"In August 2017 and in October-November 2016, Myanmar security forces advanced upon numerous Rohingya villages in Rakhine state. The 100-300 assailants, comprised of the Myanmar military, Border Guard Police (BGP), police, and mmobilized Rakhine civilians, besieged the villages from their deployment stations, which typically included BGP camps, military camps, Rakhine villages, schools, and temples. Security forces killed and injured Rohingya villagers with indiscriminate gunfire; raped Rohingya women, and unlawfully arrested Rohingya men. Security forces burned down Rohingya homes and looted Rohingya property. In the terror after such mass-scale violence and killing, Rohingya villagers escaped to Bangladesh, where they now live in temporary tents within precarious refugee camps. Premeditation and intent to commit genocide is apparent from security forces’ advance planning and deployment. They commonly began intimidation tactics in the dark hours before dawn, by firing guns, and then attacked the villages in the early hours of the morning. Security forces consistently surrounded Rohingya villages, completely blocking escape or leaving only one of four sides open for egress. They shot indiscriminate gunfire to incite panic and fired at Rohingya people as the civilians fled. Yet the systematic destruction of the Rohingya people began far earlier than August 2017. Starting from decades earlier, the government confiscated land from Rohingya villagers. And during the time period of 2012-2016, Rohingya experienced multiple and successive forms of religious discrimination and persecution. This included prohibitions on giving religious sermons, on holding religious events, on practicing Qurban (ceremonial sacrifice of livestock animals), and on performing azan (making calls to prayer). They were forbidden to gather in groups of five or more people, which abrogated religious fellowship. Nor could they freely use their mosque for prayer or provide Islamic education to their children at the madrasa. Security forces physically beat, arrested, jailed, and extorted money from those found in prayer or religious practice. Marriage required payment of high fees, of up to 500,000 kyat, in order to obtain permission from the authorities. As the permission was issued, the authorities directed the Rohingya to have no more than two or three children, under threat of punishment. The Rohingya had no freedom of movement but were forced to obtain a series of travel permits, even to travel to a neighboring village. And despite obtaining such permission by paying large amounts of money, security forces extorted money at checkpoints. Security forces beat, fined, arrested, and jailed those who did not obtain travel permission. Later, the Rohingya were forbidden to even leave their own homes between 6:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. The Rohingya faced discrimination in schooling, thereby foreclosing their education. The government barred them from obtaining public employment. The military regularly conscripted Rohingya men into forced labor. The Rohingya also faced discrimination in obtaining medical treatment and healthcare. Although the Rohingya voted before, this too was foreclosed after 2015. Finally, no Rohingya person held Myanmar citizenship. Indeed, the authorities tried to force them to accept NVC, a card which would register them as foreigners. In summation, Rohingya people were deprived of basic rights in essentially every aspect of daily life. With this history of discrimination and persecution of the Rohingya as the backdrop, we recommend first that the international community provide affirmative support to having the entire matter of genocide referred to the International Criminal Court or to a newly established special or ad-hoc court for investigation and trial. The truth-seeking investigation must proceed without any grants of immunity, for the wrongdoers occupy all levels of society. The bad actors include the Myanmar military, BGP, and officials of the Myanmar government, including State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and other Cabinet Members, as well as civilians who were mobilized into paramilitary forces. We also recommend that the Myanmar government provide remedy and relief to the victims and survivors, founded first on restoration of previously-held rights, as well as financial recompense to those for whom such restoration is insufficient, such as victims who have suffered psychological harm. In such situations, it is critical to respect and decide the specific substance and form of remedy and relief according to the wishes of the victims and the Rohingya community. Further action includes the introduction of legislation and administrative measures to abolish systems and practices that discriminate against the Rohingya, including those involving hate speech and other forms of prejudiced information. Education is necessary to improve awareness of hatred, bias, and discrimination. The Myanmar government must cease registering the Rohingya with NVC identification cards and must ensure restoration of their citizenship rights. Finally, the Myanmar government and the international community must actively guarantee and ensure participation of Rohingya people in discussions about possible repatriation..."