Librarian's Choice
Librarian's Choice
Source/publisher:
Amnesty International (ASA 16/00/88, ASA 16/15/88)
Date of publication:
1988-12-00
Description:
"Widespread human rights violations have taken place throughout the country since
March 1988 as security forces have moved to suppress unprecedented popular
unrest that culminated in August in a huge uprising demanding an end to
authoritarian military rule and the establishment of multi-party democracy.
Several thousand mostly non-violent demonstrators including women and
children were reportedly killed by government security forces in March, June and
August in Rangoon, the capital, and in Mandalay, Moulmein, Pegu, Prome,
Taunggyi, Sagaing and other towns. During the same period a thousand others,
including prisoners of conscience, were arrested and held for long periods,
mostly in incommunicado detention. Although many of them were reportedly
released after, sometimes brutal, interrogation, hundreds, including prisoners
of conscience, were reported, in early September, to be still in prison, many
without charge or trial.
On 18 September 1988 the army staged a coup and brutally re-imposed
government control over the administration of the country which had been almost
paralysed by a series of general strikes that had involved an enormous number of
people throughout the country. The coup and its immediate aftermath prompted a
fresh outburst of street violence that resulted in hundreds more mostly
peaceful, unarmed demonstrators being killed and wounded and thousands of others
being arrested. Although no official figure was available, by December 1988
hundreds of political prisoners nationwide (including possible prisoners of
conscience) arrested since or before 18 September, were believed to be in
detention, most of them without charge or trial..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-08-18
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Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Source/publisher:
Amnesty International (ASA 16/23/89)
Date of publication:
1989-11-00
Description:
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. THE MILITARY TAKEOVER OF 18 SEPTEMBER 1988 AND ITS BACKGROUND
3. MARTIAL LAW RESTRICTIONS ON CIVIL LIBERTIES AND LEGISLATION USED
TO DETAIN PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE
3.1 Martial law Order Number 2/88 and Notification Number 8/88 of
18 September 1988 and 10 October 1988
3.2 The 1950 Emergency Provisions Act
3.3 The 1962 Law for the Registration of Printers and Publishers
4. UNFAIR TRIAL AND DETENTION WITHOUT CHARGE OR TRIAL
4.1 The Judicial Law of 26 September 1988
4.2 Martial law Orders Numbers 1/89 and 2/89 of 17 and 18 July 1989
4.3 The 1975 State Protection Law
5. NUMBERS OF ARRESTS
6. THE AUTHORITIES? POSITION
7. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
8. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL?S RECOMMENDATIONS
9. STUDENT OPPOSITION GROUPS AND POLITICAL PARTIES
9.1 Student groups: The All-Burma Federation of Student Unions
(ABFSU) and the All Burma Students? Democratic Association
(ABSDA)
9.1.1 Student political objectives, strategy and tactics
9.1.2 Students and armed insurgents
9.1.3 The All Burma Students Democratic Federation (ABSDF)
9.2 Political parties
9.2.1 The National League for Democracy (NLD)
9.2.2 The Democratic Party for a New Society (DPNS)
9.2.3 Other political parties
10. ARRESTS OF PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE OR POSSIBLE PRISONERS OF
CONSCIENCE BETWEEN 18 SEPTEMBER 1988 AND JANUARY 1989
10.1 Nay Min alias Win Shwe
10.2 Aung Thet U alias Aung Thet Oo, Maung Maung Nyunt,
Myo Zaw Win, Ne Win alias Nay Win, Aung Tha Win
10.3 Zaw Win alias Hanid alias Maung Zaw Win alias Hadun alias
Har Nink
10.4 Aye Myint
10.5 Sein Hla Aung, Maung Maung Soe alias Wai Lu, Kyaw Lin,
Aung Cho, Aung Gyi
11. DEVELOPMENTS BETWEEN JANUARY AND MARCH 1989
11.1 Paw U Tun?s first public appearance since the coup
11.2 Aung San Suu Kyi?s visit to Ayeyarwady Division and reported
arrests
11.3 Bo Yan Naing?s funeral
11.4 Aung San Suu Kyi?s visit to the Shan State
11.5 A February 1989 ABFSU open letter to political parties
11.6 A Paw U Tun statement about the military
11.7 Differences between student and political leaders
11.8 Aung San Suu Kyi?s response
12. ARRESTS IN CONNECTION WITH MEMORIAL AND PROTEST GATHERINGS AND
POLITICAL MEETINGS
12.1 SLORC warnings
12.2 Student plans and leaflets
12.3 Further government warnings
12.4 Arrests on 10 and 11 March 1989:
Than Nyunt Oo, Ko Ko Naing, Zaw Thein Oo,
Kyaw San Oo, Ko Yan Nyein, Nyi Nyi Naing
12.5 The 13 March 1989 memorial rallies in honour of Maung Phone
Maw
12.6 Arrests on 13 March 1989:
Kyaw Oo, Ma Lay Lay Myint, Ma Mar Lar Nwe, Ma Sanda U,
Aung Naing Oo, Ma Thi Thi Maw, Ma Sein Sein Kyu,
Maung Maung, Min Aung, Chit Swe, Pe Win, Maung Win
Ma Tin Win, Khin Yu Swe, Kaing Kaing Maw, Ma Mu Mu Lwin
12.7 "Red Bridge" demonstrations on 16 March 1989
12.8 Arrests on 16 March 1989:
Lu Aye, Kyaw Sein, Ye Win
12.9 Demonstrations on 17 March 1989
12.10 Arrests on 18 March 1989:
Toe Kyaw Hlaing, Ma Khin Hnin Nwe, Tint Lwin Oo,
Tun Tun Aye, Tin Ko Oo
12.11 Meetings at political party offices from 16 to 20 March
1989
12.12 Demonstrations and arrests on 20 and 21 March 1989:
Myat San, Zaw Oo, Aye Min, Thant Zin, Ma San San Oo,
Bo Kyi, Yan Myo Thein, Min Thu, Aung Myat Oo,
Ma Win Myo Kyi
12.13 Demonstration and arrests on 21 March 1989:
Cho Gyi, Ma Saw Thu Wai, Win Naing
12.14 Arrest of the ABFSU Chairman Paw U Tun on 24 March 1989
12.15 Arrest on 24 March 1989:
Ma Saw Sandar Win
12.16 Demonstrations and arrests on 25 March 1989
12.17 Demonstrations on Armed Forces Day, 27 March 1989
12.18 Arrests on 27 March 1989:
Tin Htay, Sithu Tun, Win Myint Than
12.19 Other Armed Forces Day demonstrations
12.20 General Saw Maung?s Armed Forces Day speech
12.21 New SLORC warnings to student organizations and political
parties
12.22 Aung San Suu Kyi on arrests in March 1989
13. APRIL AND MAY 1989 ARRESTS IN CONNECTION WITH POSSESSION OF
ANTI-GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS, PERFORMANCE OF ANTI-GOVERNMENT
SATIRES, AND MAKING OF ANTI-GOVERNMENT SPEECHES
13.1 SLORC warnings on 7 April 1989
13.2 Arrests on 8 April 1989
13.3 Gatherings on the traditional new year
13.4 Arrests in connection with new years gatherings:
Pa Du
13.5 Arrests on 24 April 1989: 4
Aung Din, Min Thein Kha
14. JUNE 1989 ARRESTS APPARENTLY CONNECTED TO PLANS FOR A SCHOOL
BOYCOTT
14.1 The ABFSU conference in Mandalay
14.2 NLD and other political party endorsements
14.3 Reported arrests on 11 June 1989
14.4 More SLORC warnings on 13 June 1989
14.5 Arrests on 27 June 1989:
Nyo Tun, Zaw Zaw Aung
15. MAY AND JUNE 1989 ARRESTS CONNECTED TO RESTRICTIONS ON
PRINTING, PUBLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF DOCUMENTS
15.1 Arrests on 14 June 1989
15.2 Aung San Suu Kyi?s response to the restrictions
16. JUNE 1989 ARRESTS IN CONNECTION WITH MEMORIAL AND CAMPAIGN
GATHERINGS ORGANIZED BY STUDENT GROUPS AND LEGALLY-REGISTERED
POLITICAL PARTIES
16.1 Disagreements over continuation of the martial law regime
16.2 Severance of official contacts with the DPNS
16.3 Temporary detention of Cho Cho Kyaw Nyein
16.4 ABFSU-NLD Youth joint press conference
16.5 Memorial ceremonies on 21 June 1989
16.6 Security force shootings, the temporary detention of
Aung San Suu Kyi and other arrests on 21 June 1989
16.7 22. June 1989: SLORC announces continued tight control and
attacks Aung San Suu Kyi
16.8 NLD denials of links to the communist insurgency
16.9 A gathering on 23 June 1989
16.10 Arrests on 23 June 1989:
U Kaweinda, Ko Thant Sin alias Ko Thant Zin
16.11 Aung San Suu Kyi?s 26 June 1989 press conference
announcing plans for anniversary gatherings
16.12 30 June 1989: More SLORC attacks on Aung San Suu Kyi and
the NLD
16.13 28 June 1989 arrest:
U Aung Lwin
17. JULY 1989 ARRESTS IN CONNECTION WITH MEMORIAL AND CAMPAIGN
GATHERINGS ORGANIZED BY STUDENT GROUPS AND LEGALLY-REGISTERED
POLITICAL PARTIES
17.1 Aung San Suu Kyi again criticizes U Ne Win and denies
communist influence
17.2 NLD gathering on 2 July 1989
17.3 Arrest on 2 July 1989:
U Yan Kyaw alias Ko Yan Kyaw
17.4 NLD gathering on 3 July 1989
