"Despite its enormous potential, Myanmar?s agriculture has underperformed over the past fifty years. Furthermore, given that two-thirds of the population works primarily in agriculture, low farm productivity translates into high rates of poverty and food insecurity. The current paper explains that a series of institutional, policy and structural constraints has hampered agricultural growth and contributed to Myanmar?s current high rates of hunger and malnutrition. The most critical of these problems include: a highly skewed land distribution, poor water control systems, a high-cost transportation system, weak rural financial institutions, and weak links between extension services and farmers. However, the paper argues that all of these impediments can be remedied through good policies, institutional reforms and key public investments. Accordingly, the author strongly advocates a strategy focused on the ?Long Game” approach (policy reforms necessary for rapid, broad-based agricultural), particularly a set of early actions necessary for enabling necessary structural reforms. Yet, at the same time, this must be complemented by ?Short Game” interventions (improving performance without policy reforms) that help to increase incomes, assets, farmer skills and water management systems that expand productive potential in the ?Long Game”. Equally important, the document underlines that the long-term political stability is also imperative for agricultural productivity growth."