Karen, Kachin and Mon States. The civilian
population has suffered heavily in counter-insurgency drives. Most of the people
living in these remote and mountainous states are illiterate villagers making a
living out of rice farming or petty trading. To deny the insurgents any possible
logistical or other support the army has imposed harsh restrictions on the
villagers? lives, including controls on their movement, residence and wealth.
Whole villages have been regrouped in "strategic hamlets" - fenced settlements -
under strict curfew.
These restrictions impose intolerable hardships on rice farmers, whose
livelihood depends on free movement to tend their crops in often far-off fields,
and on itinerant traders who ply their wares between villages. People are forced
to risk their lives in order to survive. If they are found in places declared off-limits by the army, or on roads or in fields after curfew, they are
suspected of links with the insurgents and may be summarily shot or taken into
custody and tortured. Mutilated bodies are sometimes left by roadsides and in
the fields...1. SUMMARY
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 SOURCES AND THE SCALE OF ABUSES
2.2 BACKGROUND
2.2.1 HISTORICAL SKETCH
2.2.2 KAREN INSURGENCY
2.2.3 KACHIN AND MON INSURGENCIES
2.3 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL?S POSITION ON ABUSES BY ARMED OPPOSITION FORCES 12
3. EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION OF KAREN BY THE ARMY
3.1 CIRCUMSTANCES AND METHODS OF EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION
3.2 EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION FOR DISOBEYING RESTRICTIONS ON LIVELIHOOD
3.3 EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION OF PORTERS AND GUIDES
3.4 EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION FOR OTHER REASONS
4. TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT OF KAREN BY THE ARMY
4.1 CIRCUMSTANCES AND METHODS OF TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT
4.2 TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT DURING INTERROGATION
4.3 TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT AS PUNISHMENT
4.4 TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT OF WIVES TAKEN AS HOSTAGES
5. TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT OF KACHIN AND MON BY THE ARMY AND POLICE
5.1 KACHIN CASES
5.2 MON CASES
6. BURMESE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW AND AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 BURMESE LEGAL SAFEGUARDS AND REMEDIES RELATED TO HUMAN
6.1.1 PROVISIONS AGAINST TORTURE AND UNLAWFUL KILLING
6.1.2 FREEDOM FROM ARBITRARY ARREST AND DETENTION
6.1.3 THE JUDICIARY
6.1.4 POLITICAL OFFENCES INVOLVING VIOLENCE
6.1.5 EMERGENCY ABRIDGEMENT OF RIGHTS
6.1.6 INSPECTION AND COMPLAINTS PROCEDURES
6.2 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
6.3 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL?S COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE GOVERNMENT
6.4 GOVERNMENT REJECTION OF ALLEGATIONS OF EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION
6.5 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL?S RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE GOVERNMENT
6.5.1 HIGH-LEVEL GOVERNMENT STATEMENTS AGAINST HUMAN RIGHTS
6.5.2 FULL GOVERNMENT INQUIRY/PROSECUTION OF RESPONSIBLE AUTHORITIES
6.5.3 LEGISLATIVE REFORM AND ENFORCEMENT
6.5.4 IMPROVED TRAINING OF SECURITY FORCES
6.5.5 COMPENSATION FOR VICTIMS AND THEIR RELATIVES
6.5.6 PROVIDING ACCESS AND INFORMATION TO INTERNATIONAL BODIES
6.5.7 RATIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS
6.5.8 DIVISION OF DETENTION AND INTERROGATION RESPONSIBILITIES
6 5.9 COMPREHENSIVE PUBLIC RECORDS OF ARREST AND DETENTION.....
APPENDIX 1: REPORTED VICTIMS OF EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS; APPPENDIX 2: REPORTED VICTIMS OF TORTURE OR OTHER SEVERE ILL-TREATMENT.
Source/publisher:
Amnesty International (ASA 16-05-88)
Date of publication:
1988-04-30
Date of entry/update:
2005-08-17
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Torture and ill-treatment: reports of incidents in Burma, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
428.26 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
"While there are signs of relaxation of restrictions and some progress in economic, social and cultural rights, many civil and political rights are still severely restricted. Particularly, the right to life, liberty and security of person, freedoms from slavery, torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment, freedoms of thought, opinion, expression, peaceful assembly and association are widely violated and ignored especially in connection with forced labour, forced relocation, political activities including activities related to political parties and the National Convention."...
"Amnesty International welcomes certain incremental improvements which the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), Myanmar?s military authorities, have made in regards to the human rights situation. However the organization remains concerned that a system of repression is still in place which is being used to violate the fundamental human rights of the people of Myanmar. During 1993 non-violent critics of the SLORC were arrested and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment, and ethnic minorities, particularly the Karen, were still at grave risk of repressive measures by the Myanmar security forces in the course of their counterinsurgency operations. Torture and ill-treatment of both ethnic minorities during forced portering and of political prisoners in Myanmar?s jails continues to be a common occurrence. Some 70 prisoners of conscience remain in detention, most of whom have been sentenced after blatantly unfair trials. Other prisoners of conscience who have been released are routinely subjected to intimidation, which takes the form of surveillance, threats, and interrogation. Delegates to the SLORC-controlled National Convention have also been subject to similar repressive measures which have denied them the rights to freedom of expression and assembly..." Developments at the National Convention, Political Detention, Recent Arrests, Human rights violations against members of the Karen ethnic minority, Burmese Muslim refugees. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Other International Organizations.
