AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL

Myanmar

Myanmar’s Political Prisoners: A Growing Legacy of Injustice

16 June 2005

AI Index: ASA 16/019/2005

Introduction

Amnesty International is concerