Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global
These studies which cover economic, political, scientific and historical dimensions of shifting cultivation in various countries may be helpful to people in Burma/Myanmar in drafting their land use policy
Websites/Multiple Documents
Description:
1-3 issues a year from 1980...contains articles on shifting cultivation, Burma, Myanmar etc.
Source/publisher:
"Himalaya" (Macalester University)
Date of entry/update:
2015-03-10
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Reviews/bibliographies/lists on swidden/shifting cultivation
Language:
English
more
Description:
About 45,300,000 results (2019-04-27)
Source/publisher:
Google via Youtube
Date of publication:
2019-04-27
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-27
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Climate Change - climate education, introductions, films, guides, links, bibliographies, Roots and Resources - global and regional experience and analysis, Food Security - global and regional literature, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global
Language:
English
more
Description:
"MYLAFF - a forum for sharing information about land, rural livelihoods, forests, fisheries, agribusiness investment and natural resource management in Myanmar...
The main URL given here is the public entry to MYLAFF. For access to more documents, users have to sign up to MYLAFF...
*Members of the forum include government officials, staff of donor agencies and NGOs, project experts, academics and business people...
*We aim to support rural development in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar through providing stakeholders and decision-makers with a space for communication and better access to information and analysis...
*Our online document repository is at www.mylaff.org, where you can find a wide variety of documents in both English and Myanmar language, alongside others...Under Farming Systems, MYLAFF has a section on shifting cultivation...
*More information is available in the FAQ, which is available here: http://www.mylaff.org/static/MyLAFF_FAQ.pdf..."
Source/publisher:
MYLAFF
Date of entry/update:
2015-03-03
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Reviews/bibliographies/lists on swidden/shifting cultivation, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya") cultivation - Burma/Myanmar, Land-specialised groups and forums with a Burma/Myanmar focus, Forest Tenure (general), Roots and Resources - global and regional experience and analysis, Land confiscation for military, commercial and other purposes, Sustainable agriculture - Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
more
Description:
35,000 results (January 2015)
Source/publisher:
Bing.com
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Description:
767,000 results (January 2015)
Source/publisher:
Google
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Description:
124,000 results (January 2015)
Source/publisher:
Google
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Description:
5700 results (January 2015)
Source/publisher:
FAO via Google
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Description:
1,680 results (January 2015)
Source/publisher:
IFAD via Google.com
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Individual Documents
Summary:
"As the time for growing rice in Myanmar approaches, Kyaw Thet Naing, a farmer who lives on the outskirts of the nation's capital Nay Pyi Taw, already has high hope for his harvest.
His confidence...
Description:
"As the time for growing rice in Myanmar approaches, Kyaw Thet Naing, a farmer who lives on the outskirts of the nation's capital Nay Pyi Taw, already has high hope for his harvest.
His confidence has grown from experiencing years of rich and quality yields on his five acres of rice, where he has kept planting paddy seed varieties from China and practiced related farming techniques since 2017.
"With our traditional ways of cultivation, we would normally produce about 60 baskets (1,260 kg) per acre. With China's assistance, we have added nearly 50 baskets per acre," he said.
In the past year, rice seeds and related techniques from China have become widely accepted among nearby farmers, he added. In 2017, the Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS) in Nanning, capital of southwest China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, worked with agricultural authorities in Myanmar as well as companies from both sides to build several research platforms in Nay Pyi Taw.
The platforms, which aim to introduce, select, demonstrate and publicize high-quality crop varieties from both countries, launched research projects targeting new ways to plant and grow crops more efficiently and with greener methods in pest and disease prevention and control.
Yang Mingtong, chairman of the Guangxi Haokay Biotechnology Co. Ltd., one of the contributors to the platform, said that the company has been conducting tests and plant trials for about 102 Chinese crop varieties, including rice, corn, cucurbit and vegetables, in Myanmar to see if they are suited to the local climate and soil conditions..."
Source/publisher:
"The Star Online" (Selangor)
Date of entry/update:
2020-02-04
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Sustainable agriculture - global and regional, China-Burma relations
Language:
Local URL:
more
Description:
"The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is implementing a project
entitled “Sustainable Cropland and forest management in priority agro-ecosystems of Myanmar (SLMGEF)” in coordination with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation
(MoNREC) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI) with funding from
the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
The project aims to facilitate and strengthen sustainable land management (SLM), sustainable
forest management (SFM), and climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The project facilitates the
adoption of climate smart agriculture (CSA) policies and practices that will help to sustainably
increase productivity, enhance resilience (adaptation), reduce/remove GHGs (mitigation) and
enhance achievement of national food security and development goals.
The project intends to establish a national CSA/SLM training program mainstreaming CSA/SLM
in the agriculture related academic courses and training conducted by Department of Agriculture
(DoA), State Agricultural Institutes (SAIs), Department of Agriculture Research (DAR) and Yezin
Agricultural University (YAU). The project will work with DoA, SAIs, DAR and YAU to
integrate CSA within their research, training and development programs. The training program
will vary with the need and nature of the institutions, for example;(1) one month training together
with other subjects for the in-service or refresher course at Central Agriculture Research and
Training Centre (CARTC), (2) one week intensive training of trainers (ToT) aiming for the senior
extension agents of DoA, DAR and YAU, (3) CSA component integrated into the course for
diploma students at SAIs, and (4) CSA component integrated into the course for bachelor and
master's level at YAU.
AVSI Foundation has been contracted to develop the Climate Smart Agriculture Curriculum and
Handbook to be introduced and incorporated as a course (subject) into the existing education
systems at different levels as mentioned above. This document will serve as the main
resource/reference book for the trainers of one week ToT programme to include the related topics
on CSA into their courses for teaching..."
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2019-01-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-14
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Food Security - global and regional literature, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
643.91 KB 475.67 KB
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Description:
"Welcome to the last FAO Myanmar newsletter
of 2018!
During the year 2018, FAO Myanmar achieved
significant milestones in the sectors in which it
has been working. In addition, the new
Country Programming Framework (CPF 2017-
2022) representing FAO’s strategy of
intervention in Myanmar for the coming years,
was officially endorsed by the Cabinet on
behalf of the Government of Myanmar in
October.
In 2018, FAO continued to provide support to
the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and
Irrigation (MoALI) through specialized
technical assistance to the development and
establishment of the Agriculture Development
Strategy (ADS). This was an important
achievement for the agriculture sector.
Moreover, with FAO’s technical and financial
support, MoALI accomplished the
development of the Agriculture Action Plan for
Disaster Risk Reduction (AAPDRR). It is also
worthwhile mentioning that FAO collaborated
with MoALI and MoNREC in establishing the
first Climate Smart Agriculture Centre (CSAC)
as the national CSA knowledge repository and
catalyst. The latter should help farming and
forestry stakeholders in building capacity to
mitigate climate change and improve land
condition.
FAO Myanmar Newsletter
Xiaojie Fan
FAO Representative in Myanmar
In addition, FAO played a critical role in the
development of Multi-Sectoral National Plan of
Action on Nutrition (MS-NPAN). This vital multistakeholder collaboration will promote healthier
and more productive lives that contribute to the
overall economic and social aspirations of the
country. Following MoALI’s request, FAO and
World Food Programme undertook a Food
Security Field Assessment Mission in Rakhine
State in May this year with constructive
recommendations for future agriculture and
livelihood development in Rakhine.
I would like to take this opportunity to express
my gratitude to our Government counterparts,
donors, development and humanitarian partners,
for joining hands and allowing accomplishing
important steps towards progressing in FAO’s
objectives of reducing rural poverty, helping
eliminating hunger and making agriculture more
productive and sustainable in Myanmar.
I wish you all a happy holiday season and
peaceful and prosperous 2019.
Enjoy reading our Newsletter!..."
Xiaojie Fan
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2018-12-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-14
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Food Security - global and regional literature, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
999.26 KB
more
Description:
"The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is implementing a project
entitled “Sustainable Cropland and forest management in priority agro-ecosystems of Myanmar
(SLM-GEF)” in coordination with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Conservation (MoNREC) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI)
with funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
The project aims to facilitate and strengthen sustainable land management (SLM), sustainable
forest management (SFM), and climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The project facilitates the
adoption of CSA policies and practices that will help to sustainably increase productivity,
enhance resilience, reduce/remove GHGs and enhance achievement of national food security
and development goals. At field level, the project is active in five pilot Townships from three
different agro-ecological zones implementing various relevant CSA initiatives mainly using
Farmer Field Schools (FFS) models.
Upland/hill Pilot Site: Mindat and Kanpetlet Townships, Chin State
Coastal/Delta Zone Pilot Site: Laputta Township, Ayeyarwady Region
Central Dry Zone Pilot Site: Kyaukpadaung and Nyaung U Townships, Mandalay Region
AVSI Foundation was contracted as a Service Provider to develop the FFS curriculum and FFS
Handbook for each of the above mentioned three agro-ecological zones. Accordingly, FFS
curricula/modules on CSA techniques/practices for the prioritized agricultural crops and
cropping systems under each of the three agro-ecological zones have been developed
incorporating solutions to the major problems identified during the need assessments and also
considering the findings of value chain analysis. After finalizing the FFS curricula, a FFS
Handbook has been developed for each agro-ecological zone both in Myanmar and English
version. This handbook is intended to help the Extension Workers, FFS Facilitators and FFS
Committee/farmers to implement FFS on CSA techniques and practices in upland/hill zone of
Chin State and scaling up the learnings in similar areas of Myanmar..."
Ms. Xiaojie Fan
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2019-01-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-14
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Food Security - global and regional literature, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
4.68 MB
more
Description:
"Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach for developing actions needed to transform
and reorient agricultural systems to effectively support development and ensure food security
under climate change. CSA aims to tackle three main objectives: sustainably increasing
agricultural productivity and incomes; adapting and building resilience to climate change; and
reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions, where possible
(http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/concept/en/).
FAOs CCA foresee a broader approach, working to build synergies among social protection
and climate change to achieve sustainable growth and eliminate rural poverty. FAO uses a
“twin-track” approach, on the one hand taking immediate steps to protect and support
agriculture, food and nutrition, and on the other addressing in the longer term the underlying
factors driving risks, disasters and crises. FAO’s work focuses on developing, protecting and
restoring sustainable livelihoods so that the integrity of societies that depend on farming,
livestock, fish, forests and other natural resources is not threatened by crises. CSA uses a
comprehensive approach in seeking to improve rural livelihoods, increasing the productivity
and resilience of poor communities, including rural women and girls, while also providing
mitigation benefits.
Climate-smart agriculture is a holistic system applicable to big farms cultivating thousands of
acres as well as smallholder farmers who live and work on fewer than 10 acres of land. The
principles can have positive effects for farmers, the land, water, and wildlife. It helps reduce
the negative impacts of climate change to agriculture and boost positive ones, protecting agroecosystems, and promoting healthier, more resilient landscapes, which in the aggregate,
contributes to climate change mitigation and food security.
Being an agricultural country, Myanmar economy mainly relies on agriculture. In Myanmar,
most of the people consider “Agriculture” as the production of crops. However, it has a wider
scope not only crop and livestock production but also covers fisheries and forest management.