Source/publisher:
Amnesty International USA
Date of publication:
1993-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2005-03-09
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Contents
1. Summary;
2. Purposes;3. Personnel;4. Itinerary;
5. Military Offensives and Human Rights Violations Against Ethnic Nationals;
6. Case Studies;
7. Health Status of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Karen, Karenni and Shan States;
8. Political Developments;
9. Recommendations.
Source/publisher:
Christian Solidarity Worldwide
Date of publication:
2004-05-07
Date of entry/update:
2004-05-10
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
I. Introduction;
II. Evidence of Violations of Human Rights by the SPDC;
III. Conclusion;
IV. Recommendations...
Appendices:
I The General Situation in Shan, Karenni and Karen States;
II The General Situation relating to refugees on Thai soil;
III Visit to An Internally Displaced Settlement in Karen State.
Source/publisher:
Christian Solidarity Worldwide
Date of publication:
2003-02-03
Date of entry/update:
2004-05-10
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
For the 60th Session of the
UN Commission Human Rights resolution on
The human rights situation in Myanmar?...- 1 -
Contents:
Recommendations;
Summary;
The Judicial System: Unjust Laws and Orders;
The Depayin Massacre;
Political Prisoners;
MPs, NLD members arrested for organizing
trip of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi;
Extension of Prison Terms Under Section 10 (A);
Hunger Strikes in Prison;
The Aging Political Prisoners;
Members of Parliament in
Prison and in Exile;
Women, Children, Racial, Ethnic &
Religious Minorities in Burma:-
Women:
Rape as a Systematic Tool;
The License to Rape Report;
Military's Response to the Report;
Responses to the Report;
Recommendations to the United Nations;
Other Tragedies Suffered by Women...
Children:
Burmese Children in Armed Conflict;
Health and Education of Children...
Racial, Ethnic and Religious Minorities:
Restrictions on Religious Practices
and Freedom...
Forced Labor, Forced Displacement, Land Mines
and Refugees and IDPs:-
Forced Labor:
The ILO and the Regime;
Forced Displacement;
Landmines;
Refugees and IDPs:
Bangladest Border;
Indian Border;
Thai Border...
Land Confiscation and Forced Relocation...
Economic Situation...
Appendix I:
Members of Parliament in Prison;
Appendix II:
Over 65 years Old Political Prisoners...
Appendix III:
Update Tables on Political Prisoners...
Summary:-
"The human rights situation in Burma has worsened again this
year. While the military junta claims that it is working to bring
"disciplined democracy" to the country through a "seven-point
roadmap", political arrests continue unabated and leaders of
the election-winning party, the National League for
Democracy, remain under detention. High-ranking officials of
the military junta try to paint a rosy picture of the political
future of the country while they refuse to cooperate with the
United Nations' call for an independent investigation into the
use of rape as a weapon against Shan women by the military
or to permit an inquiry into the massacre of National League
for Democracy members who came under the "premeditated
attack" of the military and its affiliated thugs near Tabayin
[Depayin] during the tour of the region by Aung San Suu Kyi
and her party members.
The junta also continues to ignore the resolutions of the past
years passed by the General Assembly and relevant bodies
and blatantly ignores the efforts of the United Nations'
Secretary General and his envoy to facilitate a national
reconciliation process in Burma.
Violations of human rights, including arbitrary killings, rape,
looting, force relocation, and destruction of villages continue
particularly in the border areas where large-scale military
offensives are launched against ethnic nationalities. The
Burmese people continue to be held hostage under the
military's corrupt, brutal, inhumane, and undemocratic
policies.
This briefing paper, along with many other reports compiled by
prominent human rights and intergovernmental organizations,
should serve as a testimony to the fact that human rights
violations in Burma are continuous, as they have tragically
been for many years; that the regime has no regard for the
protection and promotion of its people?s human rights and only
cares about instilling fear in the minds of the people through
the use of brute force so as to preserve military rule.
* This paper has been prepared by the Burma UN Service Office of the National
Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB)..."
Source/publisher:
Burma UN Service Office of the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB)
Date of publication:
2004-02-29
Date of entry/update:
2004-03-30
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Public briefings and oral statements to the CHR by non-governmental organisations, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
285.78 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
I SUMMARY �
Summary of Recommendations�
II THE PATTERN OF ABUSE:
Political Prisoners;
The Political Process;
The National Convention;
Forced Labor;
Discrimination Against Minorities�
III HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES DURING COUNTERINSURGENCY OPERATIONS:
The Renewed Offensive in the Karen State;
The Offensive Against Khun Sa;
IV THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE:
The United Nations;
China;
India;
The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN);
Japan;
The United States�
V RECOMMENDATIONS:
To the State Law and Order Restoration Council;
To the International Community;
APPENDIX I �
APPENDIX II.
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
1995-06-30
Date of entry/update:
2004-03-09
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
html
Size:
466.72 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
"This report presents the direct translations of 783 order documents and letters, selected from a total of 1,007 such documents. The orders dictate demands for forced labour, money, food and materials, place restrictions on movements and activities of villagers, and make threats to arrest village elders or destroy villages of those who fail to obey. Over 650 of those selected were sent by military units and local authorities of Burma?s ruling State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) junta to village elders in Toungoo, Papun, Nyaunglebin, Thaton, Pa?an and Dooplaya Districts, which together cover most of Karen State and part of eastern Pegu Division and Mon State (see Map 1 showing Burma or Map 2 showing Karen State). The remainder were sent by the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) or the Karen Peace Army (KPA), groups allied with the SPDC. All but a few of the orders were issued between January 2002 and February 2003..."
