Librarian's Choice
Librarian's Choice
Source/publisher:
World Meteorological Organisation
Date of publication:
2017-03-21
Description:
Executive summary:
"Warming continued in 2016, setting a new
temperature record of approximately 1.1 °C
above the pre-industrial period, and 0.06 °C
above the previous highest value set in 2015.
Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) reached new highs at
400.0 ± 0.1 ppm in the atmosphere at the end of
2015. Global sea-ice extent dropped more than
4 million km
2
below average ? an unprecedented
anomaly ? in November. Global sea levels rose
strongly during the 2015/2016 El Niño, with the
early 2016 values making new records.
The powerful 2015/2016 El Niño event exerted
a strong influence on the climate and societies
against a background of long-term climate
change. Severe droughts affected agriculture
and yield production in many parts of the world,
particularly in southern and eastern Africa
and parts of Central America, where several
million people experienced food insecurity
and hundreds of thousands were displaced
internally, according to reports from the World
Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) and the International Organization for
Migration (IOM).
Hurricane
Matthew
in the North Atlantic led to
the most damaging meteorological disaster,
with Haiti sustaining the heaviest casualties.
There were also major economic losses in the
United States and elsewhere in the region.
Flooding severely affected eastern and southern
Asia with hundreds of lives lost, hundreds of
thousands of people displaced and severe
economic damage. Wet conditions led to good
crop production in many parts of the Sahel,
with record yields reported in Mali, Niger and
Senegal.
1
Detection and attribution studies have demon
-
strated that human influence on the climate
has been a main driver behind the unequivocal
warming of the global climate system observed
since the 1950s, according to the Fifth Assess
-
ment Report of IPCC. Human influence has
also led to significant regional temperature
increases at the continental and subcontinental
levels. Shifts of the temperature distribution to
warmer regimes are expected to bring about
increases in the frequency and intensity of
extremely warm events."
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-22
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.76 MB
Local URL:
WMO-2017-03-21-climate_Change-red.pdf
WMO-2017-03-21-climate_Change-red.pdf more
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG)
Date of publication:
2016-10-20
Description:
"This detailed commentary examines ongoing militarisation in southeast Myanmar from 2014 to 2016. It includes villager?s perspectives on military presence in and near villages; ongoing rotation of troops, re-supply of rations, weapons and ammunition and the strengthening of existing bases; military trainings, unexploded ordance and remnants of war; landmines; ongoing skirmishes between armed actors and impact on villagers; extrajudicial killings, human rights abuses and threats by armed actors; land confiscations by armed actors; ongoing displacement and livelihood issues of communities as a result of militarisation and land confiscations. This commentary includes recommendations based on villager?s voices"
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-20
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English, Burmese
more
Source/publisher:
Asia Foundation
Description:
More than 20 papers on different aspects of governance ad decentraliation in Myanmar
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-19
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Governance in Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
more
Source/publisher:
Transnational Institute/Drug Policy Advocacy Group Myanmar
Date of publication:
2017-02-08
Description:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: "Myanmar?s drug policies are out-dated and
inadequate to respond to the great challenges
posed by problematic drug use and production
in the country. The 1993 Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Law has failed to
eliminate - or even reduce - drug use, trafficking
and production. Worse, the implementation
of harsh policies and penalties has caused
immense additional harm to Myanmar people
and communities.
Thousands of people have been unnecessarily
exposed to the risk of infectious diseases and
premature death as a direct result of those
policies. Myanmar prisons are filled with drug
users serving long-term sentences for mostly
non-violent small drug offenses, while major
traffickers are left undisturbed. Entire villages
of impoverished poppy farmers have been
targeted by forced eradication campaigns and
pushed further into poverty, without any viable
livelihoods alternatives to survive and pay for
healthcare and education of their children.
Fortunately, successful interventions have also
been conducted in the country. HIV prevalence
among people who inject drugs started to
decline following the implementation of health
and harm reduction services for drug users.
The lives of thousands of drug users and their
families have hugely improved, thanks to the
benefits of methadone programmes initiated by
Myanmar Ministry of Health and Sports. Several
isolated communities from Eastern Shan State
that were included in alternative development
programmes voluntarily abandoned opium
cultivation and successfully transitioned
towards licit livelihoods strategies.
These domestic experiences add up to a growing
body of evidence from all around the world,
which indicate that policies grounded in public
health, human rights and development, can
yield an impressively wide range of benefits.
Indeed, such policies not only improve people?s
health and support livelihoods, they also lower
levels of drug related crime and corruption,
reduce violence, conflict, and pressure on the
criminal justice system, and ultimately result in
greater social cohesion.
Existing good practices are no doubt positive
steps but are yet to be implemented at scale.
Overall, the lack of adequate response by previous
Governments has led to great frustration among
affected communities and the Myanmar population
at large, as drug related problems have continued
to mount and have become a key national
concern.
Time has come to learn from such failures,
embrace a different approach and adopt policies
that are based on public health, community
safety, human rights and development. Only
such policies will deliver on the promise to
improve people?s lives; only such policies will
truly allow Myanmar to reduce the harm
caused by problematic drug use, trafficking and
production."
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-18
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
1.12 MB 2.65 MB
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Source/publisher:
United States Institute of Peace (USIP)
Date of publication:
2017-03-00
Description:
Summary:
•
China?s interest in the Myanmar peace process is focused on the armed ethnic groups
along the border in Kachin and Shan states—in particular, the Kachin Independence
Army, the United Wa State Army, and the Kokang Army. These organizations have
historical and cultural ties with ethnic groups across the border in China as well as
political and economic connections.
•
China?s official position follows the principle of noninterference and its official policy
is ?persuading for peace and facilitating dialogues.” In practice, its attitude has
been more ambiguous.
•
Beijing does not necessarily believe that comprehensive peace is attainable for the
foreseeable future. Its priority is therefore to prepare for different uncertainties and
maximize its flexibility in the process.
•
China?s role is complicated by the behavior of certain Chinese special interest groups
and individuals who have offered direct financial support for ethnic armed organiza
-
tions in Myanmar.
•
Under Myanmar?s new National League for Democracy government, ties with China
have improved significantly. China has played a positive role in persuading armed
groups to join the Union Peace Conference in 2016, but its future policy and role
will depend on the development of bilateral relations and the evolving definition of
China?s national interests".....
Contents:
Historical Sources of Tension 2...
Chinese Diplomacy and the Myanmar Peace Process 3...
Factors Shaping Chinese Policy 5...
A Central-Provincial Disconnect? 7...
Chinese Business Interests 8...
Key Ethnic Armed Groups 10...
