1. Source: Burma (Myanmar): The Time for Change, Martin Smith, Minority Rights Group International, May 2002.
2. Source: Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity, Martin Smith, London: Zed Books, 1991.
3. Sources: “National Convention Proceedings, April 1993,” Working People’s Daily/New Light of Myanmar via Burma Press Summary, April 1993; “Press Release on NLD Withdrawal,” The National Convention Convening Commission, 28 November 1995.
4. Source: “Federal Constitution Seminar Held in Kawthoolei,” Kaowao News, 10 April 2006.
5. Source: Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity, Martin Smith, London: Zed Books, 1991.
6. Source: “Arakanese Guerilla Leader Arrested in Bangladesh,” Narinjara News, 31 May 2007.
7. Source: “Two Armed Activists Arrested by Nasaka,” Kaladan News, 25 October 2007.
8. Source: “17 Former Rebels Surrender to Junta,” Narinjara News, 30 November 2007.
9. Sources: “CNF's First Ever Peace Talk With Junta 'Positive': Dr. Sui Khar,” NMG, 19 March 2007; “CNF Peace Delegates Back Home,” Khonumthung News, 18 March 2007.
10. Sources: “CNF Gears Up For Second Round of Talks,” Mizzima News, 10 August 2007; “Peaceful Negotiation Date of Chin and SPDC Postponed,” Aung Moe Myint, 31 August 2007, translation by HRDU.
11. Source: “Three Bodies Found After Weeks of Arrest by Military,” Mizzima News, 9 April 2007.
12. Source: “Three Village Chairmen Killed By Burma Army, Two Others Missing,” Khonumthoung News, 11 April 2007.
13. Source: “Junta Orders Dismantling of Hotel in Chin State,” Khonumthoung News, 26 July 2007.
14. Source: “Betrayal and Greed in Kachin State,” Irrawaddy, 1 January 2007.
16. Source: “Another Lavish Wedding Draws Criticism,” Irrawaddy, July 2007.
17. Source: “Burmese Army Stock Piles Chinese Weapons in Kachin State,” KNG, 01 August 2007.
18. Source: “Is the SPDC Preparing for the Results of the National Convention?,” Narinjara News, 18 August 2007.
19. Source: “KIO Collects Statement Distributed by Kachin Youth,” KNG, 14 October 2007.
20. Source: “Junta Bans Vehicular Movement to KIA HQ,” Mizzima News, 21 November 2007.
21. Source: “Junta Pushes KIO To Condemn UNSC Intervention,” Mizzima News, January 18, 2007.
22. Source: “Push Coming To Shove For Kachins,” SHAN, 18 January 2007.
23. Source: "NDA-K, RRF Exchange Gunfire over Desertion in Northern Burma," KNG, 21 August 2007.
24. Source: “Renewed Tension between Burma Army and NDA-K,” KNG, 15 August 2007.
25. Sources: “KIO Delegates Proceed to Attend Final Session of NC,” KNG, 4 July 2007; “Wa Deny Aiding and Abetting Junta Crackdown,” SHAN, 4 October 2007.
26. Source: “NDA-K Lavishes Praises on Role of Military Leadership in Burma,” KNG, 6 November 2007.
27. Source: A Campaign of Brutality, FBR, May 2007.
28. Source: KHRG Commentary: Civilians as Targets, KHRG, 30 April 2006.
29. Source: Without Respite: Renewed Attacks on Villages and Internal Displacement in Toungoo District, KHRG, 13 June 2006.
30. Source: Shoot on Sight: The ongoing SPDC offensive against villagers in northern Karen State. Burma Issues, December 2006.
31. Source: “KNU Leader Saw Bo Mya Dies in Mae Sot Pawo Hospital,” IMNA, 24 December 2006.
32. Members of HRDU and NCGUB who attended the funeral attest to this.
33. Source: “The KNU 7th Brigade Defection: SPDC’S Propaganda over Substance”, Altsean Burma, 23 February 2007.
34. Sources: “KNLA Officials Hold Secret Talks With Burmese Military,” DVB, 15 August 2007; “KNLA Commander's Body Found in River with Bullet Wound to Head,” Irrawaddy, 28 August 2007.