Papun, Pa?an, Thaton, Nyaunglebin, Toungoo, & Dooplaya Districts
General Forced Labour (Orders #1-150);
Forced Labour Supplying Materials (#150-191);
Set to a Village I: Village A, Papun District (#192-200);
Set to a Village II: Village B, Papun District (#201-226);
Set to a Village III: Village C, Thaton District (#227-241);
Set to a Village IV: Village D, Dooplaya District (#242-251);
Extortion of Money, Food, and Materials (#252-335);
Crop Quotas (#336-346);
Restrictions on Movement and Activity (#347-354);
Demands for Intelligence (#355-426);
Education, Health (#427-442);
Education (#427-439);
Health (#440-442);
Summons to Meetings? (#443-652);
DKBA & KPA Letters (#653-783);
DKBA Recruitment (#653);
DKBA General Forced Labour (#654-685);
DKBA Demands for Materials and Money (#686-719);
DKBA Restrictions (#720-727);
DKBA Meetings (#728-771);
KPA Letters (#772-783);
Appendix A: The Village Act and the Towns Act;
Appendix B: SPDC Orders Banning? Forced Labour.
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group ( KHRG #2003-01)
Date of publication:
2003-08-22
Date of entry/update:
2003-11-17
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Armed conflict in Burma - Impact on village life, including health and education, Non-ILO Reports on forced labour, including forced portering, in Burma and the region
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"Burma?s rulers need to be brought to account before they commit more political crimes and human rights abuses..."
Two months after the May 30 ambush on political activists and leaders of the opposition National League for Democracy (NLD), the human rights group Amnesty International called on Burma?s military regime to bring the culprits to justice and permit an independent and impartial investigation.
Amnesty said, "The events of 30 May show all too clearly the need for accountability and an end to impunity in Myanmar [Burma]." Other human rights organizations and several foreign governments also called Burma to answer.
Burma?s military regime, however, remains mute, ignoring pressure from abroad while claiming they arrested pro-democracy supporters, including NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi and Vice Chairman Tin Oo, for the sake of stability in the country..."
Thar Nyunt Oo
Source/publisher:
"The Irrawaddy" Vol. 11, No. 7
Date of publication:
2003-08-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-11-06
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Right to Life: reports of violations in Burma, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, International Justice and Burma
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Contents:
1. Executive Summary;
2. Introduction;
2a. Scope of report;
3. Background;
4. Definitions and Regulations;
4a. What is a political prisoner?;
4b. International and domestic regulations governing
treatment;
4c. Conflict zones;
4d. Cease-fire and "Pacified Areas";
4e. Support and perceived support for armed groups;
5. Politically Motivated Detentions in the Conflict Zones;
5a. Accusations;
5b. Places of detention;
5c. Were charges laid?;
6. Treatment of Detainees and Outcomes of Detention;
6a. Arbitrary detention;
6b. Torture;
6c. Extrajudicial killings;
6d. Disappearances;
7. Political Motivations Behind Detentions;
7a. Weakening/destruction of the People?s Movement;
7b. Power and absolute control;
7c. Eradication of armed forces;
7d. Other motivations;
7e. Secondary Effects;
8. Inclusion in Existing Reporting;
9. The Bigger Picture;
10. Conclusion;
11. Recommendations...
12. Appendixes:
a. Summary of cases;
b. Ethnic Armed and political groups;
c. Relevant international laws and regulations;
13. Glossary;
Map of Burma;
Map of Locations of Detention...
Executive Summary:
In Mr Paulo Sergio Pinheiro?s report to the 59th Commission on Human Rights
he stated,
"Political arrests since July 2002 have followed the pattern of un-rule of law,
including arbitrary arrest, prolonged incommunicado detention and interrogation by
military intelligence personnel, extraction of confessions of guilt or of information,
very often under duress or torture, followed by summary trials, sentencing and
imprisonment."
This report presents a sample of 46 cases that comply with the description
in Pinheiro?s statement but remain unrecognised as political arrests. They are
people mostly in Burma?s ethnic areas detained on accusations of supporting
non-Burman ethnic nationality opposition groups. The accusations range from
offering support through food and accommodation, to knowledge of
opposition group movements, to actually being a member of a non-Burman ethnic nationality opposition group..."
Source/publisher:
"Burma Issues", Altsean-Burma
Date of publication:
2003-07-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-09-21
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Political prisoners and other violations in Burma - reports, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Armed conflict and peace-building in Burma - theoretical, strategic and general, Detentions by the military in conflict areas
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
798.54 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
With the release of opposition leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi in May after nineteen months of de facto house arrest, hope arose that the military junta might take steps to improve its human rights record. However, by late 2002, talks between Suu Kyi and the government had ground to a halt and systemic restrictions on basic civil and political liberties continued unabated. Ethnic minority regions continued to report particularly grave abuses, including forced labor and the rape of Shan minority women by military forces. Government military forces continued to forcibly recruit and use child soldiers.....Human Rights Developments...Defending Human Rights... The Role of the International Community
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
2003-01-15
Date of entry/update:
2003-08-04
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
EBO "Burma News", Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
89.04 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
A useful and balanced overview.
FACTS ABOUT BURMA...
BURMA: A CHRONOLOGY...
CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND TO 1988:
Rise of Nationalism;
Ne Win and Isolationism;
Growth of Heroin Industry...
CHAPTER 2: THE MEN BEHIND THE MASSACRES:
The Ordeal of Aung San Suu Kyi...
CHAPTER 3: THE HUMAN COSTS OF MILITARY RULE:
Refugees;
Political Prisoners;
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and Forced Relocation;
Forced Labour;
Students and Education;
Political Prisoners;
Freedom of the Press;
The Militarization of Society;
Women Living under a Military Dictatorship;
Political Prisoners...
CHAPTER 4: THE CRIMINAL ECOMONY:
Sectors Complicit with Forced Labour;
Opium, Heroin and a Drug Economy...
CHAPTER 5: FORCED LABOUR AND THE ILO:
ILO Commission of Inquiry, 1998 Report;
Follow-up to the 1998 Report;
CHAPTER 6: GEOPOLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCES:
Neighbouring Countries;
Malaysia,Singapore and ASEA;
Canada and Other International Influences;
The United Nations;
Other National Governments;
How Does Canada Measure Up?;
Civil Society...