Conclusion .
Yun Sun
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-18
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Peace processes, ceasefires and ceasefire talks (websites, documents, reports and studies), China-Burma relations
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
260.77 KB
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Source/publisher:
Advisory Commission on Rakhine State
Date of publication:
2017-03-16
Description:
Statement by Kofi Annan, Chair of the Advisory Commission on Rakhine State (Interim Report)
MARCH 16, 2017
"Let me make a few introductory remarks on our report.
First, we should accept that the nature of the crisis facing Rakhine state has changed due to the attacks of 9 October and the subsequent security operations.
This has led to investigations and reports by the United Nations and human rights agencies. However, we as the Advisory Commission are guided by our mandate to focus mainly on long-standing obstacles to peace and development in Rakhine State.
We recognise that the challenges facing Rakhine State and its peoples are complex and the search for lasting solutions will require determination, perseverance and trust. Nevertheless, there are steps that can be taken immediately, which we put forward in this report.
The report proposes a series of measures to address the situation in Rakhine State.
These recommendations include a renewed call for unimpeded access for humanitarian actors and journalists to the affected areas in Northern Rakhine and for independent and impartial investigation of the allegations of crimes committed on and since 9 October 2016.
We strongly believe that perpetrators of these crimes must be held to account.
Our recommendations, of course, go beyond the current situation in Northern Rakhine and include proposals relating to: the protection of rights, freedom of movement, enhanced economic and social development and the edification of Rakhine?s cultural heritage.
The Commission is aware of a number of unresolved concerns surrounding the verification of citizenship and recommends that they be clarified and resolved without delay.
We also stress that inclusive access to healthcare and education for the all the people in Rakhine requires attention and improvement.
In this context the Commission makes some interim recommendations for early remedial measures.
In the Commission?s view, creating conditions conducive for inter-communal dialogue, representation and participation in public life are essential to ensure that Rakhine state is spared from recurring cycles of violence and destruction. We make some recommendations in that regard.
In developing these interim recommendations, my fellow Commissioners and I have undertaken numerous consultations and discussions with a wide range of stakeholders in Rakhine, Yangon, and Naypyitaw.
As part of that consultative process, a Commission team visited Bangladesh. We have also held consultations with officials from Indonesia, Thailand and organisations based in New York and Geneva.
We believe that bilateral cooperation with Bangladesh on security and economic matters is critical, as is the outreach to ASEAN members.
The recommendations in this report are not exhaustive and do not address all of the issues covered in our mandate.
These are early proposals for action. The main body of our recommendations will be presented in a final report later this year.
In closing I want to commend my fellow Commissioners and members of our office in Yangon, who have worked tirelessly to fulfil the important task, set for us by the State Counsellor.
Our consultations will continue as we work to produce our final report, and we look forward to further exchanges with communities and stakeholders across Rakhine State."
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-17
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Discrimination against the Rohingya
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
310.95 KB
more
Source/publisher:
The Arakan Project
Date of publication:
2017-03-15
Description:
"On 9 October 2016, a Rohingya armed group
accompanied by villagers attacked three
border posts, killing nine police personnel and seizing weapons and ammunition in Kyee Kan Pyin, Nga Khu Ya (North Maungdaw Township) and Koe Tan Kauk (Rathedaung
Township). Security forces immediately launched counter-insurgency operations in North
Maungdaw and completely locked down the area, suspending all movement as well as
humanitarian access. These clearance operations involved collective reprisals against
civilians, committed with total impunity. Gruesome
human rights violations were perpetrated
by security forces, ranging from arson attacks, summary killings of villagers, gang-rape of
women and girls, destruction of property and crops, mass arrests
and disappearances. The
NLD-led government has mostly denied these allegations of abuses.
To date, three national investigation commissions have been established, with mandates to
probe into allegations of human rights violations in Maungdaw. They have yet to submit their final reports..."
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-15
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Discrimination against the Rohingya
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
263.17 KB
more
Source/publisher:
United Nations (A/HRC/34/67)
Date of publication:
2017-03-01
Description:
Summary: "Nearly one year since the new government assumed office, it continues to face formidable human rights challenges. In this report, the Special Rapporteur builds on previous reports to identify some of these challenges, and makes related recommendations..."
Conclusions:
82. It has been almost one year since the new Government came to power. The Special Rapporteur has already noted in her previous report the formidable human rights challenges it faces while simultaneously having to navigate and direct a bureaucracy carried over from the previous Government as well as govern within the constraints of a Constitutional framework which gives precedence to military prominence over civilian authority. She recalls that the consolidation of democracy and the creation of a culture of respect for human rights is a complex undertaking requiring political will as well as sustained investment in not just enhancing the functioning and integrity of State institutions but also their accountability.
83. While improvements have been seen in some areas and some are making clear efforts, as the Special Rapporteur reflected after her recent visit, many ordinary Myanmar people have unfortunately begun to lose hope that the new Government will address their needs and concerns. This is undoubtedly at least partially due to the continued impunity enjoyed by the military and other security forces and their dominant position in the government. Trust that was placed in the new civilian leadership has started to wane with repeated incidents that carry the hallmarks of the previous Government. Where allegations of abuses and violations are suspected, the Government appears quick to resort to its standard position of ?defend, deny, and dismiss.?
84. Addressing the apparent climate of impunity will be vital for the new Government moving forward. Impunity arises from a failure by States to meet related obligations including to investigate violations; take appropriate measures in respect of the perpetrators by ensuring that those suspected of criminal responsibility are prosecuted, tried and duly punished; provide victims with effective remedies; and take other necessary steps to prevent recurrence of violations. Pervasive impunity also
emboldens acts of retaliation and reprisals by those implicated by alleged abuses and violations.
85. Currently, existing policies, laws and avenues for redress appear to favour those in positions of power rather than to ensure that everyone is equal before law and has equal opportunity to have legitimate grievances addressed. Laws continue to be misused to stifle freedom of association and assembly, and subvert freedom of opinion and expression. Individuals who have lived on land for generations continue to face evictions without proper safeguards for projects which bring them little or no benefits. Conflict, which continues to have a devastating effect on civilians, sometimes appears to be focused around resource-rich areas or near lucrative projects.
