Executive Summary" Chapter I: Introduction 5 1.1 Definitions 5 1.1.1 The Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour 5 1.1.2 Trafficking 6 1.1.3 Target Groups 6 1.2 Background 6 1.3 Structure of this Report 7 Chapter II: Background Information from the Literature ? Child Labour in Thailand 9 2.1 Decreasing Numbers of Ethnic Thai Child Workers 9 2.2 Minors From Lao PDR Working in Thailand 9 2.3 Minors from Myanmar Working in Thailand 10 2.4 Sectors of Child Labour 10 2.5 Foreign and Ethnic Minority Child Workers 11 Chapter III: Methodology 13 3.1 Rapid Assessment 13 3.2 Child Respondents 13 3.3 Gender, Ethnicity and Legal Status 14 3.4 Key and Other Informants 15 3.5 Research Approaches 15 3.6 This Research and its Limitations 16 3.6.1 Strength of the Methodology 16 3.6.2 To What Extent Can We Draw General Conclusions from this Study? 16 3.6.3 Where does this Study Shows Specific and Not General Results 16 3.6.4 Recruitment and Transportation Systems 17 3.6.5 Source Communities 17 3.6.6 Change Over Time 17 3.7 Possibilities for Future Research 17 Chapter IV: Origins of Trafficking and Risk Groups 19 4.1 Why Do Minors Leave Their Village to Work in Thailand? 19 4.1.1 Financial Motivation 19 4.1.2 Lack of Purchasing Power 19 4.1.3 Lack of Job Opportunities and Educational Attainments 20 4.1.4 Parents? Role in the Decision to Leave 20 4.1.5 Trafficking and Household Decisions 21 4.1.6 Following Others, Seeing the World and Experiencing Life 23 4.1.7 Personal Problems and Difficulties in the Community 24 4.1.8 Oppressed Communities 25 4.2 Risk Groups 25 4.2.1 Hill Tribes From Thailand 25 4.2.2 Refugees and Displaced Persons 26 4.2.3 Stateless Persons 26 4.2.4 Laotians 26 4.2.5 Minors From Myanmar 27 Chapter V: Transportation into Thailand 29 5.1 Information About Work 29 5.2 Initiative and Decision to Seek Work 29 5.3 Organizers of Transportation into Thailand 30 5.4 Means of Transport 31 5.5 Entry into Thailand 31 5.6 The Special Border Zones 32 5.7 Immigration Policies and the Movement of Minors 32 Chapter VI: Recruitment into the Worst Forms of Child Labour 37 6.1.1 Immediate Entry into the Worst Forms of Child Labour 37 6.1.2 Delayed Entry into the Worst Forms of Child Labour 37 6.1.3 Information Obtained in Thailand About Work 38 6.1.4 Getting into Work 38 6.2 Profit Made From the Recruitment Process 38 6.3 Awareness and Deception 40 6.4 Networking and the Danger of Trafficking 41 6.5 Ethnic Minorities and Burmans 43 6.6 Gender 44 Chapter VII: Conditions of Child Labour 47 7.1 Industries 47 7.2 Extent of Child Labour at the Border Sites 48 7.2.1 Factories Employing Minors in Mae Sai 48 7.2.2 The Sex Industry 50 7.2.2.1 Muk Dahan 50 7.2.2.2 Mae Sot 51 7.2.2.3 Nong Khai Province 52 7.2.2.4 Mae Sai 53 7.3 The Worst Forms of Child Labour 54 7.3.1 Slavery and Practices Similar to Slavery 54 7.3.2 Prostitution and Pornography 54 7.3.3 Illicit Activities 54 7.3.4 Work Endangering the Health, Safety or Morals of Children 55 7.3.4.1 Physical, Psychological Abuse 55 7.3.4.2 Work Underground, Under Water, at Dangerous Heights and in Confined Space 55 7.3.4.3 Work With Dangerous Machinery, Equipment and Tools 56 7.3.4.4 Manual Handling or Transport of Heavy Loads 56 7.3.4.5 Unhealthy Environment, Hazardous Substances 56 7.3.4.6 Work in Difficult Circumstances, Including Long Hours and During the Night 56 7.4 Payment 57 7.5 Assessment of the Worst Forms of Child Labour from the Minors? Perspective 57 Chapter VIII: Prospects after Trafficking into the Worst Forms of Child Labour 59 8.1 Continuation in Exploitative Industries 59 8.2 Ways of Leaving Employment 59 8.3 Aspirations for the Future 60 8.4 Young Adults who Consider Themselves Successful 60 Chapter IX: Conclusion 63 Annexes 67 Annex I: Findings at a Glance 67 Annex II: Questionnaire 75 Bibliography 81.