17.5 Arrest on 4 July 1989:
Win Tin, U Ngwe Hlaing
17.6 NLD gathering and General Saw Maung?s press conference
on 5 July 1989
17.7 NLD gatherings on 6 July 1989 and student demonstrations on
7 July 1989
17.8 Arrests on 7 July 1989:
Mya Thin, Kyaw Htay U, Aung Kyaw U, Toe Kyaw Hlaing
17.9 NLD and ABFSU gatherings and the Syriam bomb explosion on
7 July 1989
17.10 NLD gathering and the bomb explosion on 10 July 1989
17.11 Arrests on 10 and 13 July 1989:
Moe Maung Maung, Tun Kyi, Maung Myat Tu
17.12 NLD plans for Martyrs Day ceremonies on 17 July 1989
17.13 The SLORC ban
17.14 Arrests on 17 July 1989:
Zaw Gyi alias Than Zaw alias Nwe Thagi, Nyi Nyi U,
Moe Kyaw Thu
17.15 Other arrests on 17 July 1989:
Moe Hein, San Maung, Zaw Win Aung, Kyaw Win Moe,
Htay Lwin, Khin Maung Tin, Thet Naing alias Htet Naing,
Kyaw Lwin Nyunt alias Kyaw Lwin Myint
17.16 Aung San Suu Kyi on summary trials and allegations of NLD
involvement in the Syriam bombing
17.17 Arrest on 18 July 1989:
Aung Zeya
17.18 SLORC special measures to prevent Martyrs Day gatherings
17.19 The NLD cancels its Martyrs Day gathering
17.20 Student Demonstrations and arrests on 19 July 1989
17.21 Arrests on 20 July 1989 of the NLD leadership:
Aung San Suu Kyi, Tin U, Daw Myint Myint Khin,
Maung Moe Thu alias U Moe Thu, U Thaw Ka alias U Ba Thaw,
Ma Theingi, Myint Shwe, Soe Myat Thu, Moe Myat Thu
17.22 21 July 1989: The SLORC explains the arrests
17.23 Other arrests on and since 20 July 1989
17.23.1 In Yangon on 20 July 1989:
Aye Lwin, Ko Hla Twe alias U Hla Htwe
17.23.2 In Mandalay on 25 July 1989:
Ko Aung Win alias U Aung Win, Daw Cho Cho Than,
Ko Aung Kyaw Myint, Daw Aye Aye Than
18. DEMONSTRATIONS AND ARRESTS ON AND
Date of entry/update:
2005-08-18
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Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Source/publisher:
Amnesty International (ASA 16-05-88)
Date of publication:
1988-05-00
Description:
"Thousands of ethnic minority people have fled Burma to escape the indiscriminate
brutality of the army?s counter-insurgency operations. Most of the refugees are
from the Karen State, a mountainous area bordering on Thailand. Others come
from the Mon and Kachin States and other parts of Burma. Their plight has
received little attention from the international community. In this report
Amnesty International publishes, for the first time, a detailed account of the
widespread extrajudicial executions, and torture and harsh treatment inflicted
on these people by soldiers operating in defiance of both Burmese and
international law...Since 1984 the Burmese army has waged intensive counter-insurgency
campaigns against various armed opposition groups, including minority movements
fighting for greater autonomy in the Karen, Kachin and Mon States. The civilian
population has suffered heavily in counter-insurgency drives. Most of the people
living in these remote and mountainous states are illiterate villagers making a
living out of rice farming or petty trading. To deny the insurgents any possible
logistical or other support the army has imposed harsh restrictions on the
villagers? lives, including controls on their movement, residence and wealth.
Whole villages have been regrouped in "strategic hamlets" - fenced settlements -
under strict curfew.
These restrictions impose intolerable hardships on rice farmers, whose
livelihood depends on free movement to tend their crops in often far-off fields,
and on itinerant traders who ply their wares between villages. People are forced
to risk their lives in order to survive. If they are found in places declared off-limits by the army, or on roads or in fields after curfew, they are
suspected of links with the insurgents and may be summarily shot or taken into
custody and tortured. Mutilated bodies are sometimes left by roadsides and in
the fields...1. SUMMARY
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 SOURCES AND THE SCALE OF ABUSES
2.2 BACKGROUND
2.2.1 HISTORICAL SKETCH
2.2.2 KAREN INSURGENCY
2.2.3 KACHIN AND MON INSURGENCIES
2.3 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL?S POSITION ON ABUSES BY ARMED OPPOSITION FORCES 12
3. EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION OF KAREN BY THE ARMY
3.1 CIRCUMSTANCES AND METHODS OF EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION
3.2 EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION FOR DISOBEYING RESTRICTIONS ON LIVELIHOOD
3.3 EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION OF PORTERS AND GUIDES
3.4 EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION FOR OTHER REASONS
4. TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT OF KAREN BY THE ARMY
4.1 CIRCUMSTANCES AND METHODS OF TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT
4.2 TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT DURING INTERROGATION
4.3 TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT AS PUNISHMENT
4.4 TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT OF WIVES TAKEN AS HOSTAGES
5. TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT OF KACHIN AND MON BY THE ARMY AND POLICE
5.1 KACHIN CASES
5.2 MON CASES
6. BURMESE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW AND AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 BURMESE LEGAL SAFEGUARDS AND REMEDIES RELATED TO HUMAN
6.1.1 PROVISIONS AGAINST TORTURE AND UNLAWFUL KILLING
6.1.2 FREEDOM FROM ARBITRARY ARREST AND DETENTION
6.1.3 THE JUDICIARY
6.1.4 POLITICAL OFFENCES INVOLVING VIOLENCE
6.1.5 EMERGENCY ABRIDGEMENT OF RIGHTS
6.1.6 INSPECTION AND COMPLAINTS PROCEDURES
6.2 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
6.3 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL?S COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE GOVERNMENT
6.4 GOVERNMENT REJECTION OF ALLEGATIONS OF EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTION
6.5 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL?S RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE GOVERNMENT
6.5.1 HIGH-LEVEL GOVERNMENT STATEMENTS AGAINST HUMAN RIGHTS
6.5.2 FULL GOVERNMENT INQUIRY/PROSECUTION OF RESPONSIBLE AUTHORITIES
6.5.3 LEGISLATIVE REFORM AND ENFORCEMENT
6.5.4 IMPROVED TRAINING OF SECURITY FORCES
6.5.5 COMPENSATION FOR VICTIMS AND THEIR RELATIVES
6.5.6 PROVIDING ACCESS AND INFORMATION TO INTERNATIONAL BODIES
6.5.7 RATIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS
6.5.8 DIVISION OF DETENTION AND INTERROGATION RESPONSIBILITIES
6 5.9 COMPREHENSIVE PUBLIC RECORDS OF ARREST AND DETENTION.....
APPENDIX 1: REPORTED VICTIMS OF EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS; APPPENDIX 2: REPORTED VICTIMS OF TORTURE OR OTHER SEVERE ILL-TREATMENT.
Date of entry/update:
2005-08-17
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Torture and ill-treatment: reports of incidents in Burma, Various rights: reports of violations against several ethnic groups
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
428.26 KB
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Source/publisher:
Lisa B. Brooten (Ohio University thesis)
Date of publication:
2003-03-00
Description:
A Dissertation Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Communication of
Ohio University
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
by
Lisa B. Brooten
March 2003...
"...This study examines the impact of new information technologies (NITs) on the
Burmese opposition movement-in-exile based in Thailand. The intent of the research is
to determine whether NITs, primarily computers and the Internet, are helping to reduce,
maintain, or intensify ethnic conflict within the movement. The study explores
implications for political mobilization by examining what groups within the movement
have access to which technologies, and how these groups understand and use global
media and the discourses they produce. The research is a multi-sited ethnography
conceived within the epistemological framework of standpoint theory, providing an
empirically grounded exploration of the Burmese opposition movement in both its local
and global contexts. It employs participant observation, in-depth interviews and
discourse analysis to examine the impact of global communications at the local level.