86. The Special Rapporteur reminds the Government of the distinction between rule of law and rule by law as far too often issues of concern are explained away as having been dealt with ?according to the law.” Too often also cases of abuses and serious, even grave, human rights violations, that potentially involve the State as the perpetrators, get closed with no explanation or dealt with in secrecy under the pretext of national security. Alternatively, a plethora of committees or commissions are set up to tackle the same issue with duplicative mandates, insufficient guarantees of independence and impartiality, and confusing, inconclusive and delayed outcomes. Where the State is unable to discharge its primary duty of investigating violations, taking appropriate measures against perpetrators, and providing victims with effective remedies, then it must seek assistance to do so. And when it is unwilling to do so, then the international community must step in and step up.".....The report also contains recommendatioins and as an Annex, a set of
Proposed joint SR-Government benchmarks.
Yanghee Lee
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-15
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
363.58 KB
Local URL:
SRM-2017-34-67-red2.pdf
SRM-2017-34-67-red2.pdf more
Source/publisher:
Land Portal
Description:
152 documents (as of March 2017) on land and Burma/Myanmar
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-14
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
more
Source/publisher:
Mekong Region Land Governance (MRLG)
Date of publication:
2016-11-00
Description:
"The present study on Myanmar focuses on customary tenure among upland ethnic
nationalities, where colonial and state land administration systems have been poorly integrated,
allowing customary systems to be sustained over time. Much like under British colonial power, the
state has an ambiguous attitude towards customary systems: they are not formally recognized in
law but in practice they are tolerated. Customary land is not titled and therefore at risk of
alienation. The expropriation of many thousands of acres of farmers? land during the military junta
and its cronies since the 1980s, and the increase in foreign investments that has accompanied
democratic reforms under the former Thein Sein government, have presented new and intensified
risks to customary land, particularly in the uplands where most economic land concessions are
granted. Without legal recognition and protection, land under customary tenure is vulnerable to
appropriation by the state and commercial interests..."
Kirsten Ewers Andersen
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-14
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Customary tenure (Myanmar)
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
237.65 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Displacement Solutions, Norwegian Refugee Council
Date of publication:
2017-03-00
Description:
"... The restitution of housing, land and property rights after conflicts
and periods of non-democratic governance are fundamental aspects of transitional justice which are
essential for the achievement of durable solutions to forced displacement, and to broader concerns
of peace, reconciliation and economic prosperity. The NRC Country Office in Myanmar considers it
necessary and positive to increase attention to raise public awareness on international standards on
the matter as well as national laws and available legal remedies. For these reasons, in partnership with
Displacement Solutions, the NRC has supported the publication by international restitution expert Scott
Leckie of this ?An Introductory Guide to Understanding and Claiming Housing, Land and Property
Restitution Rights in Myanmar: Questions and Answers”.
The guide gives an overview on how restitution has been addressed thus far in Myanmar, the position
of international law on the question of restitution and some of the key existing obstacles and gaps. This
guide is designed for use by refugees and IDPs and their representatives, providing a simple, easy-tounderstand
written tool on the basic principles of restitution, where these measures have taken place
in other countries and various mechanisms that have been established to enable claims processes for
HLP losses. Clearly, at present there are essentially no effective HLP remedies available for refugees
and IDPs, hence their informed engagement in policy development on these matters will be crucial,
particularly in the context of the ongoing peace process..."
Scott Leckie
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-14
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
707.32 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Land Portal
Description:
"The leading online destination for information, resources, innovations and networking on land issues.
Improving land governance and securing land rights for landless and vulnerable people
The Portal allows for the collection, sourcing, and searching of otherwise fragmented and inaccessible data and information on land governance and land use from diverse sources, produced by governments, academia, international organizations, indigenous peoples and NGOs. Besides documenting land rights, the Portal also encourages social information exchange, debate and networking.
Learn more about the Land Portal Foundation and our vision, values, activities and theory of change.
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-13
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
Mekong Region Land Governance
Date of publication:
2017-02-00
Description:
"This case study presents a country-wide quantitative analysis of a Parliamentary Commission established in 2012 in Myanmar to examine ?land grab? cases considered and to propose solutions towards releasing the land to its original owners, in most cases smallholder farming families. The study analyses the information contained in four reports released to the public, but also aims to elicit information they do not reveal.
First of all, the paper suggests the commission has failed to provide detailed information about land grabs by the military. Second, the Commission seems to have targeted urban areas and urbanization projects and has underestimated land grab cases in rural areas. Third, by contrasting the locations of land confiscation cases with those of agro-industrial concessions as of 2011, the paper also shows how the Commission has evaded, rather than tackled, some very critical land confiscation issues driven by these concessions. Eventually, the authors argue for a mechanism that gathers, manages and releases relevant data on land confiscation and redistribution in a manner that allows for full disclosure."
U San Thein Pyae Sone, Jean-Christophe Diepart
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-13
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Law and policy on land in Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
229.57 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (CPCS)
Date of publication:
2016-12-00
Description:
"?The Soldier, Above All Others?, Prays for Peace: An analysis of the Myanmar armed forces in an era of transition seeks to provide an analysis of the Myanmar armed forces, the Tatmadaw, and, guided by this analysis, to consider a range of strategies and approaches for engagement available to both Myanmar actors and actors engaging in Myanmar from the regional and international levels. The Tatmadaw is one of the key protagonists on the Myanmar stage and in the country?s peace process about which we know the least. It is an institution that has maintained firm control over all politics in the country from 1962 onwards. Today, it remains autonomous in its purview over security issues, and as an actor that has long played a major role in economic affairs, the Tatmadaw is not only central to peacemaking efforts, it also holds a unique position in relation to longer term peacebuilding endeavours in Myanmar. Yet, as an institution, the Tatmadaw remains inaccessible and opaque. Many stakeholders in Myanmar?s current transition find themselves highly constrained in their access to, engagement with, and analysis of this central player. As such, this paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of how the armed forces fits as a central part of the Myanmar puzzle, and the interests and concerns that have, thus far, steered and justified the Tatmadaw?s role in Myanmar politics."
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-12
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Peace processes, ceasefires and ceasefire talks (websites, documents, reports and studies)
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
891.37 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (CPCS)
Date of publication:
2016-01-00
Description:
"?Peace is Living with Dignity? showcases the second round of CPCS? project listening to communities and their experiences with the peace process in Myanmar. Utilising CPCS Listening Methodology, the project aims to amplify the voices of people in ceasefire areas of Myanmar to inform and influence decision-makers in the peace process. Engaging communities in the same six states (Kachin, Northern Shan, Southern Shan, Kayah, Kayin, and Mon States) as the first round, this publication presents the opinions and experiences of community members with the on-going peace process, their daily challenges, and their hopes for the future based on 459 conversations with 1,663 participants in 2016.
The publication is divided into ten chapters. Chapter 1 contains the introduction and conflict context, as well as the summary of main findings across all of the states. The chapter also covers comparison between the first round of the project in 2015 and the second in 2016. Chapter 2 outlines recommendations based on the findings for key stakeholders. Chapter 3 explains listening methodology and how it was used to gather the data. Chapter 4 contains the experiences and reflections of the listeners that conducted the conversations with community members of each community. Finally, Chapters 5 to 10 are devoted to in-depth discussions of the main themes identified in the six areas covered by the research."
Date of entry/update:
2017-03-12
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Peace processes, ceasefires and ceasefire talks (websites, documents, reports and studies)
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
3.5 MB
more
Source/publisher:
Amnesty International (ASA 16/5564/2017)
Date of publication:
2017-02-00
Description:
Conclusions: "Amnesty International?s latest research shows that hundreds of people close to the giant Letpadaung mine continue to face the risk of forced eviction from their farmland, and in the case of four villages, from their homes as well. In addition, thousands of people living in the area are at risk from Myanmar Wanbao?s inadequate management of environmental risk at the Letpadaung mine, which is situated in a flood and earthquake-prone area. The ESIA for the mine contains fundamental gaps and weaknesses, which Myanmar Wanbao has still not addressed.
In 2015, Amnesty International concluded that the Myanmar government must halt the development of the Letpadaung mine until the human rights and environmental concerns were addressed. In May 2016 the mine began producing copper, but those human rights and environmental concerns have still not been addressed. Amnesty International is repeating its call therefore for the mine?s operations to be suspended, while these concerns are dealt with.
Amnesty International is also repeating its call for the government of Myanmar to urgently act to prevent human rights abuses at the Letpadaung and S&K mines and provide effective remedy for the human rights abuses that people there have already suffered. The authorities must stop using draconian laws to charge and harass villagers participating in peaceful protests against the mine project.
More broadly, the Myanmar government needs to strengthen the legal framework, to improve the regulation of large projects, such as mines, and put in place an adequate framework for land acquisition that is based on international standards on the right to adequate housing and the prohibition of forced evictions. Both the government of Myanmar and Myanmar Wanbao must also ensure an effective remedy for the human rights abuses that people there have already suffered.
Foreign corporations doing business, or planning to do business, in Myanmar have a responsibility to ensure that their investments do not result in human rights abuses. All foreign corporations should conduct human rights due diligence on their planned business activities in Myanmar in line with international standards. The home state governments of companies investing in Myanmar, including China, which is the home state of Myanmar Wanbao, must ensure that their companies conduct human rights due diligence..."
Date of entry/update:
2017-02-10
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Copper mining, Business and Human Rights (Burma/Myanmar-related), Land confiscation for military, commercial and other purposes, Amnesty International reports on Burma/Myanmar
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
3.62 MB 1.94 MB
more
Source/publisher:
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of publication:
2017-02-03
Description:
Conclusions:
Of the 204 persons with whom the team conducted in
-
depth interviews, all except two had
fled from the so
-
called ?lockdown zone” or the ?area clearance operation zone” which is
located in
nRS
, halfway between Taungpyoletwea and Maungdaw.
According to the testi
monies gathered, the following types of violations were reported and
experienced frequently in that area: Extrajudicial executions or other killings, including by
random
shooting; enforced disappearance and arbitrary detention; rape, including gang
rape
,
a
nd other forms of sexual violence; physical assault including beatings; torture, cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; looting and occupation of property;
destruction of property; and ethnic and religious discrimination and persecution. .."
Date of entry/update:
2017-02-03
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. - inter-governmental and other international sources, Discrimination against the Rohingya
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.26 MB
Local URL:
UNHCHR-2017-02-03-Rohingya_Report-red.pdf
UNHCHR-2017-02-03-Rohingya_Report-red.pdf more
Source/publisher:
VPRO Backlight viia TopDocumentaryFilms.com
Date of publication:
2016-00-00
Description:
"Clean energy is becoming less exotic and more practical than ever before thanks to the efforts of a few key countries. Collectively, they?re greasing the wheels for a worldwide revolution. The Breakthrough in Renewable Energy, a new documentary produced by the acclaimed VPRO Backlight series, takes us inside the corporate offices and production lines where this groundbreaking work is being done, and examines what it could mean for the future of energy consumption on Earth.
What main factor will ultimately determine the widespread acceptance and use of solar and wind energy? In a word: cost. Once upon a time, investments in these alternative energy sources were considered an extremely risky proposition. After all, the cost to the consumers was many times that of energy powered by natural gas and other traditional fossil fuels. However, as argued by the film?s impressive panel of expert industrialists and other energy entrepreneurs, new and untested technologies are always priced high on the outset. Once the research, innovation and production of these technologies begin to progress and mature, the costs go down. This is where the industry stands today.
The filmmakers travel the globe to discover where these seismic advancements are taking place. In China, where air pollution has reached catastrophic levels, the government has made unprecedented investments in the development of solar and wind powered technologies. Their efforts are beginning to pay off in a big way, and reverberate throughout the rest of the world. Thanks to increased production savvy and volume, the cost of solar energy has now dipped by more than 80%, and wind energy has decreased by 50%. As the cost of these resources begin to fall well below that of natural gas, how long will it take for other regions of the world to opt in?
The industry?s fight to acquire the hearts and minds of consumers can only be won through simple economics; consumers will begin to embrace green technologies when the dollars make sense. With great insight and access, The Breakthrough in Renewable Energy shows us how this battle is being waged and won everywhere from Abu Dhabi to the Netherlands to California."
Date of entry/update:
2017-01-27
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Renewable energy, Solar energy
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
Kevin Anderson
Description:
Comment on climate...
ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS...
ARTICLES & COMMENTARY...
POLICY REPORTS...
INTERVIEWS...
CHAPTERS & BOOKS...
IN THE MEDIA...
EVENTS...
PRESENTATIONS...
AUDIO & VIDEO...
BLOG...
BIOG & PHOTOS...
ROCK CLIMBING
Date of entry/update:
2017-01-15
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
nononsensevideos.org
Description:
Climate science, resources, action
Date of entry/update:
2017-01-12
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
Constituent Assembly of Burma
Date of publication:
1947-09-24
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-29
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
National constitutions, draft constitutions, amendments and announcements (texts), Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to nationality, citizenship and immigration (texts)
Language:
Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Format :
pdf
Size:
514.54 KB
Local URL:
1947-Constitution-bu.pdf
1947-Constitution-bu.pdf more
Source/publisher:
Understanding Climate Change via Youtube
Description:
"A single channel dedicated to providing informative, accurate and updated information on the science of anthropogenic climate"...229 videos (December 2016)
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-23
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
Al Jazeera
Date of publication:
2016-12-00
Description:
The page also has other recent human rights reports.
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-19
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Discrimination against the Rohingya
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
Yangon Heritage Trust
Date of publication:
2016-08-00
Description:
"Now is a key moment for Yangon, Myanmar?s
most important urban economic centre. The
current political transition and substantial
international good will provide a once-in-alifetime
opportunity to set the city in a new
direction.
This is also the last best chance to avoid the urban planning
mistakes of regional neighbours. Yangon?s built, cultural and
natural heritage should be carefully conserved during future
growth to ensure the city can be regionally competitive and
liveable.
Yangon is one of the world?s great heritage cities, containing
an unparalleled collection of heritage assets ? these include
traditions, communities and memories as well as physical things
like parks, buildings and whole neighbourhoods. The city has a
rich history as the stage upon which national independence was
won and the foundations of modern Myanmar were laid. Great
writers, artists and leaders from across Myanmar and the world
have lived and worked here. This broad variety of peoples and
traditions gives the city its strong cultural identity..."......"Contents
Executive Summary 4
The Yangon Heritage Trust 8
Introduction 11
A Key Moment for Yangon 12
The Importance of Cities 14
The Importance of Heritage Conservation 16
The Importance of Urban Planning 20
Vision 25
Liveability 33
Strategy 43
Action Plans 51
Annexes 141
A: Glossary 142
B: References 144
C: Image Credits and Notes 146
D: Acknowledgements
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-19
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Architecture
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
39.35 MB 39.56 MB
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Source/publisher:
International Crisis Group (ICG) Asia Report N°283
Date of publication:
2016-12-19
Description:
Executive Summary:
"The deadly attacks on Border Guard Police (BGP) bases in Myanmar?s northern
Rakhine State on 9 October 2016 and the days following, and a serious escalation on
12 November when a senior army officer was killed, signify the emergence of a new
Muslim insurgency there. The current violence is qualitatively different from anything
in recent decades, seriously threatens the prospects of stability and development
in the state and has serious implications for Myanmar as a whole. The government
faces a huge challenge in calibrating and integrating its political, policy and
security responses to ensure that violence does not escalate and intercommunal
tensions are kept under control. It requires also taking due account of the grievances
and fears of Rakhine Buddhists.
Failure to get this right would carry enormous risks. While the government has a
clear duty to maintain security and take action against the attackers, it needs, if its
response is to be effective, to make more judicious use of force and focus on a political
and policy approach that addresses the sense of hopelessness and despair underlying
the anger of many Muslims in Rakhine State. Complicating this is that Aung
San Suu Kyi has some influence, but under the constitution no direct control over
the military.
The insurgent group, which refers to itself as Harakah al-Yaqin (Faith Movement,
HaY), is led by a committee of Rohingya émigrés in Saudi Arabia and is commanded
on the ground by Rohingya with international training and experience in modern
guerrilla war tactics. It benefits from the legitimacy provided by local and international
fatwas (religious judicial opinions) in support of its cause and enjoys considerable
sympathy and backing from Muslims in northern Rakhine State, including
several hundred locally trained recruits.
The emergence of this well-organised, apparently well-funded group is a gamechanger
in the Myanmar government?s efforts to address the complex challenges in
Rakhine State, which include longstanding discrimination against its Muslim population,
denial of rights and lack of citizenship. The current use of disproportionate
military force in response to the attacks, which fails to adequately distinguish militants
from civilians, together with denial of humanitarian assistance to an extremely
vulnerable population and the lack of an overarching political strategy that would
offer them some hope for the future, is unlikely to dislodge the group and risks
generating a spiral of violence and potential mass displacement.
HaY would not have been able to establish itself and make detailed preparations
without the buy-in of some local leaders and communities. Yet, this has never been a
radicalised population, and the majority of the community, its elders and religious
leaders have previously eschewed violence as counterproductive. The fact that more
people are now embracing violence reflects deep policy failures over many years
rather than any sort of inevitability.
It is important for the government?s response to start from an appreciation of
why a violent reaction from some Muslims in Rakhine State has emerged. The population
has seen its rights progressively eroded, its gradual marginalisation from
social and political life, and rights abuses. This has become particularly acute since
the 2012 anti-Muslim violence in Rakhine. Disenfranchisement prior to the 2015 elections severed the last link with politics and means of influence. At the same time,
the disruption of maritime migration routes to Malaysia closed a vital escape valve,
particularly for young men whose only tangible hope for the future was dashed. An
increasing sense of despair has driven more people to consider a violent response,
but it is not too late for the government to reverse the trend.
It requires recognising first that these people have lived in the area for generations
and will continue to do so. Ways must be found to give them a place in the
nation?s life. A heavy-handed security response that fails to respect fundamental
principles of proportionality and distinction is not only in violation of international
norms; it is also deeply counterproductive. It will likely create further despair and
animosity, increasing support for HaY and further entrenching violence. International
experience strongly suggests that an aggressive military response, particularly
if not embedded in a broader policy framework, will be ineffective against the armed
group and has the potential to considerably aggravate matters.
So far, though there are indications of some training and solidarity, HaY does not
appear to have a transnational jihadist or terrorist agenda. But there are risks that if
the government mishandles the situation, including by continued use of disproportionate
force that has driven tens of thousands from their homes or across the border
to Bangladesh, it could create conditions for further radicalising sections of the
Rohingya population that transnational jihadists could exploit to pursue their own
agendas in the country. To avoid that requires subordinating the security response
and integrating it into a well-crafted, overarching political strategy ? building
stronger, more positive relations between Muslim communities and the Myanmar
state and closer cooperation and intelligence sharing with regional countries."
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-19
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), Armed conflict and peace-building in Burma - theoretical, strategic and general
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
430.2 KB
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Source/publisher:
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of publication:
2016-12-16
Description:
"UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra?ad Al Hussein today warned the Government of Myanmar that its ?short-sighted, counterproductive, even callous” approach to handling the crisis in northern Rakhine - including its failure to allow independent monitors accesss to the worst affected areas - could have grave long-term repercusssions for the country and the region.
?The repeated dismissal of the claims of serious human rights violations as fabrications, coupled with the failure to allow our independent monitors access to the worst affected areas in northern Rakhine, is highly insulting to the victims and an abdication of the Government?s obligations under international human rights law,” Zeid said..."
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-18
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Discrimination against the Rohingya
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/32/18)
Date of publication:
2016-06-29
Description:
Summary
In the present report, submitted to the Human Rights Council pursuant to its resolution 29/21, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights examines the situation of human rights of Rohingya Muslims and other minorities in Myanmar, analyses patterns of human rights violations and abuses, particularly discrimination, and concludes with recommendations on measures to be taken by the relevant authorities to improve the situation of minorities in Myanmar.
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-17
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Discrimination against the Rohingya
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
293.63 KB
Local URL:
A-HRC-32-18-Rohingya.pdf
A-HRC-32-18-Rohingya.pdf more
Source/publisher:
Union of Concerned Scientists
Description:
Confronting the Realities:
of Climate Change - The consequences of global warming are already here.
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-12
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
National Geographic
Date of publication:
2008-02-10
Description:
As the volume of greenhouse gases increases yearly, scientists are warning that the global average temperature could increase by as much as 6 degrees Celsius over the next century, which would cause our world to change radically. This documentary joins British author Mark Lynas and climate experts as they take a look at what effect each rise of 1ºC could have on the world.
Even if greenhouse emissions stopped overnight, the concentrations already in the atmosphere would still mean a global rise of between 0.5 and 1ºC. But what if the global temperature increased by another degree? According to Mark Lynas, author of Six Degrees, the changes would no longer be gradual. Greenland?s glaciers and some of the lower lying islands would start to disappear. At 3ºC higher the Arctic would be ice-free all summer, the Amazon rainforest would begin to dry out and extreme weather patterns would become the norm. An increase of 4ºC would see the oceans rise drastically. Then comes the twilight zone of climate change, if the global temperature rises again by another degree. Part of once temperate regions could become uninhabitable, while humans fight each other for the world?s remaining resources. The sixth degree is what is called the doomsday scenario as oceans become marine wastelands, deserts expand and catastrophic events become more common.
If we do nothing to reduce this threat, where will the tipping point be that may mean we are no longer able to stop global warming?..."
Mark Lynas (author)
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-09
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change Science - Ice Melting
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - US Govt.
Description:
"Find and download scientifically and pedagogically reviewed digital resources for teaching about climate?s influence on you and society and your influence on climate.
Climate Change: Lines of Evidence (7 chapters)
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-09
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
PBS viaYoutube
Date of publication:
2015-12-00
Description:
"The melting fresh water from glaciers alters the ocean, not only by directly contributing to the global sea level rise, but also because it pushes down the heavier salt water, thereby changing what scientists call the THC, or Thermo (heat) Haline (salt) Circulation, meaning currents in the ocean. This has an immediate effect on the near region, such as the north Atlantic off the coast of Greenland, but ultimately the impacts can ripple far beyond the immediate area and climate.
Ice that took centuries to develop can vanish in just a few years. A glacier doesn?t melt slowly and steadily like an ice cube on a table. Once glacial ice begins to break down, the interaction of meltwater and sea water with the glacier?s structure can cause increasingly fast melting and retreat. Today, Earth?s surface is made up of 71% water, 10% ice and 19% land. Most of the world?s ice is in the Arctic and Antarctic, but some of it is scattered around Earth in the form of mountain glaciers..."
James Balog
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-09
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change Science - Ice Melting
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
The Royal Society, US National Academy of Sciences
Date of publication:
2014-02-24
Description:
"The Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences, with their similar missions to promote the use of science to benefit society and to inform critical policy debates, offer this new publication as a key reference document for decision makers, policy makers, educators, and other individuals seeking authoritative answers about the current state of climate change science. The publication makes clear what is well established, where consensus is growing, and where there is still uncertainty. It is written and reviewed by a UK-US team of leading climate scientists. It echoes and builds upon the long history of climate-related work from both national science academies, as well as the newest climate change assessment from the United Nations? Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-08
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - climate education, introductions, films, guides, links, bibliographies, Climate change science - scientific publications and websites
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Description:
"2016 is shaping up as the hottest year on record. The first six months of the year were the hottest since records began in 1880, while the Artic has seen record low sea ice levels. As a result of the growing impacts of climate change, millions of people experiencing higher temperatures and extreme weather events such as droughts, heat waves, floods and storm surges, putting food and water security at risk, and threatening agricultural supply chains and many coastal cities.
The impacts and risks posed by climate change highlight the need for action to deliver on the Paris Agreement on climate change, reached in December 2015, to keep a global temperature rise this century below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. And with the world?s poorest people hit hardest by climate change, the case for action has been underscored by the Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by countries in September 2015, as well as the Financing for Development agenda and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
For the World Bank Group, with its goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity, climate change and poverty are inextricably linked. A Bank report, Shock Waves: Managing the Impact of Climate Change on Poverty, warned that without rapid action, climate change could push an additional 100 million people into poverty by 2030.
Delaying action would significantly increase the cost of keeping warming below 2 degrees Celsius ? according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios, delaying action until 2030 would increase the costs of mitigating the impact of climate change by 50 percent.//"
Date of entry/update:
2016-12-01
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
Ecological Buddhism
Description:
♦ Mission Statements:
*What we are experiencing in the degradation of the Earth, is a soul loss, a loss of meaning in life itself that calls for a recovery of a sense of the sacred. The Earth must be seen, not as a collection of objects for our use, but as a communion of subjects of which we are all a part. We are all part of a single community that will live or die together.
- Thomas Berry
*When we recognise the virtues, the talent, the beauty of Mother Earth, something is born in us, some kind of connection—love is born. We want to be connected. That is the meaning of love, to be at one? You would do anything for the benefit of the Earth, and the Earth will do anything for your well-being.
- Thich Nhat Hanh
*Our practice is not to clear up the mystery. It is to make the mystery clear.
- Robert Aitken
Date of entry/update:
2016-11-28
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change
Date of publication:
2016-11-00
Description:
"The twenty-second session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 22), the twelfth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 12), and the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA 1) were held in Bab Ighli, Marrakech, Morocco from 7-18 November 2016.
The Conference successfully demonstrated to the world that the implementation of the Paris Agreement is underway and the constructive spirit of multilateral cooperation on climate change continues.
The decisions adopted by COP22/CMP12/CMA1 are listed here...
Date of entry/update:
2016-11-25
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English, Burmese
more
Source/publisher:
Vatican
Date of publication:
2015-05-24
Description:
ENCYCLICAL LETTER LAUDATO SI?
OF THE HOLY FATHER
FRANCIS
ON CARE FOR OUR COMMON HOME
Pope Francis
Date of entry/update:
2016-11-24
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
National Geographic
Date of publication:
2016-11-04
Description:
You may have to search youtube etc. to find the full version of the film, which is very elusive.....maybe the version on Archive.org will be stable.....
"If you could know the truth about the threat of climate change — would you want to know? "Before the Flood", presented by National Geographic, features Leonardo DiCaprio on a journey as a United Nations Messenger of Peace, traveling to five continents and the Arctic to witness climate change firsthand. He goes on expeditions with scientists uncovering the reality of climate change and meets with political leaders fighting against inaction. He also discovers a calculated disinformation campaign orchestrated by powerful special interests working to confuse the public about the urgency of the growing climate crisis. With unprecedented access to thought leaders around the world, DiCaprio searches for hope in a rising tide of catastrophic news.
From Academy Award®-winning filmmaker Fisher Stevens and Academy Award®-winning actor, environmental activist and U.N. Messenger of Peace Leonardo DiCaprio, Before the Flood presents a riveting account of the dramatic changes now occurring around the world due to climate change, as well as the actions we as individuals and as a society can take to prevent the disruption of life on our planet. Beyond the steps we can take as individuals, the film urges viewers to push their elected officials in supporting the use of alternative energy sources such as solar and wind power. ?We need everyone to demand bold action from their political leaders and to elect representatives who have their best interests at heart, not the interests of corporations to perpetuate a cycle of greed and destruction,” says DiCaprio. ?This documentary shows how interconnected the fate of all humanity is — but also the power we all possess as individuals to build a better future for our planet.”
Before the Flood premieres in theaters on October 21st and will air globally on the National Geographic Channel on October 30th in 171 countries and 45 languages. The film is directed by Fisher Stevens and produced by Leonardo DiCaprio, Fisher Stevens, Jennifer Davisson and Trevor Davidoski with Brett Ratner and James Packer of RatPac Entertainment. It was written by Mark Monroe and Executive Produced by Martin Scorsese, Adam Bardach, Mark Monroe, and Zara Duffy. The film is edited by Geoffrey Richman A.C.E., Ben Sozanski, Abhay Sofsky, and Brett Banks. The Director of Photography is Antonio Rossi. The Executive Music Producers are Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross with original music by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross, Mogwai and Gustavo Santaolalla.
The carbon emissions from Before The Flood were offset through a voluntary carbon tax. Learn how you can offset your own carbon emissions by going to CarboTax.org "
Fisher Stevens (Director), Leonardo DiCaprio, Martin Scorsese (Producers)
Date of entry/update:
2016-11-24
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
more
Source/publisher:
Asia Foundation
Date of publication:
2016-10-00
Description:
အဓိကအချက်များကောက်နှုတ်ချက်
နှစ်ပေါင်းများစွာ ဖြစ်ပွါးနေသော ပြည်တွင်းစစ်၏ အကျိုးဆက်ကြောင့် မြန်မာတောင်တန်းနယ်မြေအများစုသည် အစိုးရထိန်းချုပ်မှု
ဘောင်အပြင်ဖက် သို့မဟုတ် အစိုးရ နှင့် တိုင်းရင်းသားလက်နက်ကိုင် အဓိကဇာတ်ကောင်များ (EAAs) ၏ ထိန်းချုပ်မှု၊ အုပ်ချုပ်မှု
ရောထွေးနေသော အနေအထားအတွင်းတွင် ရှိနေကြဆဲ ဖြစ်သည်။ တိုင်းရင်းသားလက်နက်ကိုင် အဓိက ဖာတ်ကောင်းများ (EAAs) ]
ဟုဆိုရာတွင် တိုင်းရင်းသားလက်နက်ကိုင်အဖွဲ့အစည်းများ (EAOs) (အပစ်ရပ်ထားသော (သို့မဟုတ်) ပဋ္ဋိပက္ခဆက်လက်ဖြစ်ပွားလျှက်ရှိသော)
အပြင် နယ်ခြားစောင့်တပ်များ (BGF) နှင့် ပြည်သူ့စစ်အဖွဲ့(PMF) တို့ ကဲ့သို့သော အစိုးရနောက်ခံပြု တပ်မတော်ကွပ်ကဲမှုအောက်ရှိ
လက်နက်ကိုင်ထားသော တိုင်းရင်းသားအဖွဲ့အစည်းများ (State-backed ethnic paramilitary organization) ပါဝင်ပါသည်။ ထို့ကြောင့်
ဖရိုဖရဲဖြစ်နေသည်ဟုထင်ရသော်လည်း ၎င်းနယ်မြေအများစုတွင် ဥပဒေစိုးမိုးရေး စတင်မှုအဆင့်တွင် ရှိနေကြပြီဖြစ်သည်။ ယင်းဥပဒေစိုးမိုးမှု
သည် ရပ်ရွာအဆင့်တွင် ဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်းအရ တရားစီရင်ခြင်းစနစ်နှင့် တိုင်းရင်းသားလက်နက်ကိုင် အဓိက ဇာတ်ကောင်များ (EAAs)၊ တခါတရံ
တပ်မတော်ကွပ်ကဲမှုအောက်ရှိ လက်နက်ကိုင်ထားသော တိုင်းရင်းသားအဖွဲ့အစည်းများ (ethnic paramilitary organization) စီမံခန့်ခွဲသော
တရားစီရင်မှုစနစ်တို့ကြောင့် နေရာအတော်များများတွင် အဓိကဖြစ်ပေါ်လာခဲ့သည်။ တိုင်းရင်းသားလက်နက်ကိုင်အဖွဲ့များ ထိန်းချုပ်သော
နယ်မြေများတွင် ၎င်းတို့၏ တရားစီရင်မှုစနစ်များသည် တရားဝင်ပုံစံ တစ်ခုတည်းသာရှိသော်လည်း ထိန်းချုပ်မှုရောယှက်နေသော နယ်မြေများ
တွင်မူ အစိုးရနှင့် လက်နက်ကိုင်ထားသော တိုင်းရင်းသားအဖွဲ့များ၏ တရားစီရင်မှုစနစ်များသည် သီးခြားစီတည်ရှိနေသော်လည်း ရပ်တည်ချက်
မှာ အတူတူပင်ဖြစ်သည်။
၎င်းနယ်မြေများရှိ အရပ်သားအများစုအတွက် တည်ငြိမ်မှုနှင့် ဥပဒေစိုးမိုးမှုတို့ကို ဖြည့်ဆည်းပေးသောအရာမှာ ကျေးရွာနှင့် ကျေးရွာအခြေပြု
တရားစီရင်မှု စနစ်များဖြစ်သည်။ အဆိုပါနယ်မြေများတွင် အဖြစ်များသော တရားမကြောင်းနှင့် အသေးစားရာဇဝတ်မှုများကို ကျေးရွာသူကြီးနှင့်
ကျေးရွာတရားစီရင်ရေးကော်မတီများက အစဉ်အလာဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်းဥပဒေများကို အမှီပြု၍ ကိုင်တွယ်ဖြေရှင်းလေ့ရှိကြသည်။ တိုင်းရင်းသား
လက်နက်ကိုင်အဓိကဇာတ်ကောင်များ(EAAs)သည် ၎င်းတို့၏ တရားစီရင်မှုစနစ်များကို ကျေးရွာဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ၏ ထိပ်တွင်ထည့်သွင်းထားပြီး
ယင်းတို့ကို အမှီပြု၍ အမှုကိစ္စများကို ကိုင်တွယ်ကြသည်။ ပြင်းထန်သောရာဇဝတ်မှုများကိုမူ တိုင်းရင်းသားလက်နက်ကိုင်အဖွဲ့အစည်းများ
(EAOs) ၏ တရားရုံးများတွင် ဖြေရှင်းရန်လိုအပ်ပြီး ၎င်းတရားရုံးများသို့ ကျေးရွာအဆင့်မှ အယူခံလွှာတင်သွင်းနိုင်သည်။
စာရွက်ပေါ်မှ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအရ EAO များ၏ တရားစီရင်မှုစနစ်များသည် အထက်မှအောက်သို့ အဆင့်ဆင့်ဖွဲ့စည်းထားပြီး ရပ်ကျေး၊ မြို့နယ်၊ ခရိုင်၊
ဗဟိုအဆင့်ဆင့်တင်ပြရန် ခွင့်ပြုထားသည်။ တရားဝင် လုပ်ထုံးလုပ်နည်းများ ဖြင့် ပံ့ပိုးထားသော ၎င်းတရားစီရင်မှုစနစ်များသည် အဆင့်တိုင်းတွင်
ပိုမိုပြင်းထန်သော အမှုအခင်းများကို စစ်ဆေးရန်နှင့် ပိုမိုပြင်းထန်သော ပြစ်ဒဏ်များ ချမှတ်ရန် ခွင့်ပေးထားသည်။ EAO များအကြား တရားစီရင်မှု
လုပ်ထုံးလုပ်နည်းများ ကွာခြားမှုရှိပြီး အချို့က ပုံစံတကျရှိမှုကို လိုက်ပါကျင့်သုံးကြပြီး အချို့က အခြေခံကျလွန်းသောပုံစံကို ဆုပ်ကိုင်ထားကြ
သည်။ လက်တွေ့တွင်မူ ပဋိပက္ခ သံသရာ၊ နယ်မြေအတွင်း အဖွဲ့အစည်း၏ စွမ်းဆောင်ရည်၊ EAA အဖွဲ့ဝင်များနှင့် ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်ရေးဆက်နွယ်မှု
စသည်တို့ကြောင့် ရေးဆွဲထားသော လုပ်ထုံးလုပ်နည်းများနှင့် ကွဲပြားမှုများရှိနိုင်သည်။
Brian McCartan, Kim Jolliffe
Date of entry/update:
2016-11-23
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Legal Pluralism - Burma/Myanmar-specific
Language:
Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Format :
pdf
Size:
6.21 MB
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Source/publisher:
Asia Foundation
Date of publication:
2016-10-00
Description:
Executive Summary:
"As a result of decades of ongoing civil war, large areas of Myanmar remain outside government rule,
or are subject to mixed control and governance by the government and an array of ethnic armed actors
(EAAs). These included ethnic armed organizations (EAOs), with ceasefires or in conflict with the state,
as well as state-backed ethnic paramilitary organizations, such as the Border Guard Forces (BGFs) and
People?s Militia Forces (PMFs). Despite this seeming recipe for chaos, there is a startling level of order
in most of these areas. This order has been created in large part through customary justice mechanisms
at the community level, and as a result of justice systems administered by EAAs, and in some cases by
ethnic paramilitary organizations. In EAO-controlled areas, their justice systems are often the only
formal structures present, while in mixed-control areas, government and EAA justice systems exist
separately, but side by side.
The village, and village-based justice mechanisms, are the glue that provides stability and order for
most civilians in these areas. Often reliant on a long tradition of customary law and practices, village
heads and village justice committees handle civil disputes and petty crimes ? the bulk of justice issues
in these areas. EAAs have built their justice systems on top of the village structures, relying on them to
handle most justice issues, while requiring more serious crimes to be handled in EAO courts, which are
also available for appeals from the village level.
On paper, at least, EAA justice systems are hierarchical, allowing for referral up the chain from village
tract to township to district to the center. These structures, often backed by official procedures, also
provide for the assignment of progressively more serious cases and progressively more severe
punishments at each level. Judicial procedures differ between organizations, with some following a
more formal model while other systems are more rudimentary. In practice, there may be variation
from established procedures due to the ebb and flow of conflict, the capacity of an organization in a
given area, or the personal connections of an individual to members of an EAA.
Internal security for most EAOs is provided by their regular soldiers and militia they establish at the
local level. These formations commonly function as arresting agencies as well as jailers. A few EAOs
have established police forces dedicated to preserving public order among the populace. Criminal
investigations are usually conducted by EAO administrative authorities, except in the case of the Karen
National Union (KNU), which has a police force authorized for this.
Village customary justice and EAA justice structures have continued to maintain order in EAA areas
through periods of conflict and ceasefire. Without the EAA justice systems and the stabilizing effect of
village customary justice structures, this order and stability would have been far less likely.
1
In many
areas of Myanmar where EAAs operate, the central government has only ever had tenuous control, if
any control at all. The ability of EAOs to maintain order and a degree of justice in turn contributes to
their legitimacy among the population they claim to represent in areas they control, in mixed-control
areas, and often to some degree in government-control areas adjacent to conflict zones where
members of the group?s ethnic base also reside.
The rule of law and the workings of Myanmar?s justice system are receiving increasing attention, while
the role and structure of EAO justice systems and village justice remain relatively little studied or
understood. The continuity and stability of village justice systems provide the bedrock on which official
justice systems ? the government?s and the EAOs? ? are built, and thus are important to maintaining
order and stability across the country. The fact that EAO justice systems operate in parallel with that of
the government in large areas of the country, and provide the only means of justice for large portions
of the population, should indicate their importance for the peace process as well as for the future
governance of Myanmar"
Brian McCartan, Kim Jolliffe
Date of entry/update:
2016-11-23
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Legal Pluralism - Burma/Myanmar-specific
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.87 MB
more
Source/publisher:
Google
Description:
About 16,700,000 results (23 November 2016)
Date of entry/update:
2016-11-22
Type:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
USA-Burma relations
Language:
English
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