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS:
Canada?s Role;
Development Assistance;
Trade and Investment...
FURTHER READING...
WEB CONNECTIONS.
Clyde Sanger
Source/publisher:
Canadian Friends of Burma
Date of publication:
2001-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2003-07-09
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Political analysis of Burma and the region, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Canada-Burma relations
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Source/publisher:
Amnesty International Deutschland
Date of publication:
2001-05-30
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Amnesty International annual reports (Myanmar section) from 1994
Language:
Deutsch, German
Local URL:
more
Description:
Separate clickable chapters on: Forced Labor; Extra-judicial, Summery, or Arbitrary Executions; Arbitrary Detention and Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances; Torture and Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading treatment or punishment; Deprivation of Livelihood; Rights of the Child; Rights of Women; Rights of Ethnic Minorities; Rights to Education and Health; Freedom of Religious Belief and Practice; Freedom of Opinion, Expression and the Press; Freedom of Assembly and Association; Freedom of Movement; Internally Displaced People and Forced Relocation; The Situation of Refugees;
The Situation of Migrant Workers from Burma; Special Report #1 Landmines in Burma; Special Report #2 Tourism and Human Rights Violations - The Than Daung Gyi Project; List of Resources and Contributors.
Source/publisher:
National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB) Human Rights Documentation Unit
Date of publication:
2001-09-30
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Burma Human Rights Yearbook 2000, Articles and reports about the NCGUB
Language:
English
Format :
htm pdf
Size:
8.69 MB (630 pages) - Original version
Local URL:
more
Description:
"...Burma is a country rich in ethnic diversity. Yet although the SPDC attempts to promote this diversity, and the existence of its
135 "national races" (SPDC term for the country?s ethnic minority groups), the rights of ethnic minority people remain in
violation...n areas where cease-fire agreements have been reached, human rights abuses continue to take place. In fact, in these "national
reconciliation" areas human rights abuses have increased rather than abated. There has been no move on the part of the SPDC
to engage in political discussions with opposition groups to reinforce the military cease-fire agreements. Under the terms of the
cease-fire, some ethnic groups have been allowed to keep their arms and soldiers, however, SPDC had vastly increased the
number of its soldiers in those areas...
The continuing armed conflicts in the Karen, Karenni, Shan and Chin States have been accompanied by massive human rights violations..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Documentation Unit, NCGUB
Date of publication:
2001-09-30
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Several Groups, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Racial or ethnic discrimination in Burma: reports of violations against several groups
Language:
English
Format :
htm htm
Size:
92.2 KB 6.04 KB
Local URL:
more
Mr. Yozo Yokota
Source/publisher:
United Nations (E/CN.4/1993/37)
Date of publication:
1993-02-17
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Reports to the CHR/HRC by the Special Rapporteur on Myanmar (English), Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to nationality, citizenship and immigration (commentary)
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Mr. Yozo Yokota
Source/publisher:
United Nations (E/CN.4/1994/57)
Date of publication:
1994-02-16
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Reports to the CHR/HRC by the Special Rapporteur on Myanmar (English)
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Mr. Yozo Yokota
Source/publisher:
United Nations (E/CN.4/1995/65)
Date of publication:
1995-01-12
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Reports to the CHR/HRC by the Special Rapporteur on Myanmar (English)
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Mr. Yozo Yokota
Source/publisher:
United Nations (E/CN.4/1996/65)
Date of publication:
1996-02-05
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Reports to the CHR/HRC by the Special Rapporteur on Myanmar (English)
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Mr Rajsoomer Lallah
Source/publisher:
United Nations (E/CN.4/1997/64)
Date of publication:
1997-02-06
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Reports to the CHR/HRC by the Special Rapporteur on Myanmar (English)
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Mr Rajsoomer Lallah
Source/publisher:
United Nations (E/CN.4/1998/70)
Date of publication:
1998-01-15
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Reports to the CHR/HRC by the Special Rapporteur on Myanmar (English)
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Long section on IDPs; also on prison conditions and the suppression of the NLD.
Mr Rajsoomer Lallah
Source/publisher:
United Nations (E/CN.4/1999/35)
Date of publication:
1999-01-22
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Reports to the CHR/HRC by the Special Rapporteur on Myanmar (English)
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Good section on economic, social and cultural rights.
Mr Rajsoomer Lallah
Source/publisher:
United Nations (E/CN.4/2000/38)
Date of publication:
2000-01-24
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Reports to the CHR/HRC by the Special Rapporteur on Myanmar (English)
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Source/publisher:
United Nations (E/CN.4/RES/2001/15)
Date of publication:
2001-04-18
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Resolutions of the CHR on the situation of human rights in Myanmar (English)
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Written statement submitted by the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development. "1. In the year 2000, as in the past 12 years, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), Burma?s ruling military junta,
continues to be among the worst human rights violators of our times. Reported human rights violations included: extra-judicial,
summary and arbitrary executions, enforced disappearances, rape, torture, inhuman treatment, mass arrests, forced labour,
forced relocation, and denial of freedom of assembly, association, expression and movement..." ... ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: forced resettlement, forced relocation, forced movement, forced displacement, forced migration, forced to move, displaced
Rights & Democracy (ICHRDD)
Source/publisher:
United Nations ((E/CN.4/2001/NGO/124)
Date of publication:
2001-02-13
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Written statements to the CHR by non-governmental organisations
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
11.8 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
This report is based on the Special Rapporteur?s October 2001 fact-finding mission to Burma/Myanmar and information received by him up to December 2001, and should be read in conjunction with his report to the General Assembly (A/56/312)of 21 August 2001.