35. Source: “Rebels Seize KNU Battalion HQ,” Irrawaddy, May 2007.
36. Source: “Refugees Fear Attacks on Camps in Thailand,” Irrawaddy, 20 April 2007.
37. Source: “KNU Intelligence Officer Assassinated,” DVB, 16 July 2007.
38. Sources: “Karen Splinter Groups Increase Attacks on KNLA,” Irrawaddy, 27 April 2007; “Repeated Attacks by Joint Forces of DKBA, Burmese Army on KNLA,” Mizzima News, 24 April 2007.
39. Source: “Kidnapped Thai Officers Released by Karen Rebel Army,” Irrawaddy, 26 March 2007.
40. Source: “DKBA Hands Out Free Land to Displaced Farmers,” DVB, 6 August 2007.
41. Sources: Child soldiers recruited to support expansion of the KNU-KNLA Peace Council, KHRG, 28 May 2007; “The KNU 7th Brigade Defection: SPDC’S Propaganda over Substance”, Altsean Burma, 23 February 2007; Unpublished work presented to HRDU by confidential source.
42. Sources: “Junta Unhappy With Thailand Over Htein Maung,” SHAN, 13 March 2007; Child soldiers recruited to support expansion of the KNU-KNLA Peace Council, KHRG, 28 May 2007.
43. Source: “A House Divided,” Irrawaddy, 1 March 2007.
44. Source: Child soldiers recruited to support expansion of the KNU-KNLA Peace Council, KHRG, 28 May 2007.
45. Source: "Villager Chair and Secretary Arrested Following Firefight," KSWDC, 13 April 2007.
46. Source: “Burmese Troops Shell KNPP Camps despite Peace Talks,” DVB, 6 April 2007.
47. Source: “Villager Chair and Secretary Arrested Following Firefight,” KSWDC, 13 April 2007.
48. Source: “Over 30 Ethnic Karennis Flee Offensive,” Mizzima News, 12 June 2007.
49. Sources: “Karenni Rebels Caught Off Guard by ‘Unusual’ Burmese Attacks,” DVB, 24 July 2007; Source: “Shan Rebels Feared Military Orders To Disarm,” DVB, 2 July 2007.
50. Source: “Military Fires Mortars at Karenni Resistance Day Celebration,” DVB, 10 August 2007.
51. Source: “Over 50 Villagers Arrested in Karenni State,” Irrawaddy, 9 November 2007.
52. Source: Burma (Myanmar): The Time for Change, Martin Smith, Minority Rights Group International, May 2002.
53. Source: “Opium Addiction Rises in Northern Kayah,” Kantarawaddy Times, 25 October 2007.
54. Sources: “NMSP Debate Matters of Political Division,” Kaowao News, 23 September 2006; “Burmese Junta Cuts Support for NMSP,” Irrawaddy, 9 September 2005.
55. Sources: “UWSA and KIO Abstain From Condemning Suu Kyi,” Irrawaddy, 22 November 2007; “Wa ‘Invited’ to Surrender,” SHAN, 17 April 2006.
56. Sources: Myanmar Backgrounder: Ethnic Minority Politics, ICG, 7 May 2003; Unwanted and Unprotected: Burmese Refugees in Thailand, HRW, September 1998.
57. Sources: “Wa Wants Thailand to Open Border,” SHAN, 6 August 2007; “Wa Army Defies Government by Beefing Up Its Forces,” Irrawaddy, 6 September 2007.
58. Source: “Wa Army Refuses Junta's Order to Relocate from Border Area,” Irrawaddy, 27 July 2007.
59. Source: “UWSA and KIO Abstain From Condemning Suu Kyi,” Irrawaddy, 22 November 2007.
60. Source: Myanmar Backgrounder: Ethnic Minority Politics, ICG, 7 May 2003.
61. Source: “Planned junta-SSA meeting called off ,” SHAN, 23 May 07.
62. Source: “Lahu Militia Ambushes SSA-S Troops, Two Killed,” SHAN, 25 January 2007.
63. Sources: “Burma’s Junta Steps Up Attacks on Ethnic Rebels,” Irrawaddy, 10 April 2007; “Another border alert,” SHAN, 21 April 2007.
64. Source: “Another border alert,” SHAN, 21 April 2007.
65. Source: “SSA, Non-Ceasefire Wa Cement Alliance,” SHAN, 27 March 2007.
66. Source: “SSA Burns 1.1 Million Speed Pills,” SHAN, 6 June 2007.
67. Source: “Junta Pressures Ceasefire Groups to Lay Down Arms,” Irrawaddy, 2 July 2007.
68. Source: “SNPLO Terminates Ceasefire and Returns to Jungle,” Mizzima News, 2 July 2007.
69. Source: “Shan Rebels Clash with Burmese Troops,” DVB, 21 August 2007.
70. Source: “Junta Pressures Ceasefire Groups to Lay Down Arms,” Irrawaddy, 2 July 2007.
71. Source: “Shan Rebels Discuss Possible Merger,” DVB, 16 July 2007.
72. Source: “Splinter SNPLO faction changed its name and will focus on carrying out Pa'O national affairs,” Aung Moe Myint, 18 November 2007, translation by HRDU.
73. Source: Myanmar Backgrounder: Ethnic Minority Politics, ICG, 7 May 2003.
75. Sources: “A Struggle for Self-Determination in Burma: Ethnic Nationalities Perspective,” Dr. Lian H Sakhond, 9 September 2004; “Opposition Releases Alternate Draft Constitution,” NMG, 13 December 2005.
76. Source: “Burma Army Rotates New Troops Into Northern Karen State,” FBR, 29 January 2007.
77. Source: A Campaign of Brutality, FBR, May 2007.
78. Source: Internal Displacement in Eastern Burma: 2006 Survey, TBBC, November 2006.
79. Source: Northern Arakan/Rakhine State: A Chronic Emergency, Chris Lewa. 29 March 2006.
81. Source: “Villager Sentenced to Jail for Not Having Village out Pass,” Kaladan News, 23 September 2006.
82. Source: “Army Harasses Rohingyas On Maungdaw-Buthidaung Road,” Kaladan News, 20 April 2006.
83. Source: “Army Confiscates Farms for Natala Villagers in Arakan,” Kaladan News, 16 April 2006.
84. Source: “Nasaka to Bring More New Comers from Burma Proper,” Kaladan News, 9 August 2006.
85. Source: “Western Command Commander Arrives at Border to Inspect Model Villages,” Narinjara News, 21 November 2006.
86. Source: “Land Confiscation for New Settlers,” Kaladan News, 29 April 2007.
87. Source: “Arable Farm Seized For Natala Villagers,” Kaladan News, 7 July 2007.
88. Source: “Fresh land confiscation for Natala villagers in Arakan,” Kaladan News, 1 October 2007.
89. Source: “New Regulation for Marriage Permits in Arakan State,” Kaladan News, 5 March 2006.
90. Source: “Nasaka Extorts Huge Amounts for Marriage Permits,” Kaladan News, 28 September 2006.
91. Source: “Youth Arrested and Fined For Marrying,” Kaladan News, 21 July 2007.
92. Source: “Another Rohingya Couple Flees to Bangladesh,” Kaladan News, 9 August 2007.
93. Source: “Permission to Marry After Three Years in Arakan,” Kaladan News, 15 November 2007.
94. Source: “Husband Fined after Wife Gives Birth to Stillborn,” Kaladan News, 29 August 2007.
95. Source: “A Chin Girl Sent Home and Denied for Health Training for Wearing Longpant,” Rhododendron News, Volume X. No. I, CHRO, February 2007.
96. Source: “Chin Christian Women Compel to do Manual Works at Buddhist Monastery,” Rhododendron News, Volume X. No. I, CHRO, February 2007.
97. Source: “SPDC Soldiers Collect Ration from Villagers,” Rhododendron News, Volume X. No. I, CHRO, February 2007.
98. Source: “Local villagers Compel to Serve as Guide For Burma Army” Rhododendron News, Volume X. No. I, CHRO, February 2007.
99. Source: “9 Village Headmen Arrested For Failing to Report CNF Activities,” Rhododendron News, Volume X. No. 2, CHRO, April 2007.
100. Source: “Matupi Town Golden Jubilee Stone Pillar Destroyed,” Rhododendron News, Volume X. No. 2, CHRO, April 2007.
101. Source: “Diarrhea spreading in Chin state,” Khonumthoung News, 14 June 2007.
102. Source: “Three Chin Youth Arrested for Suspected Connection with CNF,” Narinjara News, 13 July 2007.
103. Source: “Burmese Troops Use Chin State Locals as Porters,” Khonumthoung News, 19 November 2007.
104. Sources: “Ethnic Leader Awarded Martin Luther King Prize,” Kaowao News, 10 January 2007; “Chin Leader Wins Martin Luther King Award,” DVB News, 10 January 2007.
105. Source: “Junta Forces Locals into Buddhism in Northern Burma,” KNG, 30 July 2007.
106. Source: “The Burmese Military Orders to Demolish a Tribal Building in Putao,” KNG, 12 March 2007.
107. Source: “Burmese Tycoons Invade Jade Mines, Arable Land in Kachin State,” KNG, 19 July 2007.
108. Source: “Farmers Forced to Sell Rice to Burma Army,” KNG, 11 October 2007.
110. Sources: “Myitkyina Students Protest Damming the Irrawaddy,” KNG, 11 November 2007; “Myitsone Dam Threatens Thousands of Villagers with Displacement,” KNG, 22 November 2007.
111. Source: Toungoo District: The Civilian Response to Human Rights Violations, KHRG, 15 August 2006.
112. Source: “Toungoo and Muthraw Update,” FBR, 24 April 2006.
113. Source: “KNU Press Release No. 9/07,” KNU, 2 April 2007.
114. Source: “SPDC Military Killed Village Head, Seized the Secretary with One Preacher,” KSWDC, 9 January 2007.
118. Source: “Burma Army Attacks and Mortars Villages, Destroys Property, Extorts Villagers’ Property and Continues to Re-Supply Camps in Northern Karen State,” FBR, 26 February 2007.
119. Source: “The Burma Army Kills and Rapes Villagers as they Attempt to Completely Dominate the Dooplaya District of South Central Karen State, Eastern Burma,” FBR, 23 February 2007.
120. Sources: Landmines, Killings and Food Destruction: Civilian life in Toungoo District, KHRG, 9 August 2007; “KNU Press Release No. 16/07,” KNU, 11 May 2007; “School Boy Tortured to Death, Villager Shot and Killed by Burma Army Patrol,” FBR, 16 April 2007.
121. Source: “Deaf Villager Shot and Killed at Point Blank,” FBR, 21 May 2007.
122. Source: “Burma Army Kills 5 Villagers and Forces 223 More Into Hiding Nyaunglebin District, Karen State, Burma,” FBR, 9 August, 2007.
123. Source: “Military Builds Karen New Bases with Forced Labour,” DVB, 12 July 2007.
125. Source: Attacks, killings and increased militarisation in Nyaunglebin District, KHRG, 11 January 2008.
126. Source: “Burma Army Kills Three Villagers, Hundreds Flee New Attacks,” FBR, 6 December 2007.
127. Source: “Road Construction in Tandem with Military Operations in Karenni State,” Kantarwaddy Times, Saturday 19 May 2007.
128. Source: “Over 30 Ethnic Karennis Flee Offensive,” Mizzima News, 12 June 2007.
129. Source: “Over 50 Villagers Arrested in Karenni State,” Irrawaddy, 9 November 2007.
130. Source: “80,000 Karenni Villagers Become IDPs,” Irrawaddy, 15 November 2007.
131. Sources: “Religious Leaders Urged to Protect Mon Culture,” Kaowao News, 29 November 2006; “Population Transfer Threatens Mon Community,” Kaowao Newsletter No. 112, 16 June-3 July 2006.
132. Source: “SPDC Harassment of Mon Ethnic Rights Continues,” The Mon Forum, HURFOM, 30 April 2006.
133. Source: “Mon Monks and Cultural Committees Creating Educational Opportunities,” Kaowao News, 15 March 2006.
134. Source: “Number of Mon Students Learning Mother Tongue Drops In Pegu,” IMNA, 6 April 2007.
135. Source: “Junta Embarks on Fresh Round of Ethnic Cleansing,” IMNA, 6 June 2007.
136. Source: “Authorities force Buddhist teachings in Burmese instead of Mon,” IMNA, 7 May 2007.
137. Source: “Curfew Leaves Villagers Facing Economic Difficulties,” Kaowao News, 13 June 2007.
138. Source: “Mon Villagers Ordered to Relocate by Burmese Army,” IMNA, 4 July 2007.
139. Source: “Jittery Burma Army Soldiers nearly Kill a Family,” IMNA, 9 July 2007.
140. Source: “Scared Of Marching Troops Villagers Sell Paddy at Low Prices,” IMNA, 28 November 2007.
141. Source: "Woman Raped and Killed, Villagers Taken Porters, Money Extorted, In Lai-Kha," SHRF Monthly Report, SHRF, July 2007.
142. Source: Forced Labour of Mini-Tractors in Building Military Facilities, in Murng-Ton,” SHRF Monthly Report, SHRF, August 2007.
143. Source: People Forced to Build Military Camps, Monastery and School in Lai-Kha,” SHRF Monthly Report, SHRF, August 2007.
144. Source: “Villagers Threatened with Relocation, Money Extorted, Forced to Serve as Porters, in Kun-Hing,” SHRF Monthly Report, SHRF, September 2007.
145. Source: “Random Killings in Ta-Khi-Laek,” SHRF Monthly Report, SHRF, November 2007.
146. Source: “KNU Press Release No. 1/07,” KNU, 2 April 2007.
149. Source: “General Human Rights Violations during January – March 2007,” CIDKP, March 2007.
150. Source: The Compounding Consequences of DKBA Oppression: Abuse, poverty and food insecurity in Thaton District, KHRG, 9 July 2007.
152. Source: “KNU Press Release No. 8/07,” KNU, 2 April 2007.
153. Source: “Forced Labour in Burma (Myanmar): Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No.29) After 2006 International Labour Conference” Country Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. Geneva, June 2007.
154. Source: “DKBA attacks in Dooplaya District,” FBR, 14 October 2007.
155. Source: “KNU Press Release No. 16/07,” KNU, 11 May 2007.
157. Source: “DKBA attacks in Dooplaya District,” FBR, 14 October 2007.
158. Source: “General Human Rights Violations during April 2007,” CIDKP, April 2007.
160. Source: SPDC troops burn villages and step up operations against civilians in southern Toungoo District, KHRG, 7 December 2007.
161. Source: “A villager shot dead, alleged ties with insurgents,” KSWDC, 23 July 2007.
163. Sources: “Karen Rebels Kill 8 in Burma Bus Attack,” Bangkok Post, 20 December 2007; “KNLA Ambush Passenger Truck in Karen State,” DVB, 19 December 2007.
164. Source: “Ceasefire Group Forces Karenni People to Work,” NMG, 9 June 2007.
165. Source: “Exploded Mines Not Laid By ‘Us’: MRP,” IMNA, 10 October 2007.
166. Source: “SHRF Monthly Report”, SHRF, December 2007.
167. Sources: “List of Cease-fire Agreements with the Junta”, Irrawaddy online edition, accessed online at www.irrawaddy.org/res/ceasefire.html; Burma Briefing: Issues and Concerns Volume 1, Altsean Burma, November 2004.
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