The work begins with an historical examination of the development of the modern state
in Burma, which provides the context for exploring how militarization, gender and
ethnicity have affected the development of nationalisms and conflict defined largely as
"ethnic" in nature. This is followed by a discussion of how the history and current state
of communications both inside and outside Burma constrain attitudes toward the possible
uses of communications technologies and media among the opposition-in-exile. An
overview of opposition media investigates the degree to which these media have opened a space for dialogue between groups. Interviews with opposition activists and refugees
from Burma demonstrate how the Burmese regime's militaristic values are both
perpetuated and countered within the opposition movement itself. The research finds that
the introduction of NITs and patterns of foreign funding have reinforced existing
hierarchies within the opposition movement. Finally, this study demonstrates how the
"local" reinvents the "global" through the use of a global discourse of human rights
which acts subtly but powerfully to shape social conventions within the movement. This
results in an unstated hierarchy of human rights that perpetuates the inequitable gender
and ethnic composition of the opposition political groups and the hierarchy of access and
use of technologies among these groups."
Lisa B. Brooten
Date of entry/update:
2005-08-10
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Armed conflict and peace-building in Burma - theoretical, strategic and general, Media - use of media by Burmese
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.17 MB
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Source/publisher:
"Freedom From Fear"
Date of publication:
1991-00-00
Description:
This essay and the two which follow were written by the author for a
project she was unable to complete before she was placed under house arrest
on 20 July 1989. The project was intended to result in a volume of essays
on democracy and human rights which she had been hoping to dedicate to her
father as Essays in Honour of Bogyoke Aung San... "...In their quest for democracy the people of Burma explore not
only the political theories and practices of the world outside their
country but also the spiritual and intellectual values that have
given shape to their own environment.
There is an instinctive understanding that the cultural, social
and political development of a nation is a dynamic process which
has to be given purpose and direction by drawing on tradition as
well as by experiment, innovation and a willingness to evaluate
both old and new ideas objectively. This is not to claim that all
those who desire democracy in Burma are guided by an awareness
of the need to balance a dispassionate, sensitive assessment of the
past with an intelligent appreciation of the present. But threading
through the movement is a rich vein of the liberal, integrated spirit which meets intellectual challenges with wisdom and courage.
There is also a capacity for the sustained mental strife and
physical endurance necessary to withstand the forces of negativism,
bigotry and hate. Most encouraging of all, the main impetus
for struggle is not an appetite for power, revenge and destruction
but a genuine respect for freedom, peace and justice.
The quest for democracy in Burma is the struggle of a people
to live whole, meaningful lives as free and equal members of the
world community. It is part of the unceasing human endeavour
to prove that the spirit of man can transcend the flaws of his own
nature."
Aung San Suu Kyi
Date of entry/update:
2005-08-07
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
56.71 KB
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Source/publisher:
Woman and Child Rights Project (Southern Burma), Human Rights Foundation of Monland (Burma)
Date of publication:
2005-07-00
Description:
by
"This report exposes the ongoing and increasingly brazen use of sexual violence by Burmese Army troops in Mon areas of Burma. This is despite the ceasefire between the main Mon political party, the New Mon State Party, and the Burmese military regime, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) since 1995, and despite the regime?s repeated denials during the past few years that its troops are practicing systematic sexual violence.
The report details 37 incidents of sexual violence against 50 women and girls, aged 14 to 50 years old, and reveals evidence of widespread conscription of women into sexual slavery by Burmese Army troops. Since many women are unwilling to reveal that they have been raped owing to fear of stigma and reprisals by the army, detailed information has only been collected about a small portion of the actual number of women who have been raped.
The report corroborates the findings of earlier reports on sexual violence in Shan and Karen States, showing the use of rape as a strategy of control by the junta?s troops, and revealing a pattern of abuse that provides strong evidence that rape has become systemic under military rule in Burma. The lack of rule of law and climate of impunity for military rape have caused SPDC?s troops to become increasingly emboldened in their acts of sexual violence.
Many rapes took place during military operations against armed groups still active in southern Burma, such as the Karen National Union and a Mon splinter group; SPDC troops gang-raped, beat, kicked, slashed and killed women as "punishment" for supporting rebel groups.
However, sexual violence is not only occurring in areas of conflict, but in "peaceful" areas under full SPDC control. The SPDC has deployed 20 more battalions in the southern Mon area since 1998; these troops have seized land from local villagers and forced them to work on military plantations and guard infrastructure projects such as gas pipelines. The increased troop presence has caused increased incidents of rape of local women.
During operations in 2003-2004 against rebels in southern Ye township, SPDC troops brazenly conscripted scores of "comfort women" from nearby villages, who were forced to work for the troops by day and were forced into sexual slavery at night. They also forced about 30 young women, including schoolgirls, to stay at their base and take part in a military "fashion and beauty show."
Over half of the documented cases of rape were committed by military officers, often in front of, or together with their troops. Many of the rapes took place in the women?s homes or in other villagers? houses, frequently in the presence of other family members.
In contrast to the SPDC?s claim that "effective action is taken against those who commit rape according to the existing laws of the Myanmar Armed Forces," in none of the cases in this report was legal action taken against the perpetrators of sexual violence. In most cases, the community leaders did not dare to report the incidents of sexual violence to the military battalion commanders for fear of reprisals. Those that did were scolded, beaten or threatened to be killed. In one case complainants were forced to sign a written statement pardoning the rapist.
Significantly, half of the rape cases documented in this report took place after June 2002, when the Shan report "Licence to Rape" first drew international attention to the Burmese regime?s use of sexual violence, and UNGA resolutions on Burma began highlighting the issue. Burmese Army troops have therefore continued to flagrantly commit sexual violations in Mon areas precisely while the regime has been denying to the world that this practice exists.
It is evident that political reform is urgently needed to address the problem of military rape in Burma. Unless the system of impunity for military rape is ended, and the political problems relating to equal rights for ethnic peoples and the restoration of democracy in Burma are solved, the culture of violence will continue to escalate, and the suffering of all civilians - including women and children - will continue..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-07-19
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Source/publisher:
Burma Issues
Date of publication:
2005-01-00
Description:
"...In November 2003, in the wake of the joint military offensive by the
SPDC (State Peace and Development Council) and the DKBA (Democratic
Karen Buddhist Army), Burma Issues set about documenting the
systematic use of prisoners as porters for military purposes. This practice
constitutes an egregious human rights abuse. Research for the project began
with interviews with twenty-two escapees who had taken refuge
near the Thai-Burma border. We dealt with issues such as their prison
lives, their journey to the conflict area, their treatment at the hands of the
soldiers, their experiences in battle, and also their experiences relating to
landmines. We then proceeded to conduct more in-depth research to
supplement this invaluable first hand information. We have compiled the
analysis and present our findings in this report..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-27
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Torture and ill-treatment: reports of incidents in Burma, Discrimination against the Karen, Non-ILO Reports on forced labour, including forced portering, in Karen (Kayin) State
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
544.84 KB
Local URL:
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Source/publisher:
International Labour Office
Date of publication:
2005-06-11
Description:
"...A Government representative (Mr. NYUN) stated that in Myanmar, workers were always regarded as one of the major driving forces for development. Their essential role was always recognized, their social welfare was always looked after and their rights were always protected in accordance with the law by successive Myanmar governments..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-16
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
33.92 KB
Local URL:
ILC2005-C87-en.htm
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Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
1996-08-00
Description:
"...Decades of military rule in Burma have prevented the rule of law from taking deep
root during the country's post-colonial history. The concept of the rule of law suffered
a particularly severe blow with the accession to power of the SLORC in the coup
d'etat of 18 September 1988. Most of the laws passed since that date reveal a
persistent disregard for internationally-recognized human rights norms. What is more,
the few vestiges of constitutionalism and legality that remained at the time of the coup
have been all but extinguished by this military government whose legitimacy to
govern is highly questionable both under Burmese domestic law and international law...An indication of its lack of good faith is provided by the manner in which it
has sought to force through proposals for constitutional reform which are designed to
perpetuate military rule under the guise of democratic government. The National
Convention, which it created without any mandate or consultation and whose working
methods are so patently unfair and lacking in either transparency or legitimacy, bodes
ill for the future of democracy and freedom in Burma.
Urgent action is required to establish the rule of law, human rights and
governmental accountability in Burma. Many of these recommendations have been
made by the UN General Assembly and the Commission on Human Rights in
successive resolutions on Burma since 1990..."
FOREWORD...
INTRODUCTION...