CONTENTS: I. ACTIVITIES OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR: A. Fact-finding mission; B. Other activities.
II. HUMAN RIGHTS-RELATED DEVELOPMENTS:
A. Activities of the governmental Committee on Human Rights;
B. Civil and political; rights:
1. Freedom of political association; Freedom of expression and information; 3. Political prisoners; 4. Conditions in prisons; 5. Freedom of religion; 6. Forced labour.
C. Economic, social, and cultural rights: 1. Tertiary education; 2. HIV/AIDS.
III. OTHER ISSUES:
A. Ceasefires;
B. Refugees and internally displaced persons; C. Child soldiers;
d. Violence against women;
E. Humanitarian aid.
IV. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. Annexes:
I. Program for the fact-finding mission of the Special Rapporteur on Myanmar of
the UN Commission on Human Rights.
II. List of humanitarian cases.
III. List of persons who reportedly received prison terms for communicating, trying or intending to communicate, or being suspected of communicating human rights information to the United Nations.
IV. List of persons interviewed by the Special Rapporteur during his visits to Lashio
and Mandalay.
Sr. Paulo Sergio Pinheiro
Source/publisher:
United Nations (E/CN.4/2002/45)
Date of publication:
2002-01-10
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Reports to the CHR/HRC by the Special Rapporteur on Myanmar (English), Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"Burma is a country where many nationalities live together. Half of the population is Burman, who live in the central plains and valleys, and the rest are from about 15 main ethnic groups, most of whom live in more hilly regions. Historically, Burma was never a single country until the British annexed it in 1886. After independence in 1948, the Burman leaders started making policies favouring the Burmans and making everyone else into second-class citizens. So one by one the non-Burman peoples went into revolution demanding equal rights. By the 1970s, there were more than 12 ethnic groups fighting against the Burmese government. They had their own governments and controlled alot of the territory outside of central Burma..."
_Report on: Civil and Political Rights, Economic, Social & Cultural Rights, Women, children and the elderly, Ethnic / Indigenous Rights, Problems of Human Rights Defence and Proposals / Recommendation.
Kevin Heppner
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG Articles and Papers)
Date of publication:
1995-10-01
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
The Military and Political Situation, The Human Rights Situation and Conclusions and Recommendations.
Kevin Heppner
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG Articles and Papers)
Date of publication:
1995-09-05
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"Human rights violations committed by units/personnel of Burma's SLORC armed forces 1994-1995". A 100 or so pages of summaries of incidents, classified by Burma army units, with date, army unit, name of commanding officer (where available), short description of incident. Important document. See also "A Swamp Full of Lilies" (1994) which
covers 1992-1993.
Source/publisher:
Project Maje
Date of publication:
1996-05-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
General Assembly, Fifty-second session.
The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the interim
report on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, prepared by Mr. Rajsoomer Lallah, Special
Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 51/117
of 12 December 1996 and Economic and Social Council decision 1997/272 of 22 July 1997. Good section on citizenship and citizenship legislation (paras 119-142), mainly relating to the Rohingyas, a Muslim group in Rakhine (Arakan) state; statelessness and the conformity of the different forms of citizenship [in Burma] with international norms. Also, the rights pertaining to democratic governance, the right to form and join trade unions, forced labour, violations against ethnic minorities, including violations of civil rights.
Mr. Rajsoomer Lallah
Source/publisher:
United Nations (A/52/484)
Date of publication:
1997-10-16
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Reports to the GA by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar (English), Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to nationality, citizenship and immigration (commentary)
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1988...
"The Bush administration's stance on Burma (Myanmar) was generally positive, although the U.S. embassy in Thailand has been slow to respond to requests for refugee status by Burmese students fleeing repression. The human rights situation in Burma continued to deteriorate sharply throughout 1989, following the bloody end in September 1988 of Burma's pro-democracy demonstrations, when at least 3000 students and other largely unarmed civilians on the streets of the capital and other cities were massacred. The Reagan administration was quick to suspend its small military and economic aid program, and the Bush administration continued to speak out against Burmese rights violations. As one diplomat in Rangoon told the Washington Post in March, "Since there are no U.S. bases and very little strategic interest, Burma is one place where the United States has the luxury of living up to its principles." ..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
1988-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1989...
"The military government in Burma, known as the State Law and Order Restoration Council, or SLORC, intensified political repression in the wake of the opposition's landslide victory in elections for a new National Assembly held in May 1990. Soon after taking power in September 1988, following an unprecedented nationwide uprising against the 26-year-old rule of General Ne Win and his Burma Socialist Programme Party in which security forces are believed to have killed an estimated 3,000 to 10,000 protestors, SLORC promised to deliver power to a civilian government as soon as elections could be organized..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
1989-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1991..." Refusing to respect the results of the 1990 general elections, Burma's military leaders intensified their crackdown on political dissent throughout the country in 1991. Repression was worse than any other time in recent years, marked by a complete lack of basic freedoms and the continuing imprisonment of thousands of suspected opponents of the ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC). By the middle of the year, the crackdown extended beyond members of the main opposition parties to include a massive purge of those employed in the civil service, schools and universities. In late 1990 and early 1991, SLORC also heightened its offensive against ethnic minority insurgent groups, resulting in widespread civilian casualties and the displacement of tens of thousands of people along Burma's borders. The award of the Nobel Peace Prize to opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi helped to focus attention on SLORC's disastrous human rights record.
The crackdown on members and supporters of Aung San Suu Kyi's party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), was especially severe..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
1991-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1992...Human Rights Developments
Burma (Myanmar) in 1992 remained one of the human rights disasters in Asia. Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi continued under house arrest, and an unknown number of political dissidents remained in prison. Reports of military abuses against members of ethnic minority groups were frequent. Certain positive measures were taken by Burma's military junta, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (slorc), such as the release of several hundred alleged political prisoners and slorc's accession to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. But the changes were largely superficial, and human rights violations persisted unchecked. ..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
1992-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1993...
"The ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council or SLORC continued to be a human rights pariah, despite its cosmetic gestures to respond to international criticism. Aung San Suu Kyi, winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize, was permitted visits from her family but remained under house arrest for the fifth year. SLORC announced the release of nearly 2,000 political prisoners, but it was not clear that the majority had been detained on political charges, nor could most of the releases be verified. At least one hundred critics of SLORC were detained during the year, and hundreds of people tried by military tribunals between 1989 and 1992 remained in prison. Torture in Burmese prisons continued to be widespread. Foreign correspondents were able to obtain visas for Burma more easily, but access by human rights and humanitarian organizations remained tightly restricted. A constitutional convention met throughout the year, but over 80 percent of the delegates were hand-picked by SLORC..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
1993-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1994..."The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), a military body established as a temporary government in Burma after the pro-democracy uprising in 1988, continued to be responsible for forced labor, especially on infrastructure projects; arbitrary detention; torture; and denials of freedom of association, expression, and assembly. Fighting with armed ethnic groups along the Thai and Chinese borders continued to diminish, as the SLORC reached a cease-fire agreement with the Kachin Independence Organization in February and opened talks with others.
Nobel Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the democratic opposition, remained under house arrest but for the first time since her detention in July 1989 was permitted to meet with visitors outside her family. On September 21, as the U.N. General Assembly opened in New York, she was allowed out of her house for a televised meeting with the chair and secretary-1 of the SLORC, Senior General Than Shwe and Lieutenant General Khin Nyunt. A second meeting took place on October 28..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
1994-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1995..."The most significant human rights event in Burma in 1995 was the release on July 10 of Nobel laureate and opposition leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi after six years of house arrest. Paradoxically, the governing military State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) took an increasingly hard-line stance during the year, and there was no overall improvement in the human rights situation. In some areas abuses increased, notably in the Karen, Karenni and Shan States where there was fighting, while throughout the country thousands of civilians were forced to work as unpaid laborers for the army. The SLORC continued to deny basic rights such as freedom of speech, association and religion and the right of citizens to participate in the political process..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
1995-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events December 1996-November 1997..." Respect for human rights in Burma continued to deteriorate relentlessly in 1997. The opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) continued to be a target of government repression. NLD leaders were prevented from making any public speeches during the year, and over 300 members were detained in May when they attempted to hold a party congress. There were no meetings during the year of the government's constitutional forum, the National Convention, which last met in March 1996; the convention was one of the only fora where Rangoon-based politicians and members of Burma's various ethnic movements could meet. The government tightened restrictions on freedom of expression, refusing visas to foreign journalists, deporting others and handing down long prison terms to anyone who attempted to collect information or contact groups abroad. Persecution of Muslims increased. Armed conflict continued between government troops and ethnic opposition forces in a number of areas, accompanied by human rights abuses such as forced portering, summary executions, rape, and torture. The ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) continued to deny access to U.N. Special Representative to Burma Rajsoomer Lallah. Despite its human rights practices, however, Burma was admitted as a full member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in July..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
1997-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events December 1997-early November 1998..."Ten years after the 1988 pro-democracy uprising was crushed by the army, Burma continued to be one of the world?s pariah states. A standoff between the government and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, general secretary of the opposition National League for Democracy (NLD), and other expressions of nonviolent dissent resulted in more than 1,000 detentions during the year. Many were relatively brief, others led eventually to prison sentences. Human rights abuses, including extrajudicial executions, rape, forced labor, and forced relocations, sent thousands of Burmese refugees, many of them from ethnic minority groups, into Thailand and Bangladesh. The change in November 1997 from the ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) to the gentler-sounding State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) had little impact on human rights practices and policies; the SPDC?s euphemism for continued authoritarian control—?disciplined democracy?— indicated no change. In addition to pervasive human rights violations, an economy in free fall made life even more difficult for the beleaguered population..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
1998-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of November 1998-October 1999)..."The ruling State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) offered no signs during the year that fundamental change was on the horizon. The SPDC's standoff with the opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) continued. No progress was made on ending forced labor. Counterinsurgency operations by the Burmese military in several ethnic minority areas, accompanied by extrajudicial executions, forced relocation, and other abuses, led to the displacement of thousands inside Burma and the flight of yet more refugees across the border into Thailand. In one of the few positive developments during the year, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) reopened its office in Rangoon in May and was able to visit Burmese prisons on a regular basis.
Bilateral and multilateral policies towards Burma remained largely unchanged during the year, with sanctions in place from much of the industrialized world. Various governments tried combinations of diplomatic carrots and economic sticks to improve human rights and encourage negotiations between the SPDC and the opposition, but none had succeeded by late October.
Arrests and intimidation of supporters of the NLD continued, part of a campaign that began in August 1998 after the NLD announced its intention to convene a parliament in line with the 1990 election result. This was foiled by mass arrests, and the NLD subsequently established a ten-member Committee Representing People's Parliament (CRPP), a kind of parallel parliamentary authority whose creation was seen as a direct challenge to the government. Some sixty parliamentarians remained under detention while thousands of NLD registered voters were forced to resign their party membership..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
1999-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events November 1999-October 2000..."The Burmese government took no steps to improve its dire human rights record. The ruling State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) continued to pursue a strategy of marginalizing the democratic opposition through detention, intimidation, and restrictions on basic civil liberties. Despite international condemnation, the system of forced labor remained intact.
In the war-affected areas of eastern Burma, gross violations of international human rights and humanitarian law continued. There, the Shan State Army-South (SSA-S), Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP), and Karen National Union (KNU), as well as some other smaller groups, continued their refusal to agree to a cease-fire with the government, as other insurgent forces had done, but they were no longer able to hold significant territory. Tens of thousands of villagers in the contested zones remained in forced relocation sites or internally displaced within the region.
