Contract farming
Websites/Multiple Documents
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About 139,000 results (23 November, 2017)
Source/publisher:
Google
Date of entry/update:
2017-11-22
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Category:
Contract farming, Contract farming
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''Across the world, the livelihoods and well-being of rural communities have, since time immemorial, been assured through their customary land and resource management systems. Myanmar is no exception, and these systems have been especially valued in ethnic upland areas. Although increasingly under pressure, these systems still widely continue more or less intact, and continue to retain social legitimacy.
Customary tenure systems involve rural communities asserting authority over their local land and resources within their village areas, allocating rights and regulating access and use according to traditional cultural norms. At the simplest these institutions are codified social norms around resource access, and as such have existed across just about every inhabited landscape in the world.
They often involve the coordination of farming activities like planting, harvesting and grazing. They are based on a strong local identification with place and ecological landscape, and have evolved dynamically over the long term, giving rise to unique cultural landscapes. They tend to be sophisticated, flexible, and practical in terms of combining common and private rights and responsibilities across diverse resources. Beyond individual villages, they can play a key role in agreeing to inter-village boundaries, and regulating across clusters of villages who gets access to what resources, when and how. They can manage disputes both within and between villages in ways which have cultural legitimacy and embody principles of social justice. Their effectiveness is reflected in how highly valued they are by the communities who rely on them, and they evolve as the social composition and economic needs of the communities evolve and change over time...''
Oliver Springate-Baginski
Source/publisher:
Transnational Institute (TNI)
Date of publication:
2019-03-06
Date of entry/update:
2019-03-10
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Law and policy on land in Burma/Myanmar, Contract farming, Smallholder farming and farmers in Burma/Myanmar, Customary tenure (Myanmar)
Language:
English
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pdf
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482.68 KB
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OUTLINE: 1. INTRODUCTION: Definition and increasing appeal of contract farming, especially in transitional economies...
2. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS ? Advantages of Contract Farming
as well as Potential Problems for Agribusiness firms and for
farmers; Types of Contract Farming...
3. KEY OBSERVATIONS & INSIGHTS ? Myanmar Slant...
4. WAY FORWARD...5. CONCLUSION
Larry C.Y. Wong
Source/publisher:
Myanmar Agribusiness Forum 2013
Date of publication:
2013-09-30
Date of entry/update:
2016-01-10
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Contract farming
Language:
English
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pdf
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1.96 MB
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Description:
Introduction: "The goal of poverty alleviation is now seen as a high priority project for
Myanmar?s new
government.
In
public statements the new President, Thein Sein, has raised issues of
poverty in
Myanmar
as a problem
facing
the country (as opposed to a previous failure to
acknowledge any such problems.)
Support for this goal
was verbally
reiterated
in a
May
2011
Poverty Alleviation Seminar headed by Dr. U Myint, and again, more broadly, at an
August 2011 poverty alleviation seminar in Nyapidaw attended by President Thein Sein
and democracy icon Daw Aung San Su Kyi.
At both events speakers
presented papers
aimed at monetary reform, assessments of
Myanmar?s industrial sectors, infrastructure,
and agricultural development. Presenters overwhelmingly acknowledged the agricultural
sector as one in which improvements could be
made
to actually meet goals of addressing
poverty.
With 70% of
Myanmar?s population supported by agricultural related employment and
incomes, policies
to lower poverty levels
in this sector could
significantly
impact a
majority of the country?s residents. Currently, of these
residents, an estimated
32.7% remain under the country?s poverty line, though critics have described this number as low
(CIA World Fact Book, 2011).
Myanmar
is frequently
referred
to as the one time ?rice
basket” of
Asia, often highlighting how far the agricultural
and economic systems of
Myanmar
have fallen.
This renewed interest in the development of
Myanmar?s
agricultural sector has the potential to reengage that historical presence of agricultural
vitality.
Addressing
the
status of
low income and small
land holders will be a key part of this
process
as farmers with
less then 1
and
up to 5
acres of
land represent
56% of Myanmar?s
farming population
(FSWG, 2011).
The economic security of small land hold farmers
offer one way to sustainably improve the agricultural system and financial
lyempower a
large population of Myanmar?s farmers.
This paper will examine the possible use of contract farming
with
small land holding
farmers
as a tool
to
capitalize on the opportunity to improve the economic growth of
Myanmar?s agricultural sector, as well as
to sustainably
improve
the livelihood, capacity,
and output
of
this demographic of
farmers.
It is important to highlight that
contract farming is not a blanket tool and
the positive
circumstances of successful cases
must be considered within Myanmar?s agricultural
context. Critics of contract farming highlight the
de-facto
inequality
farmers are
often
put
in
by a contract, along with the significant
risk
it can place on already fragile farming 2
environments
in
which
farmers risk everything. Such risks could be exacerbated by
Myanmar?s agricultural policy and political climate.
Yet,
contract farming has been used
with increasing frequency to meet the needs of small land holding farmers, and
companies that have specialist or niche farming needs. These contracts have led to a
range of benefits for both farmers and contracting companies.
The recent
agreement on
the part of the new government to make agricultural development and poverty reduction
policy goals, offers
a space
in
which
contract farming
opportunities
could support
the
small land hold farming
sector of Myanmar?s agricultural community.
Based on this consideration, this paper will briefly explore the
theoretical views of
contract
farming
currently used.