1 INACCESSIBILITY AND VAGUENESS OF LAWS...
2 CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND...
3 THE LEGITIMACY OF THE COUP D'ETAT OF 18 SEPTEMBER 1988...
4 THE SLORC'S REFUSAL TO TRANSFER POWER:
4.1 The Position Under International Law;
4.2 The Position Under Burmese Domestic Law...
5 THE MARTIAL LAW MEASURES AND THEIR COMPATIBILITY WITH
INTERNATIONAL LAW:
5.1 Some General Considerations;
5.2 The Martial Law Measures: A Detailed Analysis;
5.2.1 The Right to Life;
5.2.2 Arbitrary Arrest and Detention;
5.2.3 Cruel and Inhuman Detention Conditions;
5.2.4 Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment;
5.2.5 Fair Trial Concerns;
5.2.6 Freedom of Expression;
5.2.7 Forced Relocations;
5.2.8 Forced Labour and Forced Portering;
5.2.9 Citizenship Rights;
5.2.10 Freedom of Movement, Assembly and Association;
5.2.11 Right to Democratic Participation;
5.2.12 Human Rights Violations against Children and Women;
5.3 Violations of International Humanitarian Law...
6 CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS: THE NATIONAL CONVENTION...
7 THE SLORC'S SENSITIVITY TO INTERNATIONAL CRITICISM...
8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
K S Venkateswaran
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-11
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Legal studies and articles, The 1990 elections and the National Convention (commentaries, chronologies etc.), Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
394.7 KB
Local URL:
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Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
1991-12-00
Description:
"...T h i s report documents the extent and mechanisms of censorship
in Burma and the many restrictions on political, cultural,
religious and academic freedoms, both under the former BSPP
government and its successor, the SLORC, which assumed
power in September 1988. Since then, writers and journalists
have continued to be detained, harassed and dismissed from
their posts. Publications have been banned and, using new
martial law restrictions, press censorship has been further tightened.
Foreign journalists have been banned and the SLORC has
launched frequent attacks on foreign news organizations and
journalists..." 3 The Background to Crisis:
3.1 Economic and Social Collapse;
3.2 Ethnic Strife and Civil War;
3.3 Narcotics and AIDS;
3.4 Ecology;
3.5 Refugees;
3.6 The Issue of Human Rights...
4 Development of the Press in Burma:
4.1 The Colonial Era;
4.2 The Parliamentary Era...
5 The Legacy of the Burma Socialist Programme
Party (BSPP):
5.1 The Ne Win Period;
5.2 The Media Under Ne Win;
5.3 The 1974 Constitution;
5.4 The Publishing Registration Law;
5.5 Alternative Expression;
5.6 Ethnic Minorities and Burmanization;
5.7 Religious Minorities;
5.8 Literacy...
6 The Press in the 1988 Democracy Summer:
7 The State Law and Order Restoration Council
(SLORC);
7.1 SLORC Claims of Legitimacy;
7.2 SLORC's Use of the Law;
7.3 SLORC Actions in the pre-Election Period;
7.4 Restrictions on Movement and Forced Relocations
of Civilians...
8 The 1990 General Election:
8.1 Arrests and Retrospective Laws in the
post-Election Period;
8.2 Continuing Use of Press Laws to Stifle Freedom of
Expression;
8.3 Ill-Treatment and Death in Custody of Poltical Prisoners...
9 Cultural and Political Expression Under the SLORC:
9.1 Newspapers;
9.2 SLORC's Cultural Revolution;
9.3 Music and Films;
9.4 Journals, Books and Magazines;
9.5 Education;
9.6 Restrictions on Public Servants and Political Parties;
9.7 Religious Freedom;
9.8 Ethnic Minorities;
9.9 The Insurgent Press...
10 The SLORC and the International Community:
10.1 The Foreign Press;
10.2 The International Response;
10.3 The Reply from the SLORC;
10.4 The Role of the United Nations...
11 Summary of the SLORC Period and Prospects
for the Future...
12 Conclusions and Recommendations...
Appendix 1: Journalists,Writers and Intellectuals
in Detention;
Appendix 2: Country Statistics...
Appendix 3: Extracts from "What has become of us?"
by Min Lu...
Appendix 4: SLORC Questionnaire to Public Servants,
1 April 1991...
Appendix 5: SLORC Questionnaire to Political Parties, 5 August 1991...
Appendix 6: Multilateral and Bilaterall Aid to Burma...
Appendix 7: Foreign Company Investments and Trade
in Burma...
Select Bibliography.
ISBN 1 870798 71 6
Martin Smith
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-11
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Freedom of opinion and expression: - the situation in Burma/Myanmar - reports, analyses, recommendations, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Language:
English
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
451.35 KB 719.94 KB
Local URL:
State-of-Fear-minus.pdf, State-of-Fear-ocr.pdf
State-of-Fear-minus.pdf, State-of-Fear-ocr.pdf more
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG #2005-C1)
Date of publication:
2005-06-10
Description:
"Drawing upon recent KHRG reports, this Commentary asks the question why the Karen ceasefire is not generating a human rights dividend for Karen villagers, and looks for the answer in the nature of conflict in Burma. It finds the conflict to be much broader than that between armed entities, pitting villagers against the military junta in a daily struggle for control of their lives. The villagers? role in this struggle is too often ignored, both by outside actors who insist on treating villagers as passive bystanders to their own context, and by activists who seek to subjugate everything to the narrow struggle for an elitist Burmese ?democracy?. In human rights, aid and political discourse on Burma, double standards are applied which further marginalise rural, agrarian, and non-Burman voices, when the real need now is for these voices to be heard more in political processes.
The Commentary also discusses the SPDC?s efforts to evade international pressure for its use of forced labour by hiding the evidence, using convict labour, and putting its child soldiers to work on roads, and the effects these tactics are having on rural villagers. Finally, it explains KHRG?s efforts to expand our research agenda and make our reports more useful."
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-10
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Discrimination against the Karen
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
2005-06-09
Description:
"...While the nonviolent struggle of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi against the Burmese military government?s continuing repression has captured the world?s attention, the profound human rights and humanitarian crisis endured by Burma?s ethnic minority communities has largely been ignored.4
Decades of armed conflict have devastated ethnic minority communities, which make up approximately 35 percent of Burma?s population. The Burmese army, or Tatmadaw, has for many years carried out numerous and widespread summary executions, looting, torture, rape and other sexual violence, arbitrary arrests and torture, forced labor, recruitment of child soldiers, and the displacement and demolition of entire villages as part of military operations against ethnic minority armed opposition groups. Civilians bear the brunt of a state of almost perpetual conflict and militarization.
Violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (the laws of war) by the Tatmadaw have been particularly acute in eastern Karen state, which runs along the northwestern border of Thailand...One result of the Tatmadaw?s brutal behavior has been the creation of large numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees among Burma?s ethnic minority communities. Conflict and its consequences have been going on for so long that in many ethnic minority-populated areas, continuous forced relocations and displacement??interspersed with occasional periods of relative stability??have become a fact of life for generations of poor villagers.
The scale of the IDP problem in Burma is daunting. Estimates suggest that, as of late 2004, as many as 650,000 people were internally displaced in eastern Burma alone. According to a recent survey, 157,000 civilians have been displaced in eastern Burma since the end of 2002, and at least 240 villages destroyed, relocated, or abandoned. The majority of displaced people live in areas controlled by the government, now known as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), or by various ethnic armed groups that have agreed to ceasefires with the government. But approximately eighty-four thousand displaced people live in zones of ongoing armed conflict, where the worst human rights abuses continue. Many IDPs live in hiding in war zones. Another two million Burmese live in Thailand, including 145,000 refugees living in camps.
Karen State is the location of some of the largest numbers of IDPs in Burma. Since 2002, approximately 100,000 people have been displaced from Karen areas,which include parts of Pegu and Tenasserim Divisions. Though a provisional ceasefire was agreed in December 2003 between the SPDC and the Karen National Union (KNU), sporadic fighting continues. Tatmadaw military operations against the KNU?s army, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), in the first months of 2005 caused numerous deaths and injuries to civilians in poor villages along the Thai border. They also forced many civilians to flee internally or to Thailand. For example, at least 9,000 civilians were displaced in Toungoo District, in the far north of Karen State bordering Karenni State, and in Nyaunglebin District in northwest Karen State, during major Tatmadaw offensives between November 2004 and February 2005.
The majority of Karen IDPs have been forced out of their homes as a direct result of the Tatmadaw?s ?Four Cuts” counter-insurgency strategy, in which the Burmese army has attempted to defeat armed ethnic groups by denying them access to food, funds, recruits, and information from other insurgent groups..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-09
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Internal displacement/forced migration of Karen villagers, Discrimination against the Karen
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
International Labour Office (C.App./PV.2)
Date of publication:
2005-06-04
Description:
Committee on the Application of Standards: Provisional Verbatim record of the Special Sitting on Myanmar of 4 June 2005. Summaries of the statements by governments, workers and employers, followed by the Committee's Conclusions.