Human Rights Developments
The SPDC continued to deny its citizens freedom of expression, association, assembly, and movement. It intimidated members of the democratic opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) into resigning from the party and encouraged crowds to denounce NLD members elected to parliament in the May 1990 election but not permitted to take their seats. The SPDC rhetoric against the NLD and its leader, Aung San Suu Kyi, became increasingly extreme. On March 27, Senior Gen. Than Shwe, in his Armed Forces Day address, called for forces undermining stability to be eliminated. It was a thinly veiled threat against the NLD. On May 2, a commentary in the state-run Kyemon (Mirror) newspaper claimed there was evidence of contact between the NLD and dissident and insurgent groups, an offense punishable by death or life imprisonment. In a May 18 press conference, several Burmese officials pointed to what they said were linkages between the NLD and insurgents based along the Thai-Burma border, and on September 4 the official Myanmar Information Committee repeated this charge in a press release after Burmese security forces raided the NLD headquarters in Rangoon..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
2000-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Introduction, maps, methodology, interviews.
Source/publisher:
Project Maje
Date of publication:
1985-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"...The human rights violations still continue in every area of Burma especially in the ethnic areas of Burma. Burmans are not being treated like ethnic people, but because of the civil war and the four cuts system in the ethnic areas the ethnic people suffer a lot. More than the Burman people. But Burmese people also suffer other kinds of human rights violations. In the ethnic areas there is forced portering and forced relocation on a massive scale, but at the same time inside Burma there is political detention and arrest of political activist still going on. We can not compare what is worse and which one is the better one, but the human rights situation is as bad as before like ten years ago. I would say that in some areas its getting worse and in some areas its getting better.
Even after we get democracy or even after the SPDC is overthrown so people with the kind of basic knowledge
can be helpful for the foundation of civil society for the future of Burma...I decided to do some kind of training to give the knowledge about human rights and give a chance for people to think about their basic rights. This is good for the future of Burma so that people know about their rights, so they know how to prevent abuses. If they know how to advocate then they can protect their human rights. Even after we get democracy or even after the SPDC is overthrown so people with the kind of basic knowledge can be helpful for the foundation of civil society for the future of Burma..."
Aung Myo Min
Source/publisher:
"The Irrawaddy"
Date of publication:
1999-06-30
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
The worsening situation of the internally displaced in all northern Karen districts, forced labour and convict porters, rice quotas, the desperate situation of rank-and-file SPDC soldiers, forced repatriation of refugees in Thailand, and the SPDC?s persistence in denying that there is any problem whatsoever.
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG)
Date of publication:
2000-10-17
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Forced relocation of Karen, Internal displacement/forced migration of Karen villagers
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Covering events from January - December 2000
Source/publisher:
Amnesty International
Date of publication:
2000-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
Japanese
Local URL:
more
Description:
"In the sixth year of government by the ruling State Law and
Order Restoration Council (SLORC), there has been no
fundamental change in its attitude towards respecting the
basic human rights of its citizens. Whereas the SLORC took
a number of tentative steps to indicate to the
international community a willingness to address the human
rights situation in Myanmar, it at the same time reinforced
its repressive hold within the country..." Keywords: prisoners of conscience, house/town arrest, death in custody, death penalte, minorities, politically-motivated criminal charges, ill-health, torture, ill-treatment, prison conditions, solitary confinement, long-term imprisonment, forced labour, transportation, extrajudicial execution, women, farmers, aged, lawyers, political activists, journalists, parliamentarians, writers, editors, publishers, students, dentists, scientists, military as victims, doctors, refugees, armed conflict, military, impunity, constitutional change, political background, release, photographs, UN
Source/publisher:
Amnesty International (ASA 16/18/94)
Date of publication:
1994-10-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Information on a new flow of refugees from northeastern Pa?an District into Thailand. The villagers say that they fled their village in mid-January 2001 because SPDC troops are using them as porters, forced labour on an access road, and Army camp labour in order to strengthen the regime?s control over this contested area. Worst of all, the villagers say they are being ordered to clear landmines in front of the SPDC Army?s road-building bulldozer, and to make way for new Army camps.
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG Information Update #2001-U1)
Date of publication:
2001-02-20
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Armed conflict in Burma - Impact on village life, including health and education, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Non-ILO Reports on forced labour, including forced portering, in Burma and the region, Reports and maps covering anti-personnel landmines and Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Food shortages, disease, killings and life on the run.Based on new interviews and reports from KHRG field researchers, this update summarises the increasingly desperate situation for villagers in these two districts. In the hills, the people of several hundred villages are still in hiding, their villages destroyed by SPDC troops. Their survival situation is now desperate as 40 SPDC Battalions continue to systematically destroy their rice supplies and crops and landmine their fields, and shoot them on sight. In the villages under SPDC control, people suffer under an impossible burden of many kinds of forced labour and extortion.
