KAOWAO NEWS NO. 83
An electronic newsletter for social justice and
freedom in
January 28-
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READERS’ FRONT
MUL PUBLISHES LEADER’S BIO
UPCOMING MON NATIONAL DAY
MON CULTURE VCD IN THE MARKET
GIRLS RAPED AND BOYFRIEND MURDERED
Child soldiers on frontline
SPDC soldIer killed by KNU
landmine
TSUNAMI AND FORGOTTEN VICTIMS
DETAINED SHAN LEADERS’ FATE STILL IN LIMBO
TOP GENERALS LOCKED IN POWER STRUGGLE
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READERS’ FRONT
Dear Readers,
We invite comments and suggestions on improvements to
Kaowao newsletter. With your help, we hope that Kaowao News will continue to
grow to serve better the needs of those seeking social justice in
Regards,
Editor
______________________________________________
I am English, 88, living in
En route to Tavoy I swam across the river at Ye much to the
concern of the villagers who said there was a crocodile which had taken a horse
only the previous week; these days are 63 years ago.
In 1958 I returned to
As many of my experiences in those days are now unique, I am
working on a book of memoirs THEN and a final chapter on NOW.
By chance I found your web site and read your news letter 82 which I found very
helpful with forced labour but I want to find out more about such subjects
as - Destruction of forests and poaching of timber (going to
This is rather a long introductory e mail but I am trying
to get as much info; on the illegality of nearly everything that now takes
place under the military junta. I want the end chapter of the book
to bring all these facts to the readers (I realize I have to get the book
published first!) any photos are always useful.
Yours sincerely
Oliver Milton
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Book Review
MON UNITY LEAGUE PUBLISHES LEADER’S BIO
(Kao Wao,
Mon Unity League has published the biography book of Nai
Tun Thein, the Mon national leader and President of Mon National Democratic
Front (MNDF).
Nai Sunthorn Sripanngern of MUL says this book is for those
who would like to learn about the life and activities of Nai Tun Thein, a
person devoted to peace and it’s a story of a man who has struggled for freedom
for his people, equality and self-determination. He has dedicated his
life to the freedom movement; the MUL would like to honor him for his work for
the Mon people in Monland despite his age of 88 years.
The book is bilingual, 60 pages in Mon and 75 pages in
Burmese. “We encourage all Mon nationals, especially the younger generation to
learn about this man and in essence Mon political history since
Included in the book are speeches and interviews by Nai Tun
Thein. Recently, he asked the cease-fire groups in the government
sponsored National Convention to unite firmly and demand greater rights for
ethnic nationalities. "They (the cease-fire groups) need to demand
full representation in a Federal Union; all the ethnic nationalities must
support this move. The cease-fire groups should not wait and see what the
government does; they should demand strongly what the ethnic people really
want.”
Nai Tun Thein graduated from
Apart form his busy life; he enjoys reading, writing and
explaining the history behind the ancient Mon stone inscription.
The book contains introduction by the Secretary General of
the New Mon State Party, Nai Hongsar and General Secretary of Mon Unity League
Nai Sunthorn Sripanngern.
The MUL has paid for the cost of publishing and has no
intention of selling it but welcome financial support by individuals or
organizations to recover the expenses. The MUL is planning to publish
other valuable books, useful for the Mon students.
For those interested in this book, please contact; [email protected] or [email protected]
Tel: + 66 6 147
1474 or 66 2 428 6232 (Nai Sunthorn Sripanngern) + 66 1 561-0860 (Kun Yekha)
____________________________________
He still takes the local bus to downtown crowded
Introduction to Nai Tun Thein:
a man dedicated to peace
(By Kun Yekha)
Nai Tun Thein is a Mon scholar and has been a respected leader in the Mon
national political movement for over 5 decades. He has committed his life to
Mon self-determination and has been actively involved in promoting democracy
for
Nai Tun Thein has been and continues to be an excellent role model for the
younger generation and has worked continuously for political representation not
only for the Mon but for all the nationalities in
Widely respected by all Mon for his honesty, keen sense of history, and open
mind, he is known for his dedication to Mon education. He loves literature and
has written several books and articles for the Mon and other nationalities. In
his free time, he enjoys teaching classic Mon literature and describes in lively
detail Mon stone inscriptions. Most of his (88) years has been spent overcoming
suffering, unfairness and injustice. While he could retire anytime and live
comfortably as he is loved by many, he chooses to persist in struggling for Mon
rights and social justice.