It
will then examine the
circumstances of previous
commercial or large contract farming attempts in
Myanmar that have been problematic, before presenting two cases of contract farming with small land holders, in Laos and
Cambodia.
From the analysis of
these
two successful cases originally documented by the
Asia Development Bank (ADB), this paper will work to identify positive and negative
lessons learned in ea
ch circumstance. This
paper will
examine the opportunities for the
application
of
these lessons to the context of Myanmar?s own small land hold farmers.
It will then conclude with a brief examination of the larger
policies
that would
have
impacted
contract farming implementation in
Myanmar, compared to the
policies
from
Laos and Cambodia which
have given rise to
successful
contract farming
programs with
small land hold farmers."
Thomas A. Baker
Date of publication:
2011-09-30
Date of entry/update:
2016-01-10
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
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113.27 KB
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Description:
SELECTION OF INFORMATIONAL MATERIAL ON CONTRACT FARMING: Contract farming in general...Contract farming in Asian countries...CAMBODIA...PEOPLE?S REPUBLIC OF CHINA...REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA...JAPAN...LAO
PEOPLE?S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC...MALAYSIA...REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR...REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES...KINGDOM OF THAILAND...SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
Date of publication:
2014-09-26
Date of entry/update:
2016-01-10
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Contract farming
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
428.55 KB
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Description:
"MYANMAR - The development of a contract farming zone in the suburban township of Yangon division is being stepped up, supported by private entrepreneurs. Almost one-third of farms there keep poultry.
According to Chinese sources, a state-backed Myanmar newspaper describes the Yangon division special integrated farming zone, set up in Nyaunghnapin village, Hmawby township, as made up of some sub-zones where undertakings including the raising of poultry, growing of beans and pulses, and physic nuts as well as fish breeding, are carried out...."
Source/publisher:
The Poultry Site
Date of publication:
2008-10-06
Date of entry/update:
2012-05-19
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Contract farming, Contract farming
Language:
English
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Description:
MAE SOT, Thailand - "The conflict-ridden Thai-Myanmar border has long been associated with drug smuggling, arms-dealing and human trafficking and other illicit trades. Now a new investment initiative aims to bring bilateral border trade above ground through the establishment of export-oriented special economic zones (SEZs) in the two countries? hinterlands.
The two sides agreed last month in Mandalay to finalize a long pending agreement, which in the first phases will open the way for
Thai agribusinesses to cultivate millions of acres of land tax-free in Myanmar?s border areas. The ambitious plan to turn battlefields into marketplaces has the tacit backing of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), but at the same time has come under heavy criticism from rights organizations..."
Clifford McCoy
Source/publisher:
"Asia Times Online"
Date of publication:
2007-06-21
Date of entry/update:
2012-05-14
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Contract farming, Contract farming
Language:
English
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Description:
Summary: Since 2005, the Burmese Government has encouraged
investors from China, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Kuwait to
invest in contract farms; to date, only the Thais have a
formal agreement to farm 120,000 acres along the Thai-Burma
border. Over the past six months, several Burmese companies
-- Tay Za?s Htoo Trading, Zaw Zaw?s Max Myanmar, Steven Law?s
Asia World, and Aung Thet Mann?s Aye Ya Shwe Wa -- were given
more than 100,000 acres of farmland in the Irrawaddy Delta
and Rangoon Division for contract farming. The Ministry of
Agriculture denies any land seizures associated with contract
farming, saying the government is the sole owner of farmland
and takes it away only if farmers do not use it for farming
purposes. According to agricultural contacts, the GOB
encourages contract farming because private investors help
shoulder the costs of improving Burma?s dilapidated
agricultural infrastructure. There is no information on how
much the contract farming investments in Burma are worth.
End Summary.
Source/publisher:
US Embassy, Rangoon, via Wikileaks
Date of publication:
2009-01-12
Date of entry/update:
2012-04-04
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Contract farming, Contract farming
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
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107.96 KB
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Description:
Conclusions & Recommendations:
• The huge increase in Chinese agricultural
concessions in Burma and Laos is driven by
China?s opium crop substitution programme,
offering subsidies and tax waivers
for Chinese companies.
• China?s focus is on integrating the local
economy of the border regions of Burma and
Laos into the regional market through bilateral
relations with government and military
authorities across the border.
• In Burma large-scale rubber concessions is
the only method operating. Initially informal
smallholder arrangements were the dominant
form of cultivation in Laos, but the topdown
coercive model is gaining prevalence.
• The poorest of the poor, including many
(ex-) poppy farmers, benefit least from these
investments. They are losing access to land
and forest, being forcibly relocated to the
lowlands, left with few viable options for
survival.
• New forms of conflict are arising from
Chinese large-scale investments abroad. Related
land dispossession has wide implications
on drug production and trade, as well
as border stability.
• Investments related to opium substitution
plans should be carried out in a more sustainable,
transparent, accountable and equitable
fashion with a community-based approach.
They should respect traditional land
rights and communities? customs.
Rob Cramb, Vongpaphane Manivong, Jonathan Newby, Kem Sothorn, Patrick Sujang
Source/publisher:
Transnational InstituteDrug (Policy Briefing No. 33)
Date of publication:
2010-10-31
Date of entry/update:
2010-11-15
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Drug bans and poppy crop substitution, Burma: opium and heroin, Contract farming, Contract farming
Language:
English
Local URL:
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