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG (Information Update #2001-U3)
Date of publication:
2001-04-09
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Discrimination against the Karen, Racial or ethnic discrimination in Burma: reports of violations against several groups, Forced relocation of Karen, Internal displacement/forced migration of Karen villagers, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Roads, Relocations, and the Campaign for Control in Toungoo District. Based on interviews and field reports from KHRG field researchers in this northern Karen district, looks at the phenomenon of ?Peace Villages? under SPDC control and ?Hiding Villages? in the hills; while the ?Hiding Villages? are being systematically destroyed and their villagers hunted and captured, the ?Peace Villages? face so many demands for forced labour and extortion that many ofthem are fleeing to the hills. Looks at forced labour road construction and its relation to increasing SPDC militarisation of the area, and also at the new tourism development project at Than Daung Gyi which involves large-scale land confiscation and forced labour. Keywords: Karen; KNU; KNLA; SPDC deserters; Sa Thon Lon activities; human minesweepers; human shields; reprisals against villagers; abuse of village heads; SPDC army units; military situation; forced relocation; strategic hamletting; relocation sites; internal displacement; IDPs; cross-border assistance; forced labour; torture; killings; extortion, economic oppression; looting; pillaging; burning of villages; destruction of crops and food stocks; forced labour on road projects; road building; restrictions on movment; lack of education and health services; tourism project; confiscation of land and forced labour for tourism project;landmines; malnutrition; starvation; SPDC Orders.
... ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: forced resettlement, forced relocation, forced movement, forced displacement, forced migration, forced to move, displaced
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group Regional & Thematic Reports (KHRG #2000-05)
Date of publication:
2000-10-15
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Armed conflict in Burma - Impact on village life, including health and education, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Right to food: reports of violations in Burma, Forced relocation of Karen, Non-ILO Reports on forced labour, including forced portering, in Burma and the region, Internal displacement/forced migration of Karen villagers, Tourism in Burma - critical, Destruction/theft of crops and food stores, killing/theft of livestock
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Pa?an, Dooplaya, Toungoo, Papun, & Thaton Districts. Over 250 orders dating from mid-1999 through late September 2000, the vast majority of them from the latter half of that period. Includes restrictions on the movement of villagers, forced relocation, demands for forced labour, extortion of money, food, and materials, threats to villagers and other demands, as well as documents related to rice quotas which farmers are forced to give, education and health. Also contains one order #174 which directly shows the role of a Dutch timber importing company in causing the SPDC to threaten all non-government controlled timber traders. ... ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: forced resettlement, forced relocation, forced movement, forced displacement, forced migration, forced to move, displaced
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group Orders Reports (KHRG #2000-04)
Date of publication:
2000-10-12
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Forced relocation of Karen, Internal displacement/forced migration of Karen villagers
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"Human rights violations committed by units/personnel of Burma's Army, 1992-1993".
60 pages of summaries of incidents, classified by Burma army units, with date, army unit, name of
commanding officer (where available), short description of incident. Important document. See also "Dacoits Inc." (1996) which covers 1994-1995.
Source/publisher:
Project Maje
Date of publication:
1994-01-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Information from KHRG researchers in Thaton District, which spans the border of northern Mon State and Karen State. SPDC troops already have a relatively strong hold on the area, but they have been intimidating and torturing villagers in an effort to wipe out any remaining support for the Karen resistance, and forcing villagers to join militia-like SPDC paramilitary groups.
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG Information Update #2001-U2)
Date of publication:
2001-03-20
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Armed conflict in Burma - Impact on village life, including health and education, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, Discrimination against the Karen
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1996
Source/publisher:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US Department of State
Date of publication:
1997-01-30
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, US State Dept. - reports on human rights in Burma
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
83.79 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1997
Source/publisher:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State
Date of publication:
1998-01-30
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, US State Dept. - reports on human rights in Burma
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1998
Source/publisher:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US Dept. of State
Date of publication:
1999-02-26
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, US State Dept. - reports on human rights in Burma
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1999
Source/publisher:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State
Date of publication:
2000-02-25
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, US State Dept. - reports on human rights in Burma
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 2002. "Burma is ruled by a highly authoritarian military regime. In 1962 General Ne Win overthrew the elected civilian government and replaced it with a repressive military government dominated by the majority ethnic group. In 1988 the armed forces brutally suppressed prodemocracy demonstrations, and a junta composed of military officers, called the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), led by Senior General Than Shwe, took control. Since then the SPDC has ruled by decree. The judiciary was not independent, and there was no effective rule of law.
The regime reinforced its firm military rule with a pervasive security apparatus, the Office of Chief Military Intelligence (OCMI). Control was implemented through surveillance of government employees and private citizens, harassment of political activists, intimidation, arrest, detention, physical abuse, and restrictions on citizens' contacts with foreigners. The SPDC justified its security measures as necessary to maintain order and national unity. Members of the security forces committed numerous, serious human rights abuses..."
Source/publisher:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights,and Labor, US Department of State
Date of publication:
2003-03-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, US State Dept. - reports on human rights in Burma
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1994
Source/publisher:
U.S. Department of State
Date of publication:
1995-01-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, US State Dept. - reports on human rights in Burma
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
123.41 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1995
Source/publisher:
U.S. Department of State
Date of publication:
1996-02-29
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, US State Dept. - reports on human rights in Burma
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
61.08 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 2000
Source/publisher:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US Department of State
Date of publication:
2001-01-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, US State Dept. - reports on human rights in Burma
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 2001.
"Burma is ruled by a highly authoritarian military regime. Repressive military governments dominated by
members of the majority Burman ethnic group have ruled the ethnically Burman central regions and some
ethnic-minority areas continuously since 1962, when a coup led by General Ne Win overthrew an elected civilian government.
Since September 1988, when the armed forces brutally suppressed massive prodemocracy demonstrations, the State Peace and
Development Council (SPDC), a junta composed of senior military officers, has ruled by decree, without a constitution or
legislature. The Government is headed by armed forces commander Senior General Than Shwe, although Ne Win, who retired
from public office during the 1988 prodemocracy demonstrations, continued to wield informal influence..."
Source/publisher:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights,and Labor, US Department of State
Date of publication:
2002-03-04
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, US State Dept. - reports on human rights in Burma
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
Events of 1993
Source/publisher:
U.S. Department of State
Date of publication:
1994-01-31
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups, US State Dept. - reports on human rights in Burma
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
110.22 KB
Local URL:
more