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-08
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
164.32 KB
Local URL:
ILC2005-SS-PV_en.pdf
ILC2005-SS-PV_en.pdf more
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Mission, Geneva
Date of publication:
2005-06-04
Description:
"...Myanmar Government is firmly committed to the eradication of forced labour in the country. We are sparing no efforts to take necessary measures in this regard. We shall continue our endeavours for the eradication of forced labour in our country, and we shall continue our cooperation with the ILO in this respect. With this spirit, Myanmar Government has taken concrete actions by fulfilling most important requirements stated in the aforementioned conclusions and the aide-memoire. In the light of these actions, I believe that the members of this esteemed Committee understand Myanmar's constraints and recognize the genuine goodwill and intentions of the Myanmar Government and use their wisdom in the execution of drawing their conclusion..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-04
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
OBL
Date of publication:
2005-06-04
Description:
"...De l'avis de la Commission, les développements récents n'ont, en outre, fait que confirmer les conclusions du Conseil d'administration à sa session de mars 2005, selon lesquelles l'attitude « d'expectative » qui prévalait parmi ses membres depuis 2001 avait perdu sa raison d'être et ne pouvait se poursuivre. De l'avis général de la commission, les gouvernements, les employeurs et les travailleurs, ainsi que d'autres organisations internationales, devraient dès maintenant activer et intensifier l'examen de leurs relations avec le Myanmar, tel qu'ils étaient appelés à le faire en vertu de la résolution de 2000 et à adopter de manière urgente les mesures appropriées, y compris en ce qui concerne l'investissement direct étranger sous toutes ses différentes formes et les relations avec les entreprises étatiques ou militaires au Myanmar. Conformément aux conclusions du Conseil d'administration de mars, les présentes conclusions devraient être communiquées à tous ceux à qui la résolution de 2000 était destinée. Les résultats de tels examens devraient dans leur intégralité faire l'objet d'un rapport au Directeur général afin que le Conseil d'administration puisse disposer d'un tableau complet de la situation. Pour ce qui est du Conseil économique et social (ECOSOC), l'on devrait lui demander de réactiver son examen de la question placée à son ordre du jour en 2001, et les membres de l'ECOSOC devraient être prêts à appuyer une telle démarche..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-04
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
Francais, French
Format :
htm
Size:
25.82 KB
Local URL:
ILC2005-Conclusions_provisoires-fr.htm
ILC2005-Conclusions_provisoires-fr.htm more
Source/publisher:
International Labour Office
Date of publication:
2005-06-04
Description:
"...In the view of the Committee, recent developments had further confirmed the conclusion of the Governing Body at its March 2005 session that the "wait-and-see" attitude that prevailed among most members since 2001 had lost its raison d'etre and could not continue. The Committee's general view was that Governments, Employers and Workers, as well as other international organizations, should now activate and intensify the review of their relations with Myanmar that they were called upon to make under the 2000 resolution, and to urgently take the appropriate actions, including as regards foreign direct investment in all its various forms, including relations with State- or military-owned enterprises in Myanmar. In accordance with the Conclusions of the Governing Body in March, the present Conclusions should be transmitted to all those to whom the 2000 resolution was addressed. The results of such reviews should be fully reported to the Director-General so that the Governing Body could have a complete picture in November. As regards ECOSOC, it should be requested to reactivate its consideration of the item placed on its agenda in 2001 in this regard, and Members in ECOSOC should be ready to support such a move..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-04
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
14.11 KB
Local URL:
ILC2005-Conclusions-en.htm
ILC2005-Conclusions-en.htm more
Source/publisher:
Physicians for Human Rights/Denmark and Danchurchaid
Date of publication:
1997-11-00
Description:
"In November 1997, Physicians for Human Rights / Denmark and DanChurchAid visited
Thailand to describe violations of human rights committed against Burmese refugees in their
home country. We interviewed and examined people mainly from rural areas in the Shan,
Karenni and Karen regions of Burma.
We asked about exposure of family members to forced labour, porter service, forced
relocation, arrests, physical ill-treatment incl. torture, and about killing, rape and disappearances
of family members or persons from the village of the examined person. Furthermore, we
asked about landmine incidents among the examinees, family members or persons from their
village. If the examinee confirmed such exposure, we asked about details according to
interview forms.
In case the interviewed person alleged exposure to physical assaults, a physical
examination was performed to assess whether there was aggreement between the reported
exposure and the presence or absence of scars or other physical sequels.
In total, 188 persons were examined and interviewed.
92 persons, incl 46 Shans, were examined. 61 (66%) reported exposure to two or
more of the mentioned violations of human rights. 34 (37%) had fled within the last year
(median 5 months) before our examination. There was no difference between the exposure to
human rights violations committed against the Shans compared to the others. Those who had
fled recently were as heavily exposed as the rest of the examinees.
Of the 92 persons examined, it was among other things reported that 65% had done
porter service, that 51% had been relocated from their villages, that 14% had been tortured,
that 36% had experienced killing of family members (not from landmine explosions) and that
25% (themselves or family members) had been traumatized or killed by landmines.
In all cases of reported exposure to ill-treatmen t / torture or landmine incidents we found
agreement between the history and the result of the clinical examination.
Furthermore, 96 persons were interviewed. Of this group, 40% had fled within the last 12
months before our examination. Those who had fled most recently had been more heavily
exposed to human rights violation than the others who had fled earlier.
We conclude that the 188 persons examined and interviewed represent various ethnic groups,
mainly from rural areas in Burma, which have been heavily exposed to human rights violations.
Our results do not indicate that the Shan people has been less exposed than other groups. We
find no signs of amelioration of the human rights situation in Burma within the last year. Apart
from the landmine problem, in which local guerilla groups are involved, troops from the
Burmese army are responsible for all the described violations of human rights..."
Hans Draminsky Petersen, Jakob Lykke, Hans Petter Hougen, Maiken Mannstaedt & Bjarne Ussing
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-03
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
351.41 KB
Local URL:
Danish-report-1997-ocr.pdf
Danish-report-1997-ocr.pdf more
Source/publisher:
United Nations
Description:
Analysis by the Speical Rapporteurs of the procedure of the National Convention (NC) which began in January 1993.
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-03
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
118.09 KB
Local URL:
SRM-National_Convention.htm
SRM-National_Convention.htm more
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG #2005-F6)
Date of publication:
2005-06-02
Description:
"This report documents the killings of two villagers by SPDC and DKBA forces in Dooplaya District of southern Karen State, some of the continuing restrictions and forced labour faced by people living there, and the climate of fear and oppression such abuses are creating. The informal SPDC-KNU ceasefire is not stopping the two sides from shooting at each other, and there is no ceasefire at all barring soldiers from shooting at civilians. Killings and abuses are still carried out with complete impunity, and this is unlikely to change as long as the region remains heavily militarised. Includes maps and photos...In early January 2004 Burma?s State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) military junta and the Karen National Union (KNU) agreed to an informal ceasefire pending negotiations for a more lasting agreement. Negotiations have not proceeded any further. Though the informal ceasefire still stands, sporadic fighting continues to occur. One example comes from Dooplaya District of southern Karen State (see map), where SPDC forces pursuing Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA, armed wing of the KNU) soldiers in order to ambush them in March 2005 shot dead a woman shopkeeper and wounded an 80 year old woman and one other villager. Under SPDC protection, forces of the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) also continue to abuse and kill villagers with impunity. As a result of such incidents, villagers in Dooplaya District continue to live in fear; there may be a ceasefire between armed groups, but no ceasefire is in place preventing armed groups from shooting at villagers. In addition, forced labour and restrictions on the movements and activities of villagers remain in place, and continue to create great hardship for many people. Whether the ceasefire is observed or not, the heavy militarisation of Dooplaya poses serious threats to the physical and food security of villagers..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-02
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Discrimination against the Karen
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
International Labour Office (C. App./D.6_
Date of publication:
2005-06-00
Description:
Committee on the Application of Standards: Special Sitting to examine developments
concerning the question of the observance by
the Government of Myanmar of the Forced
Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)... Part A Report of the Director-General:
I Brief summary of developments since June 2004;
II Latest developments since March 2005...
Appendix I:
(a) Letter dated 21 April from the Director-General
to the member States of the ILO;
(b) Letter dated 21 April from the Director-General
to international organizations...
Appendix II Letter dated 21 April from the Director-General
to the Myanmar Minister of Labour...
Appendix III Letter dated 21 May from the Myanmar Minister of Labour
to the Director-General...
Part B Report of the Liaison Officer ai:
I Activities of the Liaison Officer ai since March 2005;
II Developments on the concrete steps identified by the
very High-Level Team (vHLT) and the Governing Body;
III Developments on specific allegations.
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-01
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
167.16 KB
Local URL:
ILC2005-93-C App-D6-1-En.pdf
ILC2005-93-C App-D6-1-En.pdf more
Source/publisher:
International Catholic MIgration Commission, December 18
Date of publication:
2004-11-00
Description:
"Whether migrants fall so low so as to be below the guard of protection provided by the ensemble of international human rights treaties is the question at the heart of this research paper. There is a lack of public comprehensive research on whether governments extend the provisions of the international human rights treaties they have ratified to protect the human rights of migrants and not only the rights of their own nationals. To fill this gap, the International Catholic Migration Commission (ICMC) and December 18 vzw, with support from UNESCO, engaged in a research project to study country specific conclusions and recommendations issued by bodies of experts tasked with supervising the implementation of these conventions.
The research was carried out in Geneva between May and July 2004. The data compiled over the 10-week research period provides some useful initial pointers as to current practice and priorities in the six treaty monitoring bodies (TMB). While irregular migrants make news headlines and occupy centre stage in regional migration management consultative processes, TMB conclusions highlight the existing gap in ensuring non-discrimination and equal treatment with nationals for migrants and members of their families, as provided for in human rights treaties. Migration affects most countries today, yet only half of the TMB conclusions refer to migrant concerns.
This research is part of an on-going strategy to enable civil society and other stakeholders to make better use of international human rights treaties and conventions. In order to better protect the human rights of migrants, States parties need to be prompted to follow up the recommendations of treaty monitoring bodies. As the overall UN human rights treaty monitoring system is currently subject to review, this thematic pilot research provides a ?horizontal” case-study across several treaty monitoring bodies which could be useful for United Nations, government and NGOs experts engaged in efforts to rationalize and streamline treaty monitoring and observance. This paper is also constructed so as to offer an additional perspective on migrants? rights and UN human rights treaties for the newly formed Committee on Migrant Workers..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-05-28
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
291.99 KB
Local URL:
Migrant-Samizdat.pdf
Migrant-Samizdat.pdf more
Source/publisher:
L'Association francaise pour la recherche sur l'Asie du Sud-Est (AFRASE) - Dossier (lettre no. 53, mars 2001)
Date of publication:
2001-03-00
Description:
"Ce dossier n'a pas pour objet de faire un point general sur l'etat des recherches sur la Birmanie (Union du Myanmar). Une excellente synthese, qui depasse en outre le cadre francais, a recemment ete proposee par Pierre Pichard et Francois Robinne en introduction au volume Etudes birmanes en hommage a Denise Bernot (Paris : Presses de l'Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient, 1998). Ce volume comporte egalement une bibliographie indicative des ouvrages et articles concernant la Birmanie parus entre 1985 et 1998..."
Denise Bernot (linguistique, Professeur emerite) | Benedicte Brac de la Perriere (ethnologie, CNRS) | Anne-Cecile Brajon (etudes indiennes, Universite Paris III) | Michel Bruneau (geographie, CNRS) | Aurore candier (histoire, EPHE) | Marie-Helene Cardinaud (birman, Inalco) | Anne-May Chew (histoire de l'art/archeologie, Paris III) | Cristina Cramerotti (conservateur, Inalco) | Karine Delaye (histoire, EHESS) | Alexandra de Mersan (ethnologie, EHESS) | William Lang Dessaint (ethnologie, Professeur) | Emmanuel Guillon (etudes mones, Inalco) | Jacques Ivanoff (ethnologie, CNRS) | Jacques Leider (histoire, Inalco) | Francois L'Homer (birman, Inalco) | Helene Nut (histoire, Inalco) | Sylvie Paquet (histoire, CNRS) | Pierre Pichard (EFEO) | William Pruitt (linguistique/sciences religieuses, Pali Text Society) | Catherine Raymond (histoire de l'art/archeologie, Inalco) | Francois Robinne (CNRS) | Guillaume Rozenberg (ethnologie, EHESS) | Alice Vittrant (sciences du langage, Paris VIII) | Marie Yin Yin Myint (birman, Inalco)
Guillaume Rozenberg
Date of entry/update:
2005-05-24
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Bibliographies and online documents of individual Burma/Myanmar scholars, Abstracts, bibliographies, scholarly journals, libraries, institutes, universities, other research tools
Language:
Francais, French
Format :
htm
Size:
84.85 KB
Local URL:
Petit_annuaire.htm
Petit_annuaire.htm more
Source/publisher:
Images Asia
Date of publication:
1997-07-00
Description:
"...This report, "Migrating With Hope: Burmese Women Working In Thailand and
The Sex Industry" attempts to present and highlight the needs, interests, and
realities of undocumented migrant women from Burma working as sex-workers
in Thailand. We look at the lives of women in Burma, the migration processes,
processes of entry into the sex-industry, and factors which govern women's wellbeing
or suffering during the time of migration in Thailand. The authors hope
that the documentation presented will provide useful information to prospective
migrants from Burma. We also hope that it can be used to instigate programmes
to protect the rights of and to provide the necessary services for undocumented
migrant workers, and by doing this, prevent more Burmese women from being
exploited. This report is written in the knowledge that women can become
empowered to make informed choices about their lives. It is also hoped that this
report will provide the general public with information not only about Burmese
migrant women, but also about the situation of undocumented migrant workers
who flee from Burma, a country ruled by a military regime..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-05-19
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Sex workers, Discrimination/violence against women: reports of violations in Burma, Sex work, Migrants' rights: reports of violations, Trafficking: Burma-specific material
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
284.25 KB
Local URL:
Migrating-with-hope-ocr.pdf
Migrating-with-hope-ocr.pdf more
Source/publisher:
Kachin Women's Association, Thailand (KWAT)
Date of publication:
2005-05-15
Description:
"An alarming trend is developing in ethnic Kachin communities of Burma. Growing poverty, caused by failed state policies, is driving increasing numbers of young people to migrate in search of work. As a result, young women and girls are disappearing without trace, being sold as wives in China, and tricked into the Chinese and Burmese sex industries. Local Kachin researchers conducted interviews in Burma from May-August 2004 in order to document this trend.
"Driven Away: Trafficking of Kachin women on the China-Burma border", produced by the Kachin Women's Association Thailand (KWAT), is based on 63 verified and suspected trafficking cases that occurred primarily during 2000-2004. The cases involve 85 women and girls, mostly between the ages of 14 and 20. Testimony comes primarily from women and girls who escaped after being trafficked, as well as relatives, persons who helped escapees, and others.
About two-thirds of the women trafficked were from the townships of Myitkyina and Bhamo in Kachin State. About one third were from villages in northern Shan State. In 36 of the cases, women were specifically offered safe work opportunities and followed recruiters to border towns. Many were seeking part-time work to make enough money for school fees during the annual three-month school holiday. Others simply needed to support their families. Those not offered work were taken while looking for work, tricked, or outright abducted.
Women taken to China were most often passed on to traffickers at the border to be transported farther by car, bus and/or train for journeys of up to one week in length. Traffickers used deceit, threats, and drugs to confuse and control women en route..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-05-17
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Trafficking: Burma-specific material, Articles, reports and sites relating to women of Burma, Discrimination/violence against women: reports of violations in Kachin State, Kachin (economic, social, cultural, political)
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.18 MB
Local URL:
Driven_Away-ocr.pdf
Driven_Away-ocr.pdf more
Source/publisher:
Courier Information Services
Date of publication:
2005-05-15
Description:
This compendium focuses on recent developments in Myanmar?s metal casting and metal products industries. Attention is directed to the base metals rather than to bronze, gold, and silver used in traditional craftwork. Apart from three small iron and steel mills operated as state enterprises, a modern copper cathode production plant at a mine near Monywa and foundries attached to several state factories, the base metal casting industry is carried out in scores of small private workshops throughout the country.
The only mills in the country capable of processing crude iron are the small factory at Anisakhan near Pyin-U-Lwin, the Ywama steel mill at Insein and the mill belonging to the military owned Myanmar Economic Corporation near Aunglan in central Myanmar. None of these come close to meeting the country?s annual consumption of more than half a million tons of iron and steel. It is unlikely that a large national steel mill be built in the near future. As evidenced by several articles in this collection, the current trend is towards small, industry-specific foundries like those presently being opened in the industrial zones in Monywa, Mandalay and Taung-gyi, which are being jointly financed by the private sector and the government.
Copper mined at a large open-pit mine near Monywa is now being converted into copper cathode sheets at a modern facility built in the late nineties by a joint venture company owned by the government and Ivanhoe Mines of Vancouver, Canada. Production is targeted to reach 40,000 tons in 2005 with the promise of the doubling of production in the near future, using ore from a nearby deposit, untapped to date. Unfortunately, all of the high quality copper cathode that is produced is exported to other markets in East Asia. The same situation applies to the tin smelter operated by a Wa mining company near the border with Yunnan. Similarly, China would presumably absorb all of the ferro-nickel produced at a processing plant in Tagaung area of Upper Myanmar , if a mine proposed for the area is developed.
Date of entry/update:
2005-05-15
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Metal industry
Language:
English
Format :
pdf doc
Size:
588.87 KB 1.26 MB
Local URL:
copperMetal.pdf, 
IronMetal.doc
copperMetal.pdf, IronMetal.doc more
Source/publisher:
EarthRights International
Date of publication:
2005-05-02
Description:
"...After years of speculation, the Royal Thai Government and the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), the military regime ruling Burma, appear poised to begin major construction on a series of large hydro-powered dams in the Salween River basin. In April 2004, Thailand?s Energy Ministry and Burma?s Ministry of Electric Power agreed to develop four of the proposed projects. Joint feasibility studies began this past fall, prompting representatives from several different Burmese ethnic groups to urge Thailand to reconsider. Their concerns emphasized the environmental costs of these dams and the fact that electricity produced from them would be exported abroad instead of supplying local populations who endure serious energy shortages.Their pleas appear to have fallen on deaf ears.
Fortunately, the arrest of Khin Nyunt in October 2004 has fomented rather than ended the power struggle between different factions within the SPDC. As a result, the ongoing political turmoil inside the country has created a brief window of opportunity. But constructive action is needed quickly...While hydropower projects have brought economic benefits, they have also adversely affected millions of people worldwide who depend upon rivers for their survival. These projects have irreversibly damaged ecosystems and led to the loss of livelihoods, cultures, and the rights of populations displaced by dams. All of the dam projects proposed for the Salween River basin in Burma fail to meet the standards established by the World Commission in Dams, particularly those related to open and transparent decision-making.27 In every instance, advocates for the dams have failed to include the affected communities in the decision-making process, which raises concerns that profits are again being put before local interests and needs.
The projects also fail to meet the basic principle of distributive justice, which is embedded in the notion of sustainable development and other rights-based approaches. Sustainability, according to the 1980 World Commission on Environment and Development, cannot be achieved if policies do not consider the ramifications of resource accessibility and the equitable distribution of benefits and burdens across all affected stakeholders, including non-human ones.28
Current conditions inside Burma do not permit any of the above principles to be honored.
For these reasons, further construction should be halted until other, less destructive options, can be explored, discussed, and agreed upon by all the stakeholders..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-05-03
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Dams and other projects on rivers in Burma/Myanmar (countrywide), Dams and other projects on the Salween and its tributories
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
DSAL, (University of Chicago)
Description:
The Burma holdings of this digital library cover the period when Burma was part of British India... Major texts (fully searchable) are the "Statistical abstract relating to British India" 1840-1920 in digital book and Excel spreadsheet form and "The Imperial Gazetteer of India" (1909 edition, 24 volumes, each of more than 400 pages)...
Reference Resources:
Scholarly reference books and a link to full text dictionaries at Digital Dictionaries of South Asia (DDSA)...
Bibliographies and Union Lists:
Electronic catalogs and finding aids for dispersed resources and collections...
Images:
Photographs are arranged in databases organized by the original collections...
Indexes:
Includes periodical indexes and document delivery mechanisms...
Maps:
Catalogs of maps and maps themselves, ranging from historical to topographic...
Books and Journals:
This section includes pedagogical books, general scholarly titles, journals and newspapers...
Statistics:
Statistical information from the colonial period through the present, available in a variety of formats...
Other Internet Resources:
A link to SARAI, South Asia Resource Access on the Internet.
Date of entry/update:
2005-05-03
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Abstracts, bibliographies, scholarly journals, libraries, institutes, universities, other research tools, British Colonial Period: texts (official and quasi-official documents)
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
Bradley O. Babson
Date of publication:
2005-04-05
Description:
EUROPEAN COMMISSION BURMA/MYANMAR CONFERENCE 2005...
"I am grateful to the organizers of this conference for the invitation to make this presentation on challenges and opportunities for macroeconomic policy dialogue with Myanmar. I must confess that this is a somewhat humbling task, as the track record for decades has by and large been dismal. And I am afraid that we need to admit that a meaningful dialogue on economic policies has never been a high priority either for the government or, honestly speaking, for the democracy movement or the international community. I do believe that a hard look at the past is needed to face up to these realities, and that for the sake of the 50 million people who live in Myanmar, we need to try our best to find a way to stimulate fresh ideas and ways to promote cooperation on economic policy matters.
What I would like to do to frame our discussion this afternoon, is first to try to draw some lessons from the initiatives that were taken over the past 15 years, then to make the case why economic policy dialogue should be given high priority now, and finally to suggest some approaches that might be pursued. I hope that this might contribute to the discussions underway in the European Commission about future engagement strategy..."
Bradley O. Babson
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-29
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Burma Day 2005 - Selected Documents
Language:
English
Format :
htm doc
Size:
26.51 KB 41 KB
Local URL:
Burma_Day-BradBabson.htm, Burma_Day-BradBabson.doc
Burma_Day-BradBabson.htm, Burma_Day-BradBabson.doc more
Source/publisher:
The Olof Palme International Center
Date of publication:
2000-00-00
Description:
"...Together with the excessive crimes against human rights taking place in
Burma, the economic underdevelopment is a matter of concern to political leaders
and professional economists everywhere. It is, of course, of particular concern
to the Burmese people themselves, both those who live in the country, and those
who have travelled to other parts of the world. Therefore, it is a matter of great
importance to analyse the main factors which have stood in the way of Burma?s
participation in the world-wide surge of economic growth in the past half a century,
and even more importantly, to devise ways in which the country can overcome
these obstacles and achieve a higher rate of economic development.
It is towards this objective that the present report makes an important contribution.
It is in fact a study undertaken by Burmese scholars themselves. Hence
they have brought to this study their own rich and personal knowledge of the
problems of the country and the possibilities that lie ahead. Additionally, most of
the scholars who have undertaken the present study have in fact travelled widely
and achieved high professional recognition as development specialists in the
leading universities of the world. They are thus able to combine their intimate
knowledge of the country with the latest advances in economic science in order
to give us some deep insights about the best ways to advance the future development
of Burma.
What follows is not a plan for economic development as it is commonly
understood. In that sense, a plan consists of definite targets to be achieved,
schedules for the implementation of various programmes, the mobilisation of
adequate resources for the purpose, and schemes for the appraisal and control of
the results. But planning in this sense is not something which can be efficiently
undertaken by a small group of scholars who are not in active collaboration with
those responsible for the implementation of plans. This is particularly the case with
those scholars who have been away from the country in recent years.
However, what such a group of Burmese scholars can do, and have done in
this study, is to think through the problems of developing the country in the long
run, taking into account Burma?s own historical experience, the changes which
are taking place in the outside world, and to investigate the likely scenarios or
trends for the future, and thus come up with a vision of what to aim for and an
approach and sense of direction for the long term development of Burma. This
will give political leaders, both those inside the country who are responsible for
designing and carrying out its policies, and those in donor countries abroad who
can assist this effort by the scale of their financial and technical assistance. Such
strategic studies have been undertaken in countries as far apart as the United States
on the one hand, and Chile on the other. Nearer home, such studies have been
used by the governments of Singapore and Malaysia as the basis of their more
specific policies. It is in this sense that the present study will serve as a useful
basis for further thought and discussion by all concerned with the future welfare
of the people of Burma. A welfare that can take place nor survive without political
changes in the country..."...Overview and Policy Framework;
Agriculture;
Industry;
Natural Resources and Environment;
International Trade and Investment;
The Monetary and Fiscal Framework for
Macroeconomic Stability;
Poverty and Income Distribution;
Education;
Infrastructure;
Institutions;
Priorities and Problems of Implementation;
Conclusion
Khin Maung Kyi, Ronald Findlay, R.M. Sundrum, Mya Maung, Myo Nyunt, Zaw Oo, et al.
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-17
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
1.63 MB 1.74 MB
more
Source/publisher:
Courier Information Services
Description:
"This compendium focuses on recent articles related to the development of industrial estates in the major urban centres of Myanmar. Although the clustering of traditional craft industries was common in towns and cities throughout Burma in the colonial era, it was not until the 1950s that modern industrial complexes such as those in the Pyay district of central Burma and in several parts of Rangoon began to take shape. The displacement of urban core residents and small enterprises that took place in the late fifties also led to the development of industrial sites in satellite towns on the east side of the capital. But it was only in the 1990s, following the opening to privately owned industries by Burma?s military government, that the push to develop industrial zones throughout the country began in earnest.
Today there are more than fifty industrial parks scattered throughout the country, about half of them in the area around the national capital. Some, like the new complexes at Indagaw near Bago and the two near Kyaukse in Upper Myanmar are exclusively reserved for state-owned factories. Others are being developed with foreign capital for foreign-owned enterprises or foreign companies that have entered into joint-venture agreements with holding companies of the military government. Most of the new industrial estates are being developed by the Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development of the Ministry of Construction specifically for privately owned industries. Over 6,000 of the 50,000 privately owned manufacturing enterprises in the country are now accommodated in these zones. Recently, several privately owned land development companies have begun their own industrial parks in the Yangon area in collaboration with the DHSHD.
The articles in the compendium are arranged in chronological order with the most recently published at the top of the list.
The articles have been selected on the basis that they are representative of initiatives and challenges faced in the rapidly developing industrial zones of Myanmar. Internet search engines such as Google will yield many more references on any one of the many zones named here. Researchers should bear in mind that place names in Myanmar are frequently spelled in a variety of ways in English. Thus, the use of different spellings as search words may result in a considerable increase in the amount of information generated."
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-17
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
Format :
html doc pdf
Size:
445.37 KB 588 KB 786.24 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Nations Unies (E/CN.4/2005/L.29)
Date of publication:
2005-04-14
Description:
Adopt?e sans vote.
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-14
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
Francais, French
Format :
pdf
Size:
120.73 KB
Local URL:
resolution(fr).pdf
resolution(fr).pdf more
Source/publisher:
Inter-Parliamentary Union
Date of publication:
2005-04-08
Description:
Resolution adopted unanimously by the IPU Governing Council at its 176th session
(Manila, 8 April 2005)..."... Reaffirms that the restoration of the rule of law and human rights further requires the full removal of the ban on political activities and the establishment of institutions that are representative of the people?s will; reaffirms in this respect its conviction that the National Convention, in its present form, can only be seen as a body designed to prolong and legitimise military rule against the will of the people as expressed in the 1990 elections, and that any constitution adopted by that body would lack legitimacy;
5. Calls upon the authorities to engage in a genuine dialogue with those who were elected in the 1990 elections and represent the people..."
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-14
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
United Nations (E/CN.4/2005/L.29)
Date of publication:
2005-04-14
Description:
Adopted by consensus
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-14
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
72.56 KB
Local URL:
resolution-ocr.htm, resolution-ocr.doc
resolution-ocr.htm, resolution-ocr.doc more
Source/publisher:
SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research Bibliographic Supplement (Winter, 2004) ISSN 1479-8484
Date of publication:
2004-12-00
Description:
"?The Living? Bibliography of Burma Studies: The Secondary Literature” was first
published in 2001, with the last update dated 26 April 2003. The SOAS Bulletin of
Burma Research has been expanded to include a special bibliographic supplement
this year, and every other year hereafter, into which additions and corrections to the
bibliography will be incorporated. In the interim, each issue of the SOAS Bulletin
of Burma Research will include a supplemental list, arranged by topic and subtopic.
Readers are encouraged to contact the SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research
with information about their publications, hopefully with a reference to a topic and
sub-topic number for each entry, so that new information can be inserted into the
bibliography correctly. References should be submitted in the form followed by the
bibliography, using any of the entries as an example.
Please note that any particular entry will only be included once, regardless
of wider relevance. Eventually, all entries will be cross-listed to indicate other
areas where a particular piece of research might be of use. This list has been
compiled chiefly from direct surveys of the literature with additional information
supplied by the bibliographies of numerous and various sources listed in the
present bibliography. Additional sources include submissions from members of the
BurmaResearch (including the former Earlyburma) and SEAHTP egroups, as well
as public domain listings of personal publications on the internet. Please also note
that newspaper and newsletter articles, encyclopedia articles, conference papers,
and papers in progress will not be included in this list, as most are short pieces or
extracts from already, or eventually to be, published works."
M. W. C.
Michael Charney
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-14
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Abstracts, bibliographies, scholarly journals, libraries, institutes, universities, other research tools, Historical research, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS)
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.05 MB
more
Source/publisher:
IFI-Burma
Date of publication:
2005-04-00
Description:
"As the table below indicates, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) continues to provide grants for regional technical assistance (TA) projects in the Greater
Mekong Subregion (GMS) that include Burma. The grants for the projects below amount to US$5.74 million. For all of the projects in the table below,
the amount of the grant extended by the ADB was US$1 million or smaller. This allows the projects to be approved by the ADB President, not by the
Board of Directors."
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-13
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
htm doc
Size:
41.67 KB 47 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Committee for Internally Displaced Karen People
Date of publication:
2000-12-00
Description:
"...The report pin points the dismal conditions for the Karen people throughout
the district, but the desperate situation of specific group in worst hit areas. It
was always the intention to build on the BERG report, Forgotten Victims of a
Hidden War: Internally Displaced Karen in Burma, published in 1998, which
provided the background and general description of the displacement of the
Karen in Kawthoolei. The Mu Traw report has been the first attempt by the
CIDKP to provide more detailed information focussing on a single district. It is
hoped that the report will lead to future publications regarding the situation in
the other Karen districts..."
Saw Klo Wah Moo, Saw Ternder, Saw La Thwe
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-11
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.38 MB
Local URL:
CIDKP-Mutraw2000.ocr.pdf
CIDKP-Mutraw2000.ocr.pdf more
Source/publisher:
Robert Taylor
Date of publication:
2005-04-05
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-08
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Burma Day 2005 - Selected Documents
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
71.58 KB
more
Source/publisher:
European Commission
Date of publication:
2005-04-05
Description:
Burma/Myanmar Day:
Brussels, 5 April 2005...
"National Reconciliation and Foreign Assistance ?
The Future of The People Is Our Challenge"
by Mr Hervé Jouanjean,
Deputy Director General (External Relations)
European Commission..."...The overall political picture shows a government, which for decades has isolated itself and the country. In its desire to convey its criticism, the international community has compounded that isolation. The population has been the permanent victim of the situation.
At the same time, Burma/Myanmar enjoys fairly stable political and economic relationships in the immediate neighbourhood in particular with China and India. This helps the military regime to resist the consequences of economic sanctions.
ASEAN has been - at least in public diplomacy ? a faithful supporter of a soft approach towards Burma/Myanmar. More recently though, old members of ASEAN are becoming more critical notably with the prospect of Burma/Myanmar taking over the chair of the organisation in 2006.
While welcoming this new attitude of some ASEAN members, we do not know to what extent ASEAN is prepared to challenge its own unity on the Burmese question and how effective ASEAN pressure on the military regime can be if Burma/Myanmar continues to enjoy the comfort zone provided by China and India...There has been quite some discussion about this report; let me underline that the Commission requested and financed this report - but the report?s conclusions and recommendations are the authors? own and should be seen as an input to an on-going debate..."
Mr Hervé Jouanjean
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-07
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Burma Day 2005 - Selected Documents
Language:
English
Format :
htm doc
Size:
129.96 KB 132.5 KB
more
Source/publisher:
European Commission
Description:
Burma Day 2005 - Selected Documents...
Supporting Burma/Myanmar?s National Reconciliation Process - Challenges and Opportunities... Brussels, Tuesday 5th April 2005... Most of the papers and reports focus on the "Independent Report" written for the conference by Robert Taylor and Morten Pedersen. They range from macroeconomic critique to historical and procedural comment.
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-06
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
European Union-Burma relations (commentary/analysis), Economy: general, analytical, statistical (various sources), Political, social and economic dimensions of investment in Burma, The discussion on humanitarian assistance to Burma, European Union humanitarian assistance
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
Euro-Burma Office
Date of publication:
2005-04-05
Description:
"...I would like to state from the onset that I am very disappointed that a valuable opportunity to help the people of Burma was wasted. Robert Taylor and Morten Pedersen could have seriously explored policy options and recommended innovative ways to support the reconciliation process in Burma. Instead, the report has repeated old arguments against sanctions and have needlessly incited a controversy. This controversy has the potential to derail the focus of the meeting, namely, how to deliver humanitarian assistance to the people of Burma. If this happened, the losers would be the people of Burma..."
Harn Yawnghwe
Date of entry/update:
2005-04-06
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Burma Day 2005 - Selected Documents
Language:
English
Format :
htm doc
Size:
64.35 KB 48.5 KB
Local URL:
Burma_Day-Harn.htm, Burma_Day-Harn.doc
Burma_Day-Harn.htm, Burma_Day-Harn.doc more