He still takes the local bus to downtown crowded
“I pack my clothes in a bag, In case if they arrest me, I
am ready to be detained by the Military Intelligence (MI),” says Nai Tun Thein
whenever he leaves his home. His spirit has touched thousands and has
gained the respect he deserves as a leader and a teacher. Seen from far away,
the victory of national freedom is sometimes hazy and sometimes not seen at
all, but we can count on him to keep walking ahead to achieve our dream.
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UPCOMING MON NATIONAL DAY
(Kao Wao,
Mon communities worldwide from the Nordic countries to
In
In
One of the biggest Mon national day celebrations is in
North America organized by the Indiana based Monland Restoration Council, which
will be held on Sunday, February 20, 2005 at South Side High School, Fort
Wayne, Indiana, USA. The committee member, Nai Lawee reported they put up
several posters at the worksites and local stores attracting supporters and
guests to join in the festivities and cultural event. The Mon community
of
In
Mon National Day falls on the first waning day of Maigh,
the ninth month in the Mon lunar calendar which honors the founding of the
sovereign old Monland Hongsawatoi or Pegu. The Mon has celebrated Mon
National Day since 1947 and nowadays
celebrations are held in many areas in
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MON CULTURE VCD IN THE MARKET
(Kaowao,
The second series of “Heritage of Mon Culture” karaoke CDs
is being distributed worldwide to the Mon community.
According to the producer of Mon CDs, the main concern for
them is the illegal burning and downloading of the CD by many individuals who
seek profit, which will prevent the production team from recouping their costs
into making the CD which cost over 5 million Kyats to produce.
Directed by Mehm Chan Mon (AMS) with six classical songs
recorded by Mon Literature and Culture Association in Monland, the
second series was co-sponsored by various cultural organizations with a total
investment of over 5 million Kyats (Burmese currency), 50 people had spent over
three months into making it.
The CDs are on the way to the international Mon community;
those who want to order can contact local Mon communities to encourage the Mon
Culture Association in
In
The source from
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(Kaowao,
An opening ceremony for the longest bridge in
Senior General Than Shwe, Chairman
of the State Peace and Development Council, attended the opening ceremony to
inaugurate the 3,223-meter-long
The residents told Kaowao that the SPDC issued an order
that only
One resident said that the township authorities issued the
order not to accept outsiders; no one was allowed to have guests overnight. The
hotels were also ordered not to accept tourists for about one week since the
last week of January.
“There are about 20 battalions under the Division 22 based
in Pha-An, the capital of
“A battalion, as far as I know, such as LIB No. 209 took
charge of the security last month. The SPDC had planned to open the
bridge at the end of December, but cancelled it after a bomb exploded in the
capital of Karen state,” he added.
The bridge, located between Mottama and Mawlamyine, about
160 kilometers southeast of
According to the Chairman of Mon National Democratic Front,
Nai Tun Thein, in an article he published six years ago, the first longest
bridge in Burmese history was built by a Mon General, Banyear Lagon Ein loyal
to the Burmese King, Tabinshweti (1531-1551) as part of a military operation
against Thailand over 400 years ago. The bridge was known as the boat-bridge
or the boats-joining bridges used for transporting soldiers, elephants
and horses while the Burmese King invaded
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Human rights violation
GIRLS RAPED AND BOYFRIEND MURDERED
(Reported by Yin Sanaing,
Human right violations by the Burma Army continue in
southern Monland with the tragedy of a young couple reported by eyewitnesses.
It was a day of joy and excitement for the Mon people
because it was the full-moon day of Woh (
While two girls, Ms. Mi Than Lay
(17 years) and Ms. Mi Tu (19 years), were walking to the pagoda, troops from
Infantry Battalion No. (61) pointed their guns and
told them to walk ahead to the village’s cemetery instead. Nine soldiers were
waiting at the cemetery and accused the girls of supporting Mon armed group led
by Sok Gloin (long hair). The girls were threatened and gang raped by the
soldiers.
When Mehm Kyu, (19 years) heard the soldiers were raping
his girlfriend, he rushed to the cemetery to rescue her. When he approached the
scene he was brutally shot dead by the soldiers in front of his girlfriend.
Even though villagers wanted to complain about the killing
and rape, nobody in the village dared to report about the crime convicted by
the Burma Army fearing torture or murder.
Ms. Mi Kun Chan who reported to Kaowao could not identify
the name of soldiers who committed the crimes. She only knew they were the
soldiers from Ye based Infantry Battalion No. (61).
In other case, Mi Hla Pwe, (35 years) was also gang raped
by the soldiers from Light Infantry Battalion No. 343 in Tao-Tak village of
southern Ye Township during Burma Army’s military offensive.
On November 9, while her husband was staying at the
monastery, she was abducted by a soldier (named by villagers as Bo Maekhatoon)
and taken to his camp about 8 p.m local time. Bo
Maekhatoon asked over and over whether she loved or wanted to get married to
him. When she refused, he tied her hands and legs up with a rope and took off
her dress. Mi Hla Pwe stood was held and raped for three days. When she was
released she was sent to the clinic for medical treatment.
***********************************************
Child soldiers on frontline
(Taramon,
Sangkhlaburi -- The State Peace and Development Council
(SPDC) uses child soldier in frontline on the way to Karen state, an eyewitness
told Kaowao recently.
“I saw five child soldiers among 25 soldiers on January 25
at
Even though they were young, the child soldiers are
carrying G-3 guns. “The boys looked like they could just carry their guns and
not anything else,” he added.
The troops had recently transferred to the eastern border
from
***********************************************
SPDC soldIer killed by KNU
landmine
(Nai Aie Ta Mai:
Sangkhlaburi -- A Burma Army soldier was killed and two
were wounded on January 24 when their truck run into a landmine along the Three
Pagodas Pass-Thanbyu Zayat motor road, about 20 k south of the border town
Three pagodas Pass.
The truck, carrying rations, drove on the land mine buried
by KNU troop near a small village controlled by the Democratic Karen Buddhist
Army about
It wasn’t clear how much the truck was damaged by the
landmine and whether the truck is a military truck or owned by civilian being
portered by the soldiers.
According to another source from the area, the KNU have
asked some food supply from the local people for defensive purposes.
“The KNU soldiers ask for rice from local Mon villages when
the SPDC launches its offensive in the area,” the source from the NMSP said.
The local Mon civilians are not happy with the KNU for breaking their agreement
not to ask support from the Mon villages.
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TSUNAMI AND FORGOTTEN VICTIMS
(By Mr. Bee in
I've been working in the South of Thailand helping the
Tsunami victims--mostly giving food to Mon and Burmese.
While on retreat, I got an e-mail from a Mon Burmese who is
working in a hotel in Phangnga, a seaside area about 60 miles to the north of
Phuket. Phangnga, along with the neighboring fishing
town of
Chan Mon explained in his e-mail that he had survived, as had most of the
guests in the hotel he manages, as they had managed to flee up the hill from
the wave. However, everything in his room was lost, including our e-mail
address. He finally found a Christmas e-mail from a Maryknoll volunteer
teacher in
The e-mail was disturbing to say the least it contradicted everything the Thai
Government was saying about help being extended to everyone in need. Chan
Mon reported that thousand of Burmese had perished in the waves the actual
number will never be known. Those who survived were being harassed and
deported by some of the police, even though they had legal documents to work in
That same day the Thai newspapers began to break the news of the Burmese.
It was January 13th, and in an editorial commentary in the Bangkok
Post, Sanitsuda Enachai, Assistant Editor wrote a column, “Do our prejudices
know no bounds?”
To quote her: “As we Thais celebrate the massive outpouring
of our own generosity for the tsunami victims particularly for the foreign
tourists, the country has totally ignored the plight of poor migrant workers
who, like us, lost family members and their source of income when the killer
waves hit the Andaman coast.”
“Like us, their lives have been shattered. But we do not recognize their
deaths and their losses. We do not give them relief aid. Worse, we
punish those who survived the disaster by deporting them to a precarious life
back in
“What has become of us?”
“There were more than 120,000 registered manual labourers form Burma in the
fisheries, construction, rubber and other industries in Ranong, Phangnga,
Phuket, Krabi, Satun and Trang provinces. The real number of migrant
workers could be at least twice that figure.”
“Thousands of these people are believed to have perished
when the tidal waves hit those provinces. According to survivors accounts
least 1,000 are missing in Phangnga alone. (This is the area where Chan
Mon is, and where we went to give relief.)”
“The survivors believe many of their loved ones are lying unattended at Wat
Yanyao (temple which is being used as a morgue) among the unidentified. But
they are too scared to go and check. And collect the bodies for fear of being
arrested and deported.
”Right after the tsunami, an actor who served as a rescue
volunteer told the media he suspect a group of looters he saw were migrant
Burmese workers. The mere suspicion awakened the deep prejudice against
the Burmese.”
“To confirmed the suspicions, the police immediately arrested a group of
migrant workers accused of looting. (Actually, according the Burmese and Mon,
the migrants were searching to see if anything was left of their clothing or
possessions. After all, they too had lost everything to the waves, and just as
Thais went back to see if they could salvage anything they owned, so did the
Burmese who lived and worked in the area.) The media proclaimed the
Burmese were out to hit us again in our time of tragedy.”
“Instead of sending the accused to court, as is their basic
right, the migrants were immediately deported. And then the authorities
began rounding up all migrants workers with the excuse that the crackdown was
necessary to prevent further crimes during the time of emergency.”
“Who cares if these people are registered workers legally
entitled to the same assistance as all Thai workers? Who cares if
deporting them will aggravate their plight? Who cares if they will face
danger in
“According to local NGOs, more than 1,000 migrant workers
(actually, other sources say it eventually amounted of over 2,500 being
deported) have been deported. When Koh Song in
“To avoid deportation, many survivors have fled to the mountains where they are
hungry, afraid and jobless. Is that why some have turned to theft?
That same day, other stories began to break. A World Vision Doctor and
two nurses, who were helping badly traumatized Burmese victims of the Tsunami
in the Phangnga area (where we went to work) find a way to go home, were
detained and placed in a cage by local villagers, who objected that were the
Burmese allowed to leave the area, they would be a shortage of cheap
laborers. Subsequently the police arrested the doctor and two nurses and
charged them with working outside the area of with work permit they have visas
and work permits to work in
BBC press write then wrote from Khao Lak (where we went to
work) a report on “
Here are some other quotes from articles.
“More that 120,000 Burmese workers are employed in the six southern provinces,
working on fishing boats and rubber plantations. About 10,000 of them were
directly affected by the disaster, said a social worker who monitors migrant
workers in
“An estimated 600 Burmese along working on fishing boasts in Ban Nam Khem
vanished in the killer tsunami, Said Pranom Somwong of Action Network for
Migrant.”
“Of the 3,700 still unidentified corpses, about 1,000 are believed to be
Burmese, said Surapong Kongchantuk, from the Law Society.” (Actually I
hear figures closer to 2,000 dead Burmese, and up to 4,000 missing.)
“Immigration police had sent back 1,500 Burmese workers in the first two weeks
following the tsunami, while about 500 Burmese were detained in Ranong pending
deportation, Surapoing said.
“It is inhumane to send them back while they are suffering. They should
be given the basic necessities like other victims,” said Surapong, who is the
Law Society’s vice chairman of the human rights sub-committee on ethnic
migrants.”
And from the Nation Newspaper: “The Ministry of Labour should urgently
intervene to help the thousands of migrant workers form
The second distribution of food was to 409 families in 12 sites (over two days)
and food was left to be given to another twenty or so
families in the Baan Nam Khem area.
“The Hong Kong-based commission said in a statement on Thursday that the
organization was “disturbed’ to hear that Thai authorities were forcibly
deporting affected Burmese migrant workers in Phang Nga and Phuket under the
pretext of “cutting down” on post-tsunami crime.”
“Both illegal workers and the legal workers who lost their
legal documents due to the tsunami have been deliberately arrested and deported
by Thai authorities without providing any compensation for their salary.
Due to these circumstances, the Burmese workers have gone into hiding in the
hills without any provisions,” it said, adding the group in hiding could be
about 3,000 strong.”
“The commission estimated that about 2,000 migrant workers have been deported
in recent weeks while 2,300 died and 4,000 are missing in
“The AHRC also accused the Thai government of maintaining a double standard in
relief efforts. While Thai citizens and foreign tourists affected by the
tsunami have received proper humanitarian aid, Burmese migrant workers are
‘totally isolated and have received no assistance “, it said. (The
Burmese are now being helped by a number of NGOs.)
“The commission added that it is “extremely concerned”
about the situation and urged members of the public both inside Thailand and
abroad to pressure the government to properly respond because non-government
organizations are having a hard time accessing those in need.”
So those are some of the newspaper quotes. I believe
the government is now allowing help to the Burmese certainly we were not
stopped from doing so. It could be that the harassment was by local
police without authorization or knowledge of the government. I
believe personally that Prime Minister Taksin would like to see all victims
helped.
Having gotten the e-mail from Nai Sun, I made immediate
contact. He said he was badly in need of help people were without food.
Mike Bassano and I went to Phuket and bought several thousand dollars worth of
supplies. We went up to Khao Lak, where Nai Sun and Nai Aung knew where
many of the families were hiding. He had a list of them. We bought
several thousand dollars of rice, oil and tinned fished, bagged it, and drove
out into the hills and woods. The night before Nai On had gone out to
alert families that we would give out food at a set time in ten locations in
the woods. We distributed rice, oil and tinned fish to 324 families in ten locations.
And we gave money for milk to women who were bottle-feeding babies. Some
survivors were still sick from the Tsunami, and many, many had lost several
members of their families. We saw a little 3 year old boy with a horrible
double hare lip much of the front of his face is missing. He lost his
sister and bother to the waves, but his mother and two other siblings
survived. We will try to get surgery for him.
Some survivors needed hospitalization, and we’ve sent them to hospital.
If they have no papers, they will be deported when they are well.
The other real hero is Nai Sun and Nai Aung they are the ones who, are great
risk to themselves of being deported, and that risk remains, went out and
scoured the hills to find their own people and get food and help to them.
It was hours upon hours of hard work, and facing tales of great loss and
hardship, of fear and of trauma. I can’t say enough in terms of my
admiration for them. We must be a little sensitive to protect their
identities, as the relief is ongoing and they could be identified and deported.
We are just back from a second trip to Phang Nga in the South of Thailand to
bring food relief to the Mon and Burmese--409 families at 12 sites, and we left
over twenty bags of supplies to be given to more families in the Baan Nam Khen
area. We located 409 families in hiding at 12 sites after having contact
with Nai Sun.
Mr. Bee
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Politics
DETAINED SHAN LEADERS’ FATE STILL IN LIMBO
(Reported
by Hawkeye, S.H.A.N:
The fate of Shan party and ceasefire leaders taken into custody earlier this
week is still obscure, according to sources from the border.
"It is still a mystery on whose order and why they were detained,"
said a member of the Shan Nationalities League for Democracy, the second
largest party in
He was referring to the custody of Hkun Htoon Oo, the SNLD Chairman; Sai Nood,
its General Secretary; Maj-Gen Hsoten, Chairman of the Shan State Peace Council
(SSPC) and their colleagues between 7-9 February.
Their detention took place while the country has been gearing up to resume the
military-organized National Convention next Thursday, 17 February.
A ceasefire source in northern
Meanwhile, Sai Nood's home that also serves as the Zalatni printing press in
"They departed, apparently satisfied, after coming across copies of Hkun
Htoon Oo's prepared speech in English and Burmese for the Union Day's dinner
party," reported the source in eastern Shan State.
As for the Shan State Army "North", a ceasefire member of the SSPC,
its earlier request to the National Convention Convening Commission to replace
some of its delegates, including Col Gaifah, its former head of the delegation
at the 17 May - 9 July session, has been turned down. "They said they
wanted everyone who participated in the last round back at the Nyaunghnapin
(where the Convention is to be held)", said the source.
******************************************
Analysis /Inside
TOP GENERALS LOCKED IN POWER STRUGGLE
As much as the
official organs try to cover it up, there appears a definite rift in
(By Larry Jagan,
Reports of murder and mayhem have fuelled rumours and speculation of coups and
gun battles within the country's secretive military leadership. But over the
last two weeks since the rumours erupted, the state-run media have been
inundated with pictures of the top army commanders gathered together and
apparently at ease with each other.
Burma's top general, Than Shwe, and Lieutenant-General Thein Sein, in charge of
the National Convention drafting a new constitution, have dominated the press,
although the number two general, Maung Aye, and the prime minister, Soe Win,
have been far less visible.
``The situation in
But the situation in
``It's a struggle for supremacy,'' according to one Asian diplomat based in
In recent months, Gen Than Shwe has been trying to
sideline Gen Maung Aye. Several key Than Shwe supporters in the ruling military
council, the State Peace and Development Council, or SPDC, have been reporting
directly to the senior general and not passing papers and reports to Gen Maung
Aye, the army commander-in-chief, according to diplomats in
At present, the real battle involves a series of planned major changes to the
cabinet, the SPDC and the powerful regional commanders. ``Six ministers
including the prime minister have already been told that they are to be
replaced in the near future,'' according to a source in the Burmese government.
The expected changes are likely to mainly involve the economic ministries. Some
of the existing ministers are currently under investigation for corruption,
including the minister for post and telecommunications, Brigadier-General Thein
Zaw. He is now under scrutiny because of a number of major contracts involving massive
kickbacks. ``He has fallen foul of the top because he has broken the unwritten
law prohibiting excessive corruption,'' according to one Burmese businessman.
One of the contracts under review is a proposed deal with the major Chinese
mobile phone company, ZTE. Under this contract, the Chinese would provide a
$150 million (5.78 billion baht) loan for the infrastructure to provide 300,000
phone lines. This is more than 10 times the real cost of the project, according
to industry experts. In a ZTE contract for a million phone lines in another
Southeast Asian country the cost was $30 million (1.16 billion baht).
``The delay in any official announcements about the changes probably means Than
Shwe and Maung Aye cannot agree on who should get the key posts,'' said a
senior Asian diplomat who has dealt with Burma for many years.
The struggle between the two also involves changes to the SPDC and the regional
commanders. Many of the older generals are likely to be retired. Key Than Shwe
supporters, the four chiefs of the Bureau of Special Operations _
Lieutenant-Generals Ye Myint, Aung Htwe, Khin Maung Than and Maung Bo _ are
expected to be replaced, according to a former Asian military commander who
knows the Burmese regime well.
``Maung Aye does not want to openly confront the senior general, but does want
to reduce his power base,'' said a senior Southeast Asian diplomat who closely
follows events in
Gen Maung Aye is also anxious to have his people take control of what he sees
as the key regional commander posts:
But at the same time as the two top men struggle for control, a transfer of
power is also taking place within the military, with the next generation of generals
being given the reins. It is a slow and uncertain process that began with
former prime minister Khin Nyunt's arrest and the
dismantling of the former military intelligence branch.
Lieutenant-General Thura Shwe Mann, the chief of staff, has taken a pivotal
role in the new emerging administrative and military structure. Previously he
had been seen as something of a recluse. But in recent months, especially since
General Khin Nyunt's fall from grace, Lt-Gen Thura Shwe Mann has taken an
active role in political matters. When Gen Than Shwe
went to
It was Lt-Gen Thura Shwe Mann with Lt-Gen Soe Win who warned
The key countries in the region which closely follow political developments in
Burma _ China, India, Japan and Thailand _ are all convinced Lt-Gen Thura Shwe
Mann is the man to watch. All these countries have been working hard since Gen
Khin Nyunt's removal to establish a strong relationship with the army chief.
``He has clearly emerged as the new number three,'' said one diplomat in
The former
Everything now appears to be on hold until after the National Convention
reconvenes this Thursday. Much may depend on how smoothly the proceedings run.
The military leaders appear to be nervous. They have rounded up many of the
ethnic leaders in the days before the Convention is to open.
Gen Than Shwe has now decided to draft the
constitution as quickly as possible, according to sources in
``Than Shwe knows that to avoid Asean pressure for political reform, Rangoon
must offer some concession before the summit, otherwise Burma's presidency of
the organization in 2006 is going to be even more contentious,'' said a senior
European diplomat who has close ties to Rangoon.
The senior general may not yet have fully developed his strategy for Burma's
political future, but if there is a referendum on the constitution later this
year, Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the opposition National League for Democracy,
may be released from house arrest shortly afterwards and elections held in 2006.
For that to happen, the power struggle within the
military would have to finally be resolved and the transfer of power to the new
military leaders completed.
In the meantime, the struggle for power and influence between the top two
generals will only increase uncertainty and tension in
http://www.bangkokpost.com/News/14Feb2005_news21.php
______________________________________
Who is watching
Kaowao?
By continent of origin; 1.
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