Agriculture sector contributed to 28.6 % of total export earnings in 2015-2016 and employed
61.25 % of the labour force (MOALI, 2017)..."
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2019-01-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-14
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Food Security - global and regional literature, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
6.57 MB
more
Description:
"sustainable land management; sustainable forest management; ecosystem approaches; climate-smart agriculture; climate change mitigation; community-based forest enterprise development; Myanmar;
SDG: 02. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture..."
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Date of publication:
2019-01-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-06-14
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Food Security - global and regional literature
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
5.85 MB
more
Description:
"More than a billion farmers and their families around the world are on the front line of climate change. Their lives and livelihoods are directly affected by its impacts, and they are also vital to implementing many of the solutions we need to help prevent it.
“Climate-smart agriculture” describes agricultural practices which contribute to increasing farm productivity and incomes, building greater resilience, and minimising agriculture’s greenhouse gas emissions – all in an equitable and sustainable manner.
Explore 28 case studies of climate-smart agriculture in action around the world at: www.farmingfirst.org/climate-smart-agriculture..."
Source/publisher:
Youtube via "FarmingFirst"
Date of publication:
2016-06-08
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-28
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - climate education, introductions, films, guides, links, bibliographies, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Roots and Resources - global and regional experience and analysis, Food Security - global and regional literature
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"To feed nine billion people by 2050, global food production needs to increase by 70 percent. Farmers in Africa, and across the world, are using Climate-Smart Agriculture practices to combat the impacts of Climate Change on crop production..."
Source/publisher:
Youtube via "World Bank"
Date of publication:
2011-09-02
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-28
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Climate Change - climate education, introductions, films, guides, links, bibliographies, Urban development, Food Security - global and regional literature
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"This video explains the climate-smart agriculture approach including its objectives and why it is needed.
Climate change will hit farmers, herders and fishers the hardest. The Climate-smart agriculture approach promotes the development of the technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development for food security under a changing climate. It seeks to: increase sustainably agricultural productivity and incomes, help adapt and build resilience to climate change impacts and wherever possible, reduces and/or removes greenhouse gases.
To make climate-smart agriculture a reality we need to: expand the evidence base; improve policies; empower local institutions; and combine new financing options. Let’s make sure our agriculture is productive and sustainable for generations to come..."
Source/publisher:
Youtube via " Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
Date of publication:
2015-06-08
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-28
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - climate education, introductions, films, guides, links, bibliographies, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Urban development, Food Security - global and regional literature
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
About 2,060,000 results (2019-04-27)
Source/publisher:
Google
Date of publication:
2019-04-27
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-27
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - climate education, introductions, films, guides, links, bibliographies, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma, Food Security - global and regional literature, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"Shifting cultivation is a form of agro-forestry in which the cultivation of annual agricultural crops is combined with fallowing long enough for trees to grow before the plot is cultivated again. Why is shifting cultivation so controversial, and why do different stakeholders hold such divergent views - for some a valuable and honourable tradition but for others virtually a criminal activity?..."
''ဤစိုက်ပျိုးရေးစနစ်သည် ကမ္ဘာတစ်လွှား တွင်တွင်ကျယ်ကျယ် ပျံ့နှံ့ရေပန်းစားတဲ့ စနစ်တစ်ခုဖြစ်နေဆဲဖြစ်သည်။ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံရှိ လက်လုပ်လက်စား ကျေးလက်နေလူထုလူတန်းစား သန်းပေါင်းများစွာသည် ရွှေ့ပြောင်းတောင် ယာစနစ်ကို ပင်မအသက်မွေးဝမ်းကျောင်း လုပ်ငန်းတစ်ရပ်အနေဖြင့် မျိုးဆက်တစ်ဆက်ပြီးတစ်ဆက် လက်ဆင့်ကမ်းကျင့်သုံးလာခဲ့ကြခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။ ယနေ့အချိန်ထိလည်း နိုင်ငံတစ်နံတစ်လျားရှိ ရပ်ရွာအသိုက်အဝန်းနှင့် အိမ်ထောင်မိသားစုပေါင်းများစွာ၏ စားနပ်ရိက္ခာဖူလုံရေးကို ဆက်လက်ထောက်ပံ့ပေးနေဆဲဖြစ်သလို တောင်သူတွေကိုယ်၌လည်း ယဉ်ကျေးမှုအမွေအနှစ်တစ်ရပ်အဖြစ် ဆက်လက်ထိန်းသိမ်းတန်ဖိုးထားနေကြဆဲဖြစ်သည်။
သို့သော်လည်း ၁၉ ရာစုအစောပိုင်းမှစ၍ နိုင်ငံအစိုးရအမြောက်အများက ၎င်းတို့လိုလားနှစ်ခြိုက်သည့် အတည် တကျစိုက်ပျိုးရေးပုံစံထက် သိမ်နုပ်သည့် စနစ်တစ်ရပ်လို စတင်ရှုမြင်လာခဲ့သည်။ ထိုအမြင်သဘောထားမျိုးဖြင့် ရွှေ့ပြောင်းတောင်ယာစနစ်ကို ဆိုးရွားလွန်းသဖြင့် အမြစ်ပြုတ်မြေလှန်ဖယ်ရှားရန် လိုအပ်သည့် ပြဿနာတစ် ရပ်ကဲ့သို့ ပုံဖော်လာခဲ့သည်။ အမြဲတမ်းလိုလို ရွှေ့ပြောင်းတောင်ယာစိုက်ပျိုးရေးစနစ်ကို သစ်တောပြုန်းတီးစေ သည့် အဓိကမောင်းနှင်အားတစ်ရပ်အဖြစ် ဝေဖန်ပြစ်တင်လေ့ရှိပြီး အစိုးရဌာနများက အမြဲတမ်းလိုလို အနားပေးစိုက်ကွက်များကို ‘စွန့်ပစ်မြေ’ သို့မဟုတ် ‘မြေဖျင်း’ဟု ခေါင်းစဉ်တပ်သိမ်းယူကာ အခြားသောမြေယာအသုံး ပြုမှုပုံစံများအတွက် လုပ်ပိုင်ခွင့်ပြန်လည်ချပေးလျက်ရှိသည်။ ဤကဲ့သို့သော အရေးယူဆောင်ရွက်ချက်များက ရွှေ့ပြောင်းတောင်ယာစိုက်ပျိုးလျက်ရှိသည့် နယ်မြေဒေသအများအပြားကို ဆင်းရဲနွမ်းပါးမှု၊ ဆုံးရှုံးနစ်နာမှုနဲ့ ပဋိပက္ခများဆီသို့ ဦးတည်တွန်းပို့လျက်ရှိသည်။
ရွှေ့ပြောင်းတောင်ယာက ဘာကြောင့်ဒီလောက်ထိ ဝိရောဓိဖြစ်နေရသလဲ။ မတူကွဲပြားတဲ့ အကျိုးပတ်သက်ပါ ဝင်သူတွေရဲ့ အမြင်သဘောထားတွေ ဘာကြောင့်ဒီလောက်ထိ ကွဲလွဲနေကြသလဲ။ တစ်ဖက်က လေးလေးစား စားတန်ဖိုးထားကျင့်သုံးနေတဲ့ ရိုးရာဓလေ့တစ်ခုဖြစ်နေပေမယ့် အခြားတစ်ဖက်ကတော့ ရာဇဝတ်မှုကျူးလွန်တဲ့ ပြစ်မှုတစ်ခုလိုဘဲ သဘောထားနေကြတာ ဘာကြောင့်လဲ။...''
Source/publisher:
Transnational Institute (TNI)
Date of publication:
2019-01-17
Date of entry/update:
2019-01-21
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research
Language:
Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ), English
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
1.78 MB 416.47 KB
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Description:
Abstract: "Global economic change and policy interventions
are driving transitions from long-fallow swidden (LFS)
systems to alternative land uses in Southeast Asia?s uplands.
This study presents a systematic review of how these
transitions impact upon livelihoods and ecosystem services
in the region. Over 17 000 studies published between 1950
and 2015 were narrowed, based on relevance and quality, to
93 studies for further analysis. Our analysis of land-use
transitions from swidden to intensified cropping systems
showed several outcomes: more households had increased
overall income, but these benefits came at significant cost
such as reductions of customary practice, socio-economic
wellbeing, livelihood options, and staple yields. Examining
the effects of transitions on soil properties revealed negative
impacts on soil organic carbon, cation-exchange capacity,
and aboveground carbon. Taken together, the proximate and
underlying drivers of the transitions from LFS to alternative
land uses, especially intensified perennial and annual cash
cropping, led to significant declines in pre-existing
livelihood security and the ecosystem services supporting
this security. Our results suggest that policies imposing landuse
transitions on upland farmers so as to improve
livelihoods and environments have been misguided; in the
context of varied land uses, swidden agriculture can support
livelihoods and ecosystem services that will help buffer the
impacts of climate change in Southeast Asia."
Keywords: *Alternative land uses *Ecosystem services *
Livelihood security *Shifting cultivation *Southeast Asia
Wolfram H. Dressler, David Wilson, Jessica Clendenning, Rob Cramb, Rodney Keenan, Sango Mahanty, Thilde Bech Bruun, Ole Mertz
Source/publisher:
The Royal Swedish Acadamy of Sciences, Crossmark
Date of publication:
2016-10-01
Date of entry/update:
2016-11-20
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Policies, Policies, Customary tenure - global and regional
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.78 MB
Local URL:
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Description:
Abstract:
"Shifting cultivation continues as the economic mainstay of upland communities in
many countries in Southeast Asia. However, the conditions that historically underpinned the
sustainability of rotations with long fallows have largely vanished. The imperative to evolve
more permanent forms of land use has been exacerbated by rapid population growth, gazette-
ment of remnant wildlands into protected areas, and state policies to sedentarize agriculture
and discourage the use of fallows and fire. There are many compelling examples where shifting
cultivators have successfully managed local resources to solve local problems. Technical
approaches to stabilizing and improving productivity of shifting cultivation systems have not
been notably successful. Farmer rejection of researcher-driven solutions has led to greater recog-
nition of farmer constraints. This experience underlined the need for participatory, on-farm
research approaches to identify solutions. The challenge is to document and evaluate indige-
nous strategies for intensification of shifting cultivation through a process of research and devel-
opment. This process involves identification of promising indigenous practices, characterization
of the practices, validation of the utility of the practice for other communities, extrapolation to
other locations, verification with key farmers, and wide-scale extension.".....Key words:
farming systems, indigenous knowledge, intensification, slash-and-burn, swidden,
uplands.
M. CAIRNS, D. P. GARRITY*
Source/publisher:
Agroforestry Systems 47 : 37?48, 1999
Date of publication:
1998-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2016-07-10
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
136 KB
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Description:
Practice of Jhum ...Jhum Governance...Jhum and Livelihood ...Jhum and Environment ...The presentation examines shifting cultivation and its importance to the livelihoods of the Naga in Sagaing Region.
Athong Makury
Source/publisher:
RRtIP
Date of publication:
2016-06-20
Date of entry/update:
2016-07-01
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya") cultivation - Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
890.8 KB
Local URL:
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Description:
Key issues of shifting cultivation ?marginalization”
1. Shifting cultivation ?eradication” policies...
2.
Land classification that ignores shifting cultivation...
3.
Obscure macro level land zonation......
Andreas Heinimann
Source/publisher:
University of Bern, OneMap Myanmar Project, LCG meeting Yangon, 17th June 2016
Date of publication:
2016-06-17
Date of entry/update:
2016-06-26
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.45 MB
more
Description:
"If managed well, swidden farming in Borneo can provide vital ecosystem services and protect biodiversity, study (see alternate URL) says....It?s long been stigmatized, blamed for destroying forests and releasing greenhouse gases.
But, when done properly, shifting cultivation can create natural ecosystems with high biodiversity, rich carbon stocks and low soil erosion.
The catch? It needs to be practiced over a large area to allow different plots of land to go through the cycle from crop to fallow, to young forest, to secondary forest. And it takes time.
This is what researchers discovered in a recent study that compared the level of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the traditional forest?swidden agriculture system of Northern Borneo with other land uses, such as natural forest and monoculture plantations..."
Source/publisher:
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
Date of publication:
2016-02-17
Date of entry/update:
2016-05-05
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
413.79 KB
Local URL:
more
Description:
Abstract:
"Because industrial agriculture keeps expanding in Southeast Asia at the expense of natural
forests and traditional swidden systems, comparing biodiversity and ecosystem services in
the traditional forest?swidden agriculture system vs. monocultures is needed to guide decision making on land-use planning. Focusing on tree diversity, soil erosion control, and climate change mitigation through carbon storage, we surveyed vegetation and monitored soil
loss in various land-use areas in a northern Bornean agricultural landscape shaped by swidden agriculture, rubber tapping, and logging, where various levels and types of disturbance
have created a fine mosaic of vegetation from food crop fields to natural forest. Tree species
diversity and ecosystem service production were highest in natural forests. Logged-over
forests produced services similar to those of natural forests. Land uses related to the swidden agriculture system largely outperformed oil palm or rubber monocultures in terms of
tree species diversity and service production. Natural and logged-over forests should be
maintained or managed as integral parts of the swidden system, and landscape multifunc-
tionality should be sustained. Because natural forests host a unique diversity of trees and
produce high levels of ecosystem services, targeting carbon stock protection, e.g. through
financial mechanisms such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), will synergistically provide benefits for biodiversity and a wide range of
other services. However, the way such mechanisms could benefit communities must be
carefully evaluated to counter the high opportunity cost of conversion to monocultures that
might generate greater income, but would be detrimental to the production of multiple eco-system services"
Nicolas Labrière, Yves Laumonier, Bruno Locatelli, Ghislain Vieilledent, Marion Comptour
Source/publisher:
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0140423 October 14, 2015
Date of publication:
2015-10-15
Date of entry/update:
2016-05-05
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
413.79 KB
Local URL:
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Title: The Diversity and Dynamics of Shifting Cultivation: Myths, Realities, and Policy Implications
Description:
"...This publication highlights the multifaceted,
dynamic characterstics of shifting cultivation
and identifies socioeconomic and policy factors
that affect shifting cultivators. It challenges
prevailing misconceptions by highlighting the
diversity, myths, and realities of shifting
cultivation.The concluding section summarizes
reasons for supporting agroecological principles
and livelihood security and avoiding historical
mistakes. It also draws on insights based on
field research and makes recommendations for
policy change as well as other opportunities for
supporting sustainable and equitable land use,
including participatory community-based
approaches for integrating local knowledge in
research and development..."
Lori Ann Thrupp, Susanna Hecht, John Browder
Source/publisher:
WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE
Date of publication:
1997-08-31
Date of entry/update:
2016-02-01
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
3.08 MB
more
Description:
"It is a long walk on rugged terrain. The nearest traditional rice field of the indigenous Karen is five kilometres away from the village, tucked away in a dense forest. Yet Mueno, while carrying her three-old son, shows no sign of fatigue even as I am gasping for breath.?You have to see it with your own eyes,” says the widow of Karen land rights activist Porlajee ?Billy” Rakchongcharoen. ?If you don?t understand how rotational farming works without destroying the forests, land conflicts between state authorities and indigenous Karen forest dwellers can never be solved,” she speaks in her calm, stoic voice.
It will be two years this April since her husband disappeared without a trace after being arrested by then Kaeng Krachan National Park chief Chaiwat Limlikhitaksorn. Billy was on his way to collect information about violent forest evictions in 2011 which involved the torching of Karen peasants? thatched-roof shacks and rice barns, to file a lawsuit against Mr Chaiwat..."
Sanitsuda Ekachai
Source/publisher:
"Bangkok Post" via "The Irrawaddy"
Date of publication:
2016-01-20
Date of entry/update:
2016-01-27
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
?...Indigenous peoples with their different lifestyles and livelihoods related to their resource management systems are now gaining more attention in the face of climate change and food insecurity,” said Joan Carling Secretary-General of AIPP. ?Evidence-based studies, including this report on shifting cultivation, clearly demonstrate that indigenous peoples? sustainable livelihoods are actually not just conserving nature but are in fact enhancing biodiversity and providing food security for their communities. Their simple lifestyle has the least carbon footprint and their conservation measures even include carbon sequestration. It is thereby pertinent to review the negative regard and policies on indigenous peoples? livelihoods such as shifting cultivation, and recognise the invaluable contributions of indigenous peoples to conservation of nature, food security and solutions to climate change...”
Source/publisher:
Asia Indigenous People?s Pact (AIPP)
Date of publication:
2015-06-17
Date of entry/update:
2015-06-19
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"...FAO, AIPP and IWGIA jointly carried
out case studies. A researcher, or a group of researchers, who is familiar with the
selected indigenous community and its most important livelihood — shifting
cultivation — prepared each country case study. Based on field studies, which included
surveys, focal group discussions and individual interviews in indigenous communities
and careful analysis of the collected information, the case studies provide in-depth
insights into this important topic of livelihood and food security among selected
shifting cultivator communities in Asia.
The case studies, although set in different social, economic, political and
environmental contexts of the seven countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia, India,
Indonesia, Lao PDR, Nepal and Thailand), highlight that shifting cultivation continues
to be an important livelihood system for the indigenous communities studied (except
for the Tharu in Nepal who were forced to discontinue the practice after being
resettled outside their ancestral land in a national park). The studies illustrate how
shifting cultivation was and still remains a suitable and for some communities
indispensible form of land use in upland areas in Asia, and that it can continue to be
managed sustainably from the viewpoints of both natural resource management and
household food security under conditions of sufficient and legally recognized access to
land.....
The summary recommendations of the Regional Multi-Stakeholder Consultation
Workshop were as follows;
(i) Strengthening policy advocacy at national, regional and global levels on land
tenure, food security and livelihood based upon the principle of equal
partnership between states and indigenous peoples and adherence to the right
to free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) of indigenous peoples in relation
to protection of shifting cultivation, sustainable resource management and
cultural integrity;
(ii) Awareness raising on indigenous peoples? rights addressing consequences of
industrial mono-cropping, large-scale land investments and plantations;
capacity building on innovations especially for women and youth; and skills
development for agroforestry.
(iii) Biodiversity conservation and enhancement against bio-piracy, unfair and
illegal patenting;
(iv) Research and documentation on shifting cultivation and related studies; and
(v) Support services, social protection and safety nets such as credit service,
market support, and insurance..."
Christian Erni (ed), Dr Krishna Bhattachan, Dr Jeremy Ironside, Ms Satomi Higashi, Mr Amba Jamir, Mr Sudibya Kanti Khisa, Mr Prawit Nikorn, Mr Ben Efraim.
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP), International Work Group For Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
Date of publication:
2015-06-17
Date of entry/update:
2015-06-18
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
4.87 MB
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Description:
A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Australian National University.....ABSTRACT: "Although shifting cultivation has long been condemned as a wasteful land use practice, research has failed to identify alternative models suitable to the conditions under which shifting cultivators work. The failure of outside interventions suggests that attention should be directed to cases where, faced with land shortages, shifting cultivators have successfully developed their own innovations for intensified cultivation. This dissertation explores a striking exception to the general collapse of shifting cultivation systems in the Asia-Pacific region, in Nagaland, a remote corner of N.E. India where, for centuries, Naga farmers have managed a local alder tree (Alnus nepalensis) in their swidden fields. The study focuses on Khonoma, a long- established Angami Naga village in Kohima District with a reputation for particularly intensive use of alder in its dryland cultivation. A nearby Angami village, Tsiesema, does not practice alder management. It was thus adopted as a secondary research site that provided a benchmark of swiddening in the absence of alder, and through comparisons between the two study villages, allowed the study to better gauge the costs and benefits associated with alder management. The study explores the cultural ecology of Khonoma, with special emphasis on the role of alder in its swidden fields. It carefully documents how alder is being managed, examines the evidence for what benefits it provides, and seeks to reconstruct the historical reasons underlying alder?s magnified importance in Khonoma. It shows alder to be a pioneer tree that thrives in the study area, and how through centuries of trial and error, Khonoma has become extraordinarily skillful in managing it as an improved fallow species. By accelerating fallow functions, alder has allowed Khonoma to dramatically intensify its cultivation without slipping into the downward spiral of degradation typically seen when swidden systems are pushed beyond their ecological resilience. The thesis demonstrates how interwoven history, culture, the environment, the landscape and livelihood strategies are in Khonoma, and how they led to it managing alder more intensively than neighboring societies. The Khonoma experience provides a compelling example of farmers using a multipurpose tree as a ?bridge” that allowed them to effortlessly make the transition from shifting to permanent cultivation. This was achieved through small, incremental changes to their existing cultivation practices - an approach vastly more acceptable to farmers than the completely new technologies that projects often attempt to parachute into swidden communities.".....At 191MB the original document (follow the link to the Digital Himalaya site) may be too large for everyone to access. OBL has therefore split the document into Text and Gallery and reduced these sections using Finereader OCR and Adobe Acrobat tools. Since the full document is more than 1600 pages, this process may have produced errors. The original 191MB file should therefore be taken as authoritative.
Malcolm Cairns
Source/publisher:
Australian National University (PhD thesis)
Date of publication:
2007-02-28
Date of entry/update:
2015-06-02
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
22.2 MB 8.52 MB
more
Description:
A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Australian National University.....ABSTRACT: "Although shifting cultivation has long been condemned as a wasteful land use practice, research has failed to identify alternative models suitable to the conditions under which shifting cultivators work. The failure of outside interventions suggests that attention should be directed to cases where, faced with land shortages, shifting cultivators have successfully developed their own innovations for intensified cultivation. This dissertation explores a striking exception to the general collapse of shifting cultivation systems in the Asia-Pacific region, in Nagaland, a remote corner of N.E. India where, for centuries, Naga farmers have managed a local alder tree (Alnus nepalensis) in their swidden fields. The study focuses on Khonoma, a long- established Angami Naga village in Kohima District with a reputation for particularly intensive use of alder in its dryland cultivation. A nearby Angami village, Tsiesema, does not practice alder management. It was thus adopted as a secondary research site that provided a benchmark of swiddening in the absence of alder, and through comparisons between the two study villages, allowed the study to better gauge the costs and benefits associated with alder management. The study explores the cultural ecology of Khonoma, with special emphasis on the role of alder in its swidden fields. It carefully documents how alder is being managed, examines the evidence for what benefits it provides, and seeks to reconstruct the historical reasons underlying alder?s magnified importance in Khonoma. It shows alder to be a pioneer tree that thrives in the study area, and how through centuries of trial and error, Khonoma has become extraordinarily skillful in managing it as an improved fallow species. By accelerating fallow functions, alder has allowed Khonoma to dramatically intensify its cultivation without slipping into the downward spiral of degradation typically seen when swidden systems are pushed beyond their ecological resilience. The thesis demonstrates how interwoven history, culture, the environment, the landscape and livelihood strategies are in Khonoma, and how they led to it managing alder more intensively than neighboring societies. The Khonoma experience provides a compelling example of farmers using a multipurpose tree as a ?bridge” that allowed them to effortlessly make the transition from shifting to permanent cultivation. This was achieved through small, incremental changes to their existing cultivation practices - an approach vastly more acceptable to farmers than the completely new technologies that projects often attempt to parachute into swidden communities.".....At 191MB the original document (follow the link to the Digital Himalaya site) may be too large for everyone to access. OBL has therefore split the document into Text and Gallery and reduced these sections using Finereader OCR and Adobe Acrobat tools. Since the full document is more than 1600 pages, this process may have produced errors. The original 191MB file should therefore be taken as authoritative.
Malcolm Cairns
Source/publisher:
Australian National University (PhD thesis)
Date of publication:
2007-02-28
Date of entry/update:
2015-06-02
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
8.52 MB 22.2 MB
more
Description:
Nathalie
van
Vliet
,
Ole
Mertz
,
Andreas
Heinimann
,
Tobias
Langanke
,
Unai
Pascual
,
,
Birgit
Schmook
,
Cristina
Adams
,
Dietrich
Schmidt-Vogt
,
Peter
Messerli
,
Stephen
Leisz
,
Jean-Christophe
Castella
,
Lars
Jørgensen
,
Torben
Birch-Thomsen
,
Cornelia
Hett
,
Thilde
Bech-Bruun
,
Amy
Ickowitz
,
Kim
Chi
Vu
,
Kono
Yasuyuki
,
Jefferson
Fox
,
Christine
Padoch
,
Wolfram
Dressler
,
Alan
D.
Ziegler.....Abstract: "This
meta-analysis
of
land-cover
transformations
of
the
past
10?15
years
in
tropical
forest-agriculture
frontiers
world-wide
shows
that
swidden
agriculture
decreases
in
landscapes
with
access
to
local,
national
and
international
markets
that
encourage
cattle
production
and
cash
cropping,
including
biofuels.
Conservation
policies
and
practices
also
accelerate
changes
in
swidden
by
restricting
forest
clearing
and
encouraging
commercial
agriculture.
However,
swidden
remains
important
in
many
frontier
areas
where
farmers
have
unequal
or
insecure
access
to
investment
and
market
opportunities,
or
where
multi-
functionality
of
land
uses
has
been
preserved
as
a
strategy
to
adapt
to
current
ecological,
economic
and
political
circumstances.
In
some
areas
swidden
remains
important
simply
because
intensification
is
not
a
viable
choice,
for
example
when
population
densities
and/or
food
market
demands
are
low.
The
transformation
of
swidden
landscapes
into
more
intensive
land
uses
has
generally
increased
household
incomes,
but
has
also
led
to
negative
effects
on
the
social
and
human
capital
of
local
communities
to
varying
degrees.From
an
environmentalperspective,
the
transition
from
swidden
to
other
land
uses
oftencontributes
to
permanent
deforestation,
loss
of
biodiversity,
increased
weed
pressure,
declines
in
soil
fertility,
and
accelerated
soil
erosion.
Our
prognosis
is
that,
despite
the
global
trend
towards
land
use
intensification,
in
many
areas
swidden
will
remain
part
of
rural
landscapes
as
the
safety
component
of
diversified
systems,
particularly
in
response
to
risks
and
uncertainties
associated
with
more
intensive
land
use
systems."
Nathalie van Vliet et al
Source/publisher:
"Global Environmental Change" 22 (2012) 418-429
Date of publication:
2011-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-05-22
[field_licence]
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Language:
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Description:
"Emerging issues produce new buzzwords. You see that in the spread of slash-and-burn (kaingin) agriculture in once-timber-rich areas like the province of Palawan.
Today kaingin has blistered the towns of Aborlan, Rizal and Quezon in the south, plus Roxas and Taytay over in the north.
Slabs of once-lush forests of Puerto Princesa, plus stretches on the western coast, nudging national-highway sectors, have been seared by kaingin..."
Juan L. Mercado
Source/publisher:
"Philippiine Daily Inquirer"
Date of publication:
2015-04-16
Date of entry/update:
2015-05-14
[field_licence]
Type:
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Description:
" In the course of human history many tens of thousands of communities have survived and thrived for hundreds, even thousands, of years. Scores of these largely self-sustaining traditional communities continue to this day in remote jungles, forests, mountains, deserts, and in the icy regions of the North. A few remain completely isolated from modern society.
According to United Nations estimates, upwards of 370 million indigenous people are spread out over 70 countries worldwide. Between them, they speak over 5,000 languages.
?Living well is all about keeping good relations with Mother Earth and not living by domination or extraction." -- Victoria Tauli Corpuz, the U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
But as the fingers of economic development reach into ever more distant corners of the globe, many of these communities find themselves ? and their way of life ? under threat.
The march of progress means that efforts are being made both to extract the resources on which these communities rely and to ?mainstream? indigenous groups by introducing Western medical, educational and economic systems into traditional ways of life..."
Stephen Leahy
Source/publisher:
Inter Press Service (IPS)
Date of publication:
2015-05-08
Date of entry/update:
2015-05-14
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Description:
Joint press-release by CALG (Coalition against Land Grabbing) and NATRIPAL (United Tribes of Palawan)
"Recent years have seen an exponential increase in land deals across the Philippines with the conversion of large expanses of land with crops mainly intended for export while traditional upland farming implemented through swidden (?slash-and-burn?) technology (kaingin) is demonized and antagonized through restrictive legislation. The latter, however, fosters local self-sufficiency and plays a fundamental role in the livelihood and worldviews of indigenous societies..."
Source/publisher:
CALG (Coalition against Land Grabbing) and NATRIPAL (United Tribes of Palawan) via Farmland Grab
Date of publication:
2015-04-28
Date of entry/update:
2015-05-14
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"Two articles attributing the destruction of forests on the island of Palawan to kaingin were recently published in the Inquirer (?Summer not all beach in Palawan,” Across the Nation, 4/19/15, and ?Buzzwords rehashed,” Opinion, 4/16/15). As scholars who study kaingin and upland development, we are concerned with the broader message conveyed in these articles. We are writing in response to the careless blaming of kaingin without nuance and context, in ways that broadly paint all upland smallholder farmers—including indigenous peoples—as criminal agriculturists. Such negative portrayals of kaingin are powerful and risk misinforming policymakers, activists and citizens. Worse still, these images divert attention from more destructive upland development, such as monocrop plantations and mining. Our own research offers substantive evidence to this effect..."
Wolfram Dressler, Marvin Montefrio, Eulalio Guieb III, Melanie McDermott, Juan Pulhin, Will Smith, Sarah Webb, David Wilson, Jessica Clendenning
Source/publisher:
"Philippiine Daily Inquirer"
Date of publication:
2015-05-02
Date of entry/update:
2015-05-14
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Description:
"...The practice of ?kaingin? (swidden or slash-and-burn farming) is destroying swaths of forestland along the national highway in Puerto Princesa City and other areas of Palawan province, once dubbed the country?s ?last frontier” for its lush forest cover..." See also the comments below the article
Jonah van Beijnen
Source/publisher:
"Daily Inquirer"
Date of publication:
2015-04-09
Date of entry/update:
2015-05-14
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Description:
"This paper focuses on the historical experiences
of shifting cultivators who lived in the eastern
Himalaya in the areas around Darjeeling, Eastern
Nepal, and Southern Sikkim in the early 19th
century. These groups played an important role
in state-formation in the precolonial period, as
regionally expansive states relied upon them
for labor, military levies, and revenue. Shifting
cultivators were organized under headmen
who dispensed justice, collected taxes, and
negotiated with the state on behalf of their
clients. The author argues that such groups
formed the basis of sovereignty on the frontier,
where control over subjects was more significant
than control over clearly demarcated territory.
Patrons of labor were well-versed in political
negotiations and dexterously managed the shift
to East India Company rule in Darjeeling in 1835;
however, the Company administrators changed
the terms of governance, even as they drew upon
the headmen?s services in accessing laborers.
By positing the labor market as the appropriate
means of securing labor, the Company officials
denied the role of the state in accumulating
labor power. In addition, colonial discourse fixed
shifting cultivators as backwards and in need
of protection, undermining their important
contributions to state formation under the
previous dispensation. By distancing itself from
patron-client relationships as vital to state
formation and discrediting these networks
of labor organization in favor of market logic,
the Company in theory moved the terms of
sovereignty towards territory rather than
people....
Keywords: Darjeeling, borderlands, colonialism, history,
shifting cultivation."
Catherine Warner
Source/publisher:
Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: (vol34/iss1)
Date of publication:
2013-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-03-10
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Description:
"Economic development and environmental
protection have often proved to be conflicting
driving forces behind change in northwest
Yunnan province, China. In 2003, the Sloping
Land Conversion Program brought an end to
traditional shifting cultivation in the Dulong
valley—part of the Gaoligong Mountain
Nature Reserve, Gongshan County— and is
now threatening Drung people?s livelihood
and culture while further increasing villagers?
dependence on state subsidies. This paper
addresses the implementation of this program
and the difficulties encountered by locals
in relation to environmental protection and
economic development issues. It describes
the specificities of swidden cultivation and
explores aspects of human-environment
relatedness in the Dulong Valley...
Keywords: Dulong (Drung, Trung, T?rung), China, Yunnan, Sloping
Land Conversion Program, swidden agriculture, biodiversity,
development, livelihood, suicide.
Stéphane Gros
Source/publisher:
Himalaya
Date of publication:
2014-12-19
Date of entry/update:
2015-03-09
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English
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Description:
"The process of coercing or persuading farmers
to transition from shifting agriculture to more
sedentary agricultural practices, a process I refer
to as ?de-swiddening,? has been well documented
for many decades. Most often this process takes
place in the political context of a state?s attempt
to make an agricultural system more ?legible,? as
Scott (1998) has aptly described it.
In a more recent context, de-swiddening
has actually been taken under the banner of
environmental protection. In both instances,
institutional bodies which design de-swiddening
policies rarely consider its unintended
consequences. In China, to prevent erosion
in upland regions of the country, the Ministry
of Forestry and the Ministry of Agriculture
established the Sloping Land Conversion
Program (SLCP) in 1998 to pay households not
to cut down timber. At the local level, this has
effectively created an altitudinal boundary
preventing households from cutting any trees
above 2000 meters where swiddening practices
would traditionally take place.
In this paper I plan to show that the policy
itself was part of a historical process of the
de-swiddening of various ethnic groups in
Western China. Such a policy did not develop
in a vacuum of knowledge but is connected
to a Chinese understanding of intensified
agriculture. To demonstrate this I show how
the ethno-agricultural system in an Ersu
Tibetan community, has been undermined by an
adherence to the Chinese state?s interpretation
of ?scientific agriculture? over the past 80 years.
Yet, I also argue that Ersu villagers engage
directly with these changes as their own desire
to obtain economic wealth has increased in
recent decades.
Keywords: swidden, anthropology, Sichuan, Ersu, history..."
Edwin A. Schmitt
Source/publisher:
Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: (vol34/iss2)
Date of publication:
2014-12-19
Date of entry/update:
2015-03-09
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English
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Description:
"...Through a detailed analysis of each major period of
research since 1945, this review aims to systematically
assess studies on swidden and alternative land uses
in the uplands of Southeast Asia. In doing so, our
review examines the possible outcomes swidden
and alternative land-use changes have on associated
livelihood and ecosystem services in the region over
time. In this way, the review will provide a much
needed synthesis of the available data to provide
policy-makers and practitioners with an evidence
base in order to make informed decisions when it
comes to land and forest policies and activities for the
uplands of Southeast Asia..."
Wolfram Dressler, David Wilson, Jessica Clendenning, Rob Cramb, Sango Mahanty, Rodel Lasco, Rodney Keenan, Phuc To, Dixon Gevana
Source/publisher:
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) - CIFOR Working Paper no. 174
Date of publication:
2014-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-24
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Reviews/bibliographies/lists on swidden/shifting cultivation, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global
Language:
English
Format :
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514.73 KB
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Description:
Conclusions and recommendations: "It is obvious that this traditional farming
system is in need of in-depth research and
development support to help farmers deal
with changing frame conditions and new
challenges. Like every other farming system
in the world, it deserves to be taken seriously
by researchers and development workers in
agriculture, forestry, conservation etc.
Development efforts should be aimed towards
modifying and improving the existing shifting
cultivation system, rather than trying to
convince farmers to replace it. The existing
bias against shifting cultivation is not based
on any knowledge of the realities on the
ground and is unfounded. As a result, they
are counterproductive to the conservation and
development programme.
Farmers? traditional knowledge and views
should be taken more seriously in conservation
and development efforts. In situations where
conventional agriculture and forestry options
are not suitable, participatory action research
is a good method to develop new, more
appropriate, technologies and test local
innovations for wider use. Such agricultural and
other development efforts should be supported
by providing farmers with tenure security. Too
often, development efforts are undermined
by farmers? fear of losing access and control
over land and other natural resources once
development projects are implemented and
government control increases. Planning and
working with farmers needs to happen rapidly
and with commitment. Farmers must not feel
that the programme is only talk and no action.
The most obvious way ahead would be for
the WWF Programme to better address
the specifi c needs of shifting cultivators, for
example through a special programme. Such
a programme can perfectly fi t the KCA?s
objective of balancing conservation and
livelihood goals, and relate to the aspirations
of local people as well as the Government of
Nepal and other stakeholders. As part of it,
some of the following recommendations could
be considered:
• Document traditional and indigenous
knowledge and practices and their
importance for biodiversity management,
with due care for intellectual property
rights and cultural sensitivity;
• Strengthen local people?s capacity
to innovate and provide support and
options that are appropriate and locally
acceptable, and
• Enhance security of access and tenure
of land and other natural resources
within the framework provided to the park
authorities by national policies"
Aryal, K.P.; Kerkhoff, E.E.; Maskey, N.; Sherchan, R.
Source/publisher:
WWF Nepal
Date of publication:
2009-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-08
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English
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Description:
"...This chapter has several related objectives. In the first section, I provide
some indication of Batak rice yields and subsistence strategies before the
arrival of large numbers of migrants about forty-five years ago. These
data are based on verbal accounts that I have recorded from Batak elders.
The 1960s were the prelude to a new era of cultural transformations,
which continued through the 1970s and led to major farming crises and
the loss of both land and landraces. I begin by analysing chronologically
a number of events that occurred between 1980 and 2005, and which have
led to the collapse of a relatively stable society of foragers and farmers.
The changing relations between forest availability, swidden size and fal
low periods and the reasons why yields declined per unit of land and
labour cannot be understood without seeing the larger picture and assess
ing the different factors, both external and internal, that have contributed
to the transformation of the Batak swidden system into a costly, often
unproductive and increasingly ?risky? enterprise. In the final section I
examine how national and local politics have had (and continue to have)
a crucial bearing on everything happening in and around Batak swid-
dens. As I shall attempt to demonstrate, the ?cycle of nature? (the seasonal
changes taking place in the environment and people?s cultural means of
coping with them) impinges on and is often inseparable from the ?cycle of
politics? (the recurrent ways in which the state manifests itself through its
laws and programmes)..."
Dario Novellino
Source/publisher:
Chapter from R. Ellen (ed.) ?Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Modern Crises: Coping Strategies in Island Southeast Asia?.
Date of publication:
2006-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-05
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Type:
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Language:
English
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Description:
"...I have proposed that, through a chronology of changes from the 1980s to the present day, declining yields per unit of land and labour are among the basic features of contemporary Batak swidden practices. This trend has reinforced public misconceptions about those practices. Furthermore, I have attempted to show that Batak farming knowledge is complex and articulated, contradicting the general view
that their agricultural practices are unsophisticated and technologically backward. On the contrary, farming innovations and experimentation continue to take place, often as a way of countering changes confronting the Batak. Clearly, a complex set of events and circumstances, rather than Batak farming ?ignorance?, has contributed to detrimental changes in Batak farming practices, such that the environmental sustainability of these practices can no longer be taken for granted. These events include demographic pressure, loss of important ecological food zones, a drop in seasonal movements, competition over resources, indebtedness and government restrictions on forest use. Undoubtedly, top-down technical approaches to stabilizing shifting cultivation, imposition of imported participatory logic and various forms of external interference have played a major role in the breakdown of Batak social-support systems and mobility patterns..."
Dario Novellino
Source/publisher:
M. Janowski and G. Barker (eds.) Why Cultivate? Anthropological and archeological perspectives on foraging-farming transitions in island Southeast Asia.
Date of publication:
2010-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-05
[field_licence]
Type:
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Language:
English
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Description:
RESOLUTION NO. 28414 (also known as the ?Uma Resolution?), REQUESTS HE IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE OF THE PROVINCIAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL OFFICES OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (NCIP) TO SUPPORT BATAK CUSTOMARY RIGHTS TO KAINGIN (UMA) [shifting cultivation] AND TO ADOPT ALL MEASURES TO DECLARE THE PRIMACY OF IPRA LAW OVER OTHER MINOR LAWS IMPOSING A BAN ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES? TRADITIONAL FARMING PRACTICES.
Council of elders of the Batak communities of Sitio Kalakuasan et al
Source/publisher:
Council of elders of the Batak communities of Sitio Kalakuasan et al
Date of publication:
2014-04-28
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-05
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English and Tagalog)
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140.93 KB 73.92 KB
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Description:
"Considerable research has focused on understanding how upland farmers adjust land-based
livelihoods to the influences of agrarian change in Southeast Asia. In the process, an ?upland
bias? has emerged where researchers focus narrowly on the uplands as localities with distinct,
coherent features, neglecting how families engage place, social relations and ethnicity as they
access opportunities in proximate spaces. This paper considers how the Tagbanua ? long
considered an upland swidden people ? have ?stepped back? from swidden agriculture due to
declining yields and debt to harvest the lucrative grouper (e.g. Plectropomus leopardus).
We show how Tagbanua families on Palawan Island have adjusted swidden as they
negotiate social relations, ethnic cleavages and economic barriers to effectively engage the
grouper industry. Rather than cast such farmers and fishers as ideal types in place, we argue
that how they negotiate social relations creates new livelihood opportunities in varied
environments, reinforcing the dynamic, recursive context of agrarian change"...
Keywords: agrarian change, Philippines, swidden, fishing, human geography
Wolfram H. Dressler, Michael Fabinyi
Source/publisher:
Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 11 No. 4, October 2011, pp. 536?555.
Date of publication:
2011-09-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-03
[field_licence]
Type:
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Language:
English
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Description:
Abstract: "Interventions to ?improve? the human condition through democratic and
capitalist ideals increasingly draw on capital and markets to influence governance in line
with Western mandates of state building. As a major recent example, Reducing Emissions
from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ?plus? (REDD+) develops new market regimes
to govern, finance, and trade carbon in line with donor discourses of civil liberties, market
expansion, and, more broadly, state building. Emerging REDD+ networks that aim to
finance and trade carbon now align with the conditionality and ideals of democratic
governance, transparency, and accountability through processes of institution building
(for state stability). This paper examines the connection between REDD+ projects and
state-making ideals in policy and practice as bilaterals and NGOs fuse the conditions
and governance of one with the other. In the Lao PDR we argue that the governance
machinery and interventions associated with REDD+ facilitate governance agendas to
manage people, goods, and carbon in line with Western narratives of robust governance,
free markets, and integrity. We contend that the adoption of REDD+ will nudge local
markets and governance in this postsocialist bureaucracy toward such principles, but in
ways that partly reinforce the state?s longer term political and economic objectives. We
conclude that, rather than conserve carbon per se, REDD+ governance reflects a tempered,
less absolute ?extraterritoriality?, where its transnational influence is differentiated
depending on how assumptions and ideals align with state motives in the context of forest
governance, democratic reform, and rural development."...
Keywords: climate governance, REDD+ policy, market-based mechanisms, agrarian
change, Laos PDR
Wolfram Dressler, S Mahanty, J Clendenning, Phuc Xuan To
Source/publisher:
Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 2014, volume 32,
Date of publication:
2014-11-06
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
"The rapid rise of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the Philippines has
reflected a regional trend toward the ??democratization?? of conservation and development
on behalf of the rural poor when the state falls short. This article examines
how this trend has manifested itself among the indigenous peoples of Palawan Island
and how, despite best intentions, project delivery by ??hybrid?? NGOs—changing
organizational forms with multiple objectives and functions—has often yielded
unsustainable and culturally damaging outcomes. We draw on ethnographic research
among the Tagbanua and Batak peoples to examine recent claims of broad NGO
success in achieving community empowerment and forest conservation on Palawan.
We support our argument by examining case studies in which NGOs and state
failures to properly engage traditional livelihoods have reinforced outsider control
over indigenous needs and aspirations"...
Keywords: conservation, development, indigenous peoples, NGOs, Palawan
Island, The Philippines
Dario Novellino, Wolfram H. Dressler
Source/publisher:
Society and Natural Resources, 23:165?180
Date of publication:
2009-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
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131.17 KB
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Description:
Abstract: "Recent literature describing the process and
pathways of the agrarian transition in Southeast Asia suggests
that the rise of agricultural intensification and the
growth of commodity markets will lead to the demise of
swidden agriculture. This paper offers a longitudinal
overview of the conditions that drive the agrarian transition
amongst indigenous swidden cultivators and migrant paddy
farmers in central Palawan Island, the Philippines. In line
with regional agrarian change, we describe how a history of
conservation policies has criminalized and pressured
swidden farmers to adopt more intensive ??modern?? agricultural
practices. We examine how indigenous swidden
cultivators adjust their practice in response to recent
changes in policies, security of harvests, and socio-cultural
values vis-a`-vis intensification. Rather than suggest that
this transition will lead to the demise of swidden, results
reveal that farmers instead negotiate a shifting ground in
which they lean on and value swidden as a means of
negotiating agrarian change"...Keywords: Agrarian transition, Indigenous,
Persistence, Palawan Island, the Philippines,
Swidden
Wolfram Dressler, Juan Pulhin
Source/publisher:
"Agriculture and Human Values"
Date of publication:
2008-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
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275.12 KB
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Description:
Abstract: "Interventions to conserve carbon stored in forests
are central to the emerging global climate change regime.
Widely referred to as REDD+, these interventions engage
local resource holders in contracts to restrict their use of land
and forests in exchange for conditional benefits, effectively
creating a market for forest carbon—a new and intangible
commodity. Delving into the social and material implications
of this, three case studies (Papua New Guinea,
Philippines, Cambodia) examine property relations in the
early stages of forest carbon production in different tenure
contexts. The case studies reveal that: (a) the risk of local
exclusion from forest and lands under REDD+ is real, but is
mediated by dynamic negotiations over knowledge and
property; (b) the relationship between forest carbon and
underlying property relations around land and forests is
recursive and mutually constitutive; and (c) due to ongoing
and entrenched property contests in REDD+ locations, there
remains an unstable foundation for forest carbon markets"...
Keywords: Property . Forest carbon . REDD+ . Commodity
Sango Mahanty & Sarah Milne & Wolfram Dressler & Colin Filer
Source/publisher:
"Human Ecology" (2012)
Date of publication:
2012-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
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67.34 KB
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Description:
Summary: "The logic of the market economy increasingly informs the design and the outcomes of conservation in the developing
world. This paper uses case studies from Thailand and the Philippines to investigate this changing conservation landscape and argues
first that such conservation governance does not abandon but rather rearticulates forms of coercive conservation and second that the
particular manifestations of neoliberal conservation are shaped by the national policies, local histories, and livelihoods of recipient communities.
The conclusion asserts that market-based conservation governance may constrain as well as support farmer freedom to pursue
particular livelihoods, resulting in contradictory outcomes for neoliberal conservation governance..."
Wolfram Drexler, Robin Roth
Source/publisher:
"World Development" Vol. xx, No. x, pp. xxx?xxx, 2010
Date of publication:
2009-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-02
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
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380.26 KB
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Description:
"...So, more than 50 years after FAO?s infamous call to
researchers and institutions around the world to participate
in a coordinated multidisciplinary program of research to
understand swidden cultivation, and thus ?overcome” it, we
conclude by calling for yet more coordinated and interdisciplinary
efforts to understand this complex and evolving
form of land use that is undergoing rapid change in ways
that are still imperfectly understood."
Ole Mertz & Christine Padoch & Jefferson Fox & R. A. Cramb & Stephen J. Leisz & Nguyen Thanh Lam & Tran Duc Vien
Source/publisher:
"Human Ecology" (2009) 37:259?264
Date of publication:
2009-05-20
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-02
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
125.48 KB
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Abstract Swidden cultivators are often found as a distinct
category of farmers in the literature, but rarely appear in
population censuses or other national and regional classifications.
This has led to a worldwide confusion on how
many people are dependent on this form of agriculture. The
most often cited number of 200?300 million dates back to
the early 1970s, but the source is obscure. We assess
available, published data from nine countries in Southeast
Asia and conclude that on this basis it is not possible to
provide a firm estimate of the number of swidden
cultivators in the region. A conservative range of 14?34
million people engaged in swidden cultivation in the region is suggested, however. We argue that along with improved
knowledge of swidden livelihoods, there is an urgent need
to develop techniques that will allow for better estimates of
swidden populations in order to secure appropriate rural
development and poverty reduction in swidden areas.....
Keywords: Shifting cultivation . Population . Census .
Southeast Asia.
Ole Mertz & Stephen J. Leisz & Andreas Heinimann & Kanok Rerkasem & Thiha & Wolfram Dressler & Van Cu Pham & Kim Chi Vu & Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt & Carol J. P. Colfer & Michael Epprecht & Christine Padoch & Lesley Potter
Source/publisher:
"Human Ecology" (2009) 37:281?289
Date of publication:
2009-05-27
Date of entry/update:
2015-02-02
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English
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Focus:
•
Changes in land use under shifting
cultivation
•
Government policy and implementation
for alternative land use
•
Farmers? management of sustainable
land use and improved livelihood....
Kanok Rerkasem
Source/publisher:
Nagoya University, Japan (Workshop on Recent Environmental Change in Southeast Asia.)
Date of publication:
2009-12-05
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-30
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Executive Summary:
"Like many nations in Southeast Asia, Cambodia faces challenges respecting the rights
and culture of its upland dwelling ethnic minorities while pursing national development
strategies1. Centrally designed planning and economic goals have been prescribed for
these remote areas often without recognizing the extraordinary knowledge indigenous
communities have of their environment and the special resources they can bring to its
further development. As a consequence, public and private sector initiatives for development
may fit poorly, or conflict with local needs and management systems, resulting
in destabilizing shifts in land-use and tenure systems as well as social systems.
Ratanakiri has approximately 250 villages with 100,000 people who live either within
forests or within 5 kilometers of them2. Annual population growth of 4 to 5 percent
from natural increase and migration, combined with rapidly expanding market penetration,
is putting immense pressure on land and forests and fueling a large and illegal
land market. As indigenous communities lose control of their lands they are forced to
retreat further into the forest, clearing those areas in turn. At the current rate of forest
loss it appears much of the forest in Ratanakiri will be cleared in the next decade. During
the same period it is likely that half of all indigenous lands in the province will be
transferred to outside investors, concessionaires, or Khmer migrants from lowland areas.
The alienation of indigenous community lands is and will result in growing social
and economic marginalization, while the clearing of natural forests will likely destabilize
micro-climatic patterns, affect watershed hydrology, and erode biodiversity. These
changes, in turn, may limit the sustainability of any new economic production systems
that replace existing land-use patterns (i.e., forests and swiddens).
This paper draws on case studies from three communities in Ratanakiri to illustrate
both the forces driving land-use and tenure change as well as how effective community
stewardship can guide agricultural transitions. The study combines a time series of remotely
sensed data from 1989 to 2006 to evaluate changes in land use, and relates this
data to in-depth ground truth observations and social research from the three villages.
The methodology was designed to evaluate how indigenous communities who had historically
managed forest lands as communal resources, are responding to market forces
and pressures from land speculators. Krala Village received support from local NGOs to
strengthen community, map its land, demarcate boundaries, strengthen resource use
regulations, and develop land-use plans. The two other villages, Leu Keun and Tuy,
each received successively less support from outside organizations for purposes of resource
mapping and virtually no support for institutional strengthening. The remote
sensing data indicates that in Krala, over the sixteen year study period, protected forest
areas remained virtually intact, while total forest cover declined at a rate of only 0.86
per year."
Jefferson M. Fox, Dennis McMahon, Mark Poffenberger, John Vogler
Source/publisher:
Community Forestry International (CFI) and the East West Center
Date of publication:
2007-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-29
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Abstract: "This paper seeks to describe changes in land cover, land use practices, and
tenure systems in several villages in northeast Cambodia over the last 50 years. The project integrated the development of a spatial database (based on 1953 and 1996 aerial photographs and 1:50,000 base maps) with socioeconomic information collected for a development project, and an analysis of relevant socioeconomic policies. Over the last half-century, land use and total tree cover have remained stable, but fragmentation of the tree cover has increased extensively. Land use has begun to change recently as both Cambodian and foreign investors invest in industrial agricultural crops such as palm oil, rubber, cassava, and kapok. In the past, farmers had a clear sense of village lands, but specific boundaries between villages were not traditionally required. This study suggests that national land tenure policies are making it increasingly difficult for farmers to maintain their traditional swidden land use practices. Simultaneously, market pressures -- the commercialization of subsistence resources and the substitution of commercial crops for subsistence crops -- are encouraging farmers to engage in new and different forms of commercial agriculture. Combined, these forces will eventually cause a major change in land use practices from swidden agriculture to commercial crops, and a change in land cover from secondary vegetation to monocultural agriculture. These changes have significant implications for biodiversity, watershed hydrology, and carbon sequestration, as well as the lives and livelihoods of local people".....Keywords: participatory assessment, swidden agriculture, land use transitions, aerial
photography
Jefferson Fox
Source/publisher:
S. Walsh and K. Crews-Meyer (eds.) "Linking People, Place, and Policy: A GIScience Approach". Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Date of publication:
2001-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-29
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Abstract: "Over this past century the Philippine state has sustained
a campaign to criminalize swidden cultivation among small-
scale farmers in the uplands of Palawan Island. This paper
focuses on how such state conservation agendas unfolded to
negatively affect swidden cultivation among the Tagbanua
people who occupy upland forests flanking Puerto Princesa
Subterranean River National Park. Ethnographic methods
were used to examine a specific case where the traditional
linkages between swidden cultivation and honey collection—
the basis of Tagbanua livelihoods and cultural beliefs—were
devalued as coercive conservation proliferated at the nation-
al park. Park managers upheld the state?s conservation dis-
course that swidden disrupted ?equilibrium” between liveli-
hoods and forest ecology and, upon enforcing such views, ne-
glected the local embeddedness of swidden cultivation. The
conclusion asserts that park management can be enhanced
on both moral and practical grounds by building on the in-
terrelated ecological and cultural value of swidden cultiva-
tion"...
Keywords:
coercive conservation, swidden, honey bees,
Tagbanua, Palawan
Wolfram Dressler
Source/publisher:
"Human Ecology Review", Vol. 12, No. 1, 2005
Date of publication:
2004-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-25
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Type:
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English
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Summary: "At its tenth session in 2011, the Permanent Forum appointed Raja Devasish
Roy, Bertie Xavier and Simon William M?Vidouboulou, members of the Forum, to
conduct a study on shifting cultivation and the socio-cultural integrity of indigenous
peoples, to be submitted to the Forum at its eleventh session in 2012.
The present study assesses the importance of the various traditions, practices
and usages of shifting cultivation in different parts of the world to the maintenance
and protection of the socio-cultural integrity of indigenous peoples, including aspects
of their identity as distinct peoples, their spirituality, history, traditions, democratic
decision-making norms, social unity, community self-help practices, literature,
music, dance and numerous other aspects of their culture that are intricately linked to
shifting cultivation traditions and practices. These are vital not only to protect their
social and cultural rights but are also closely related to their economic, civil and
political rights.
In a wider context, shifting cultivation is also closely related to forest
protection, sustainable forest management, the protection of watersheds, the
conservation of headwaters of rivers and streams and the maintenance of biological
and linguistic diversity...
The study concludes that the practice of shifting cultivation needs to be
maintained, strengthened and promoted in its sustainable forms, in accordance with
the rights acknowledged in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples, Convention No. 169 of the International Labour Organization
(ILO) on indigenous and tribal peoples of 1989, ILO Convention No. 107 and
Recommendation No. 104 on indigenous and tribal populations of 1957, and ILO
Convention No. 111 on discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.
The study also seeks to address some of the myths, misinformation and
misconceptions that have been associated with the practice of shifting cultivation,
based on a lack of understanding of the nuanced differences in the way shifting
cultivation has been and is still practised today in Central America, South America,
Africa and Asia."
Raja Devasish Roy, Bertie Xavier, Simon William M’Vidouboulou
Source/publisher:
United Nations (Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues - E/C.19/2012/8)
Date of publication:
2012-02-24
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-24
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Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English (Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, Spanish also available on the 2nd UN link)
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"...Failure to see the benefits as well as the costs of secondary vegetation and the swidden agricultural system has led to government policies for settling swidden farmers—many of which have been failures. A more efficient, as well as humane, policy would be to invest in research on methods of maintaining the biodiversity associated with swidden fallows while increasing their productivity and soil-sustaining properties. Failure to understand secondary successional vegetation has also meant that resource managers have often failed to recognize the implications, both positive and negative, of swidden agriculture on biodiversity, watershed hydrology, and carbon sequestration (Skole et al. 1998). Finally, models of global climatic change have been based on an extreme scenario of forest conversion to degraded pasture or impoverished grassland (Giambelluca 1996). Failure to account for the effects of landscape heterogeneity may mean that significant effects of land-cover change are not being recognized.
Swidden cultivation is an old paradigm built around the temporary removal of trees but not of the forest. As we enter the new millennium, we would do well to recognize the power of this paradigm for managing tropical forest ecosystems..."
Jefferson Fox, Dao Minh Truong, A. Terry Rambo, Nghiem Phuong Tuyen, Le Trong Cuc, Stephen Leis
Source/publisher:
"BioScience" Volume 50, Issue 6, Pp. 521-528
Date of publication:
2000-05-31
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-22
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Type:
Individual Documents
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Abstract:
"The sustainability of shifting cultivation is presently a topic of debate in scientific and institutional communities; however, there
is no current consensus. To address this debate, we performed a search of the pertinent literature that was published during
the last 30 years on the impact of shifting agriculture on tropical soils. This search revealed that the nature of the impact
depends on the shifting cultivation system (SCS) phase (conversion, cultivation, or fallow) and on the soil properties (physical,
chemical, and biological). We also suggest soil quality indicators for evaluating this agricultural practice in tropical forests, which
may be used as a basis for analyses on the tendencies of conservation and degradation of impacted soils. Future research
should improve the choices of these indicators, relying mostly on practical criteria, so they can be used by shifting cultivators".
Alexandre Antunes Ribeiro Filho, Cristina Adams, Rui Sergio Sereni Murrieta
Source/publisher:
Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Cienc. Hum., Belém, v. 8, n. 3, p. 693-727, set.-dez. 2013, Universidade de São Paulo.
Date of publication:
2012-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-07
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Reviews/bibliographies/lists on swidden/shifting cultivation
Language:
English (Portuguese also available)
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Description:
"Shifting cultivation, locally called ?Jhum?, is a widely practiced system of crop cultivation among the indigenous communities of Northeast India. While it is generally contested as a destructive method of farming, it is also argued that the system lends itself as much more than just a farming practice. It gives a family its food, fodder, fuel, livelihood and is closely linked to their identity.
Many opine that the name ?slash and burn? system has attached a negative image to it. While some amount of vegetation is cleared and burnt to create manure for the crops, the practicing families also have in place a system of nurturing the trees that comprise their lands. The system allows a wide variety of crops to be grown in every cycle. However, shorter fallow periods between two crop cycles have started to change the land use pattern in many areas.
While this farming method has been widely argued as environmentally destructive and economically unviable, it must also be viewed in its entirety-where it means much more than just an agricultural method for the communities. Government approaches to manage Jhum cultivation have invariably tried to replace it with settled agriculture. Has this approach worked well or has it just opened a new can of worms for the communities? In the wake of climate change, does Jhum farming offer new ways of adaptation to the challenges posed by it?
Watch the video to know more about the Jhum system of cultivation and how government interventions have fared in the region..."
Usha Dewani
Source/publisher:
ICIMOD
Date of publication:
2014-03-12
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-04
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"Most secondary forests in the mountainous parts of mainland Southeast Asia owe their origin to swidden farming. Secondary forests are defined here as ?forests regenerating largely through natural processes after significant human disturbance of the original forest vegetation at a single point in time or over an extended period, and displaying a major difference in forest structure and/or canopy species composition with respect to nearby primary forests on similar sites” (Chokkalingam et al. 2000). Swidden farming, practised by minority groups referred to as hill tribes or hill people, was the dominant form of land use in mainland Southeast Asia until the 1960s. This is still the case in most of this region except maybe in northern Thailand. Occupants of the lowlands only recently began to encroach into the highlands to practice supplementary swidden cultivation, using short cultivation and fallow periods that result in a severely degraded version of secondary growth dominated by thorny species.
Swidden farming as practised by upland minorities is of two types. Rotational swidden farming applies short cultivation and long fallow periods, during which swidden fallow secondary forests establish rapidly over the course of several successional stages. Swidden fallow secondary forests are defined here as ?forests regenerating largely through natural processes in woody fallows of swidden agriculture for the purposes of restoring the land for cultivation again” (Chokkalingam et al. 2000). Pioneer swidden farming has longer cultivation periods and an irregular fallow length, which is dominated by weeds and grasses for a long time before secondary forests regenerate. In some regions, these two types of swidden farming can be correlated to specific ethnic groups and altitudinal zones. Rotational swiddening is mainly practised at intermediate elevations between 600 and 1000 m by ethnic groups that are long-time residents in comparison to more recent immigrants, who practise pioneer swiddening at altitudes above 1000 m..."
D. Schmidt-Vogt
Source/publisher:
ournal of Tropical Forest Science 13(4): 748-767 (2001)
Date of publication:
2000-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-04
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Executive Summary:
"In the eastern Himalayas, shifting cultivation is the most prominent farming system,
providing a way of life for a large number of ethnic minorities and other poor and
marginalised upland communities. The policy approach to deal with shifting
cultivation is common across Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Myanmar, the
countries in this study, and aims to replace it with permanent forms of land use. The
current problems related to shifting cultivation, however, are found to be often as
much a result of counterproductive policies as of inappropriate land use practices.
Therefore, there is a need across the region for new, more effective and socially
more acceptable policy options that help to improve shifting cultivation, rather than
replace it.
The research presented here identifies farmers? traditional practices and more
recent indigenous innovations that contribute to the benefits this farming system
has to offer. These benefits accrue both to the practitioners and to other
stakeholders, including national governments. Shifting cultivation, and the farmers?
innovations in particular, were found to contribute to forest cover and biodiversity
conservation, while at the same time maintaining agricultural and forest
productivity. Commercial niche products and organic farming contribute to economic
development that is adjusted to mountain circumstances and builds on existing
potential. The local institutions developed by shifting cultivation communities were
found to be relatively strong, and they enhance social security and cultural integrity.
Development approaches that build on these existing potentials and capacity are
likely to be more achievable and acceptable to the farmers concerned.
Realising this potential, and the need for policy change across region, the
participants of the ?Shifting Cultivation Regional Policy Dialogue Workshop for the
eastern Himalayas?, held in October 2004 in Shillong, India, adopted the Shillong
Declaration and formulated concrete policy recommendations based on the
research findings of this initiative. The participants included representatives of
government agencies, farmers, international bodies, non-government organisations,
academia, science and research institutions, local institutions, international donors
and development assistance agencies, the private sector, and other professionals.
They recommended policy makers to reexamine the policies in place, to remove
explicit policies and policy instruments that discourage shifting cultivation, and to
strengthen the implementation of existing beneficial policies. They also
recommended that they address issues of land tenure security, research, and
extension and their impact on traditional shifting cultivation practices; market
development and commercialisation of niche products of shifting cultivation;
strengthening and capacity building of customary institutions; credit policies in
situations where common property regimes apply; and coordination among the
different government agencies that have responsibilities for aspects of shifting
cultivation.".....Includes the text of The Shillong Declaration on Shifting Cultivation in the Eastern
Himalayas.
Elisabeth Kerkhoff, Eklabya Sharma
Source/publisher:
ICIMOD & IFAD
Date of publication:
2006-05-31
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
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Title: The Diversity and Dynamics of Shifting Cultivation: Myths, Realities, and Policy Implications
Description:
Introduction:
"Shifting cultivation is the most complex and multifaceted form of agriculture in the world. Its highly diverse land use systems have been evolving since as early as 10,000 BC in a wide range of distinct socioeconomic and ecological conditions, from montane to lowland ecosystems, and from tropical forests to grasslands (Spencer, 1966). Shifting cultivation encompasses cropping systems such as horticulture and annual cropping, perennial tree crops, animal husbandry, and management of forests and fallows in sequential or rotational cycles; it is currently practiced in a wide variety of forms by 500 million to one billion people around the world.
Shifting cultivation has been a subject of debate and intervention since the colonial era, and it has often been subject to public misconceptions and stereotyping. Many in the environment and development community have criticized shifting cultivation as a primitive, backwards, destructive, or wasteful form of agriculture, and as a mere precursor to what are
perceived to be more modem, sustainable and sedentary forms of agriculture. Contemporary critics and the media often call it "slash and bum" agriculture—a pejorative term that perpetuates misperceptions about shifting cultivators.
This publication highlights the multifaceted, dynamic characteristics of shifting cultivation and identifies socioeconomic and policy factors that affect shifting cultivators. It challenges prevailing misconceptions by highlighting the diversity, myths, and realities of shifting cultivation. The concluding section summarizes reasons for supporting agroecological principles and livelihood security and avoiding historical mistakes. It also draws on insights based on field research and makes recommendations for policy change as well as other opportunities for supporting sustainable and equitable land use, including participatory community-based approaches for integrating local knowledge in research and development."
Lori Ann Thrupp, Susanna Hecht an d John Browder with Owen J . Lynch, Nabiha Megateli, William O'Brien
Source/publisher:
World Resources Institute
Date of publication:
1996-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
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"Submission to the SBSTA on the Drivers of Deforestation including key findings of research on shifting cultivation, underpinning the dire need to earnestly consider indigenous peoples? perspectives while assessing its impact on forests and climate change, and the human rights violations and other impacts resulting from state policies prohibiting or unduly
restricting shifting cultivation"
Source/publisher:
International Workgroup on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP)
Date of publication:
2012-04-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
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"... Indigenous peoples traditional livelihoods; particularly shifting cultivation has been branded as a driver of deforestation and is seen as technologically primitive, economically inefficient and ecologically harmful practice by most of the governments in Asia. The recent research conducted by Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) in partnership with International Work Group for Indigenous Peoples Affairs (IWGIA) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has confirmed what indigenous leaders have long been advocating that shifting cultivation is not a driver of deforestation. The study also confirmed that shifting cultivation is ecologically sound and still plays an important role in providing livelihood and food security in many indigenous communities.The research by AIPP found that land scarcity is making shifting cultivation difficult to sustain sufficiently long fallow cycles. However, it is often not so much caused by increasing population, but by outright dispossession of indigenous peoples? territories for plantation or resource extraction..."
Source/publisher:
Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP)
Date of publication:
2014-12-16
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
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"In the age of global climate change, resource use and management
practices that rely on the use of fire and thus emit carbon are coming
under increased pressure. This is particularly the case with shifting
cultivation.
Because shifting cultivation is so different from the forms of agriculture
practiced in the lowlands and by the majority populations, it is one of the
most misunderstood land use systems. Thus, in the name of forest
conservation and development, colonial and post-colonial governments in
Asia have since more than a century devised policies and laws seeking to
eradicate shifting cultivation.
The reasons usually given for such restrictive state policies are that shifting
cultivation is
• Technologically primitive, inefficient and wasteful, prevents
development and thus keeps people in poverty
• Destructive to forests and soils
Decades of research on virtually every aspect of shifting cultivation have
generated sufficient evidence to prove that its sweeping condemnation by
government bureaucrats, politicians or professionals is based on insufficient
and erroneous information, or quite simply myth. Notwithstanding all
evidence, however, attitudes by decision makers and, consequently, state
policies have hardly changed..."
Source/publisher:
International Workgroup on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP)
Date of publication:
2008-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
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Description:
"...Decades of research on virtually every aspect of shifting cultivation have generated sufficient evidence to prove that its sweeping condemnation by government bureaucrats, politicians or professionals is based on insufficient and erroneous information, or quite simply myth (see Pinkaew Laungaramsri?s article). As the articles in this issue show, in spite of all the evidence produced over the decades, little has changed. Deep-rooted prejudices continue to prevail and, with them, the discriminatory policies and programs that have enormously negative consequences for indigenous peoples. Sometimes the policies are subtle, such as the promotion of "modern" farming methods. Their impact can nevertheless be profound, as Kyrham Nongkynrih?s article shows. In the Northeast-Indian state of Meghalaya, government-sponsored cash cropping is leading to increasing privatization of communal land and concomitant changes in social relations within communities. In other cases, state policies are much less subtle and do not shy away from committing even severe human rights violations in pursuit of the goals of "modernization" and "national integration". The eradication of shifting cultivation is often seen as part of this process. As the article by Mi Dze
on Laos shows, the eradication of shifting cultivation is given as one of the reasons for relocating over 200,000 people from their mountain villages to the lowlands. This happens despite studies that have clearly demonstrated that forced relocations have in this country led to increased poverty, malnutrition, a general deterioration in health and a higher mortality rate among the villagers affected..."
Christian Erni, Pinkaew Laungaramsri, Elisabeth Kerkhoff, Janet C. Sturgeon, Mi Dze
Source/publisher:
"Indigenous Affairs" 2/2005 - Workgroup on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
Date of publication:
2004-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
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Type:
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Description:
"... This briefing note presents the findings of seven case studies conducted from May to June 2014. The studies were conducted in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal and Thailand and looked into the livelihood and food security among indigenous shifting cultivation communities in South and Southeast Asia.
The briefing note provides a summary of the main findings of the case studies and the common recommendations from a multi-stakeholders consultation held August 28-29 in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Participants at the multi-stakeholder consultation included government agencies, UN agencies, regional NGOs, Indigenous Peoples? organisations, community leaders, and local governments..."
Source/publisher:
Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) and International Workgroup on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
Date of publication:
2014-04-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
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"...Chiang Mai, Thailand: Indigenous peoples traditional land use systems, particularly shifting cultivation in most of the countries in Asia have long been contributing to the sustainable livelihoods; food security; sustainable natural resources management; and biodiversity conservation and enhancement. The traditional knowledge, cultural, spiritual and nutritional values attached to these livelihood systems demonstrate that they are not merely a technique of land use but their way of life. Most of the countries in Asia have adopted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) that guarantees the rights of indigenous peoples to continue their traditional land use systems. Despite this widespread adoption, there are policies on land use that consider shifting cultivation, as a driver of deforestation in many countries in Asia. These policies are damaging indigenous land use systems and have resulted in food insecurity, loss of biodiversity and traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples.
Mr. Hiroyoki Konuma, Assistant Director General and Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific (FAO- RAP), giving his welcome remarks to the participants of the ?Regional Multi-Stakeholder Consultation on Indigenous Peoples Livelihood and Food Security” said that shifting cultivation has been portrayed as the enemy of forest conservation. The victimization of shifting cultivation should be avoided. Mr. Konuma added that our aim should be to highlight the good practices of indigenous peoples and protect such traditional livelihoods that are important to indigenous peoples and also for us.” Mr. Konuma also added that ?Unless we target indigenous peoples, who are one of the largest portion of the most vulnerable and disadvantaged groups in our society and work together with them as key partners, we would not be able to eradicate poverty and hunger, and our fundamental goal of equitable growth, social stability and sustainable development would never be achieved.”..."
Source/publisher:
Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP)
Date of publication:
2014-09-16
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
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Description:
"...The regional, national, and local policies for Shifting Cultivation need to be reappraised
and, where necessary, reformulated. For this purpose, the detailed
recommendations of the ?Shifting Cultivation Regional Policy Dialogue Workshop
for the Eastern Himalayas?, 6-8 October 2004, Shillong can provide input.
WHERE ALL POLICIES AND ACTIONS SHOULD BE FOUNDED ON THE FOLLOWING
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
To support decentralised, participatory, multi-stakeholder, interdisciplinary, ecoregional,
and adaptive management approaches that respect human and cultural
diversity, gender equity, livelihood security, and enhancement as well as
environmental sustainability, where we value and build upon both traditional and
scientific information and knowledge."
Source/publisher:
Shifting Cultivation Regional Policy Dialogue Workshop for the eastern Himalayas
Date of publication:
2004-10-08
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
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English
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Description:
"The north-eastern state of Nagaland is located at the confluence of the Indo-China and Indo-Myanmar region, and is endowed with rich diversity of species, flora and fauna. Shifting cultivation, locally referred to as jhum, is the main form of agriculture, most suitable for the state?s climate conditions and steep terrain. In recent years, however, the duration of jhum cycles have shortened. This has meant that there is little time for restoring soil fertility and yields are declining over time. Families that were once self-sufficient in food grains are now not able to produce enough even for a few months of the year. There is little time for regeneration, which has accelerated soil erosion and disrupted the hydrology of the area.
Nagaland faces a major challenge in adapting land use and production systems to meet rising populations and changing lifestyles, while also maintaining its ecological sustainability. In partnership with the Government of Nagaland, the UNDP project focuses on reducing land degradation resulting from shifting cultivation practices...
Objectives:
The project aims to address land degradation in shifting cultivation locations in three districts of Nagaland covering 70 villages, through participatory planning, generating awareness, building institutions and supporting integrated farm development that enable sustainable land and ecological management."
Source/publisher:
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Date of publication:
2012-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-03
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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pdf
Size:
652.58 KB
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Description:
Summary: "For decades, international lenders, agencies, and foundations
as well as national and local governments have spent millions of dollars trying
to ?modernize” the traditional practices of farmers in many mountainous
areas of Southeast Asia—an agenda driven by the belief that their age-old
shifting cultivation practices (known pejoratively as ?slash and burn”) are
deforesting Asia. But a new look at how forests fare under shifting cultivation
(as opposed to under permanent agriculture) clearly demonstrates that efforts
to eliminate the ancient practice have actually contributed to deforestation,
loss of biodiversity, and reduction in carbon storage.1 In fact, shifting cultivation,
rather than being the hobgoblin of tropical forest conservation, may be
ecologically appropriate, culturally suitable, and under certain circumstances
the best means for preserving biodiversity in the region. The real threat to
these tropical forests is posed by the steady advance of large-scale permanent
and commercial agriculture."
Jefferson M. Fox
Source/publisher:
East-West Centre
Date of publication:
2000-11-30
Date of entry/update:
2014-12-10
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global, Sustainable agriculture - global and regional
Language:
English
Local URL:
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Title: Study on the Evolution of the Farming Systems and Livelihoods Dynamics in Northern Chin State
Description:
Conclusions: "Chin State has been often characterized among all States and Regions by the highest poverty gap ratio, highest occurrence of food deficits, poor road connectivity, low population density but lowest percent availability of cultivable lands and high percentage of waste and scrub lands, adherence to the shifting cultivation system, lack of rural based industries, and higher rate of out migration. In order to pull the local people out of these traps, fundamental problems will have to be addressed. The public goods such as infrastructure, roads and electricity should receive the priority agenda for development. Without this development framework, attempts to address the issues of community development, food security, natural resources management and community empowerment will give no significant impact on the local communities. The government bodies and the development agencies should participate in and coordinate the formulation of the development agenda and afterwards respective organizations and institutions will focus on their relevant tasks with their set targets. Assuming that these preconditions have been or will be met soon or in parallel manner, the following agenda are suggested as far as the sustainable livelihood improvement and farming systems development with better natural resources management are concerned to us..."
Table of Contents:
I. INTRODUCTION:
1. Objectives of the Study...
2. Expected Mission Outcomes...
3. Methodology...
II. Presentation of the survey cases:
1. Location and Geography...
2. Settlement Pattern...
3. Upland Ecology, Households, Land and Land Tenure Bounded by Tribal Community Culture...
4. Location of Village in Relation to Forests, Taun-yar (Lopils) and Paddy Land...
5. Farming Systems of the Study Areas...
6. Past and Present Situation of Taun-yar or Shifting Cultivation...
III. Evolution of farming systems & Livelihood Dynamics:
1. Good Practices and Weaknesses in Taun-yar Farming...
2. Changing Process of Lowland Paddy Growing and Terrace Farming...
3. Process and Pattern of Terraced Farm Development...
4. Legal Aspects and Land Registration in Permanent Farming Plots...
5. Land Use Types in Relation to Wealth Classes in Sample Villages...
IV. Food Security Attained by Different Livelihood Activities:
1. Sources of staple food...
2. Change in Dietary Habit over 20 Year- Period...
3. Demand and Supply Situation of Rice in Northern Chin State...
V. Examination of the Population Dynamics and Land Cover changes:
1. Population status and evolution...
2. Migration Dynamics...
3. Assessing the Carrying Capacity of the Land Resources...
4. Land Cover Changes...
VI. Activities and Programmes of the Developement Agencies and Local Initiatives for Livelihood Improvement and NRM in Northern Chin State:
1. Development Agencies...
2. The Government and Non-Government Activities for Crops Development...
VII. Recommendations and Conclusions:
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
IX. REFERENCES:
X. APPENDIX.
U San Thein
Source/publisher:
Group of Research and Exchange of Technologies (GRET), LIFT
Date of publication:
2012-07-31
Date of entry/update:
2014-03-10
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya") cultivation - Burma/Myanmar, Agriculture in Burma/Myanmar: general and research, Shifting ("swidden", "jhum", "taungya", "kaingin") cultivation - regional and global
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.51 MB
Local URL:
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