KEY POINTS: • The 21 st Century Panglong Conference, also known as the Union Peace Conference, has been hailed as the most encouraging initiative to achieve countrywide peace and political reform in Myanmar since the Panglong Conference of February 1947. Two ?Panglong-21” meetings have been held so far. With the National League for Democracy government prioritising ethnic peace, this is a long-needed moment of opportunity for national reconciliation that should not be lost. • There have been three important advances in the landscape of national politics so far. First, different points of view could be expressed by a diversity of stakeholders, including representatives of political parties, the national armed forces (Tatmadaw), ethnic armed organisations and civil society groups. Second, the revival of such a symbolic platform raises the potential for the two key processes in national reform ? parliamentary and ethnic peace ? to be brought together on the same track. Third, there is broad agreement in public statements on the need for pro-federal reform. • Worrying failings, however, are beginning to appear, raising warning spectres from the country?s troubled past. Dating back to the Panglong Conference in 1947, each new era of government has witnessed new political initiatives to foster national peace, and all have been unsuccessful. This must not happen again. • Amidst urgent concerns: there is a lack of inclusion in the present peace process; Tatmadaw domination still continues; there is an over-reliance on the inconclusive Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement of ex-President Thein Sein; land-grabbing, natural resource exploitation and economic opportunism remain widespread; and military-first solutions are still being pursued in several parts of the country. Meanwhile civilian displacement and humanitarian suffering have not ended, highlighted by continuing emergencies in the Kachin, Rakhine and Shan States. • The international response to Myanmar?s ethnic challenges is divided. Western governments have backed the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement as the road to peace; the NLD-led administration has reduced cooperation with United Nations? mediation; and China is seeking to take on the leading international role. Concerned by instability along its border, China recognises that a majority of ethnic armed organisations have been marginalised in the peace process to date. But, with major geo-political ambitions of its own, China?s involvement is only adding to uncertainties about Myanmar?s future direction. • A window of opportunity still remains. But, for genuine peace and national reform to be achieved, the 21 st Century Panglong must deliver a political destination of hope that includes all peoples rather than another cycle of failure in the country?s history of ethnic conflict. In one of the most ethnically-diverse countries in Asia, the present crises in Myanmar?s borderlands are not exceptions but long-standing examples of failures that lie at the heart of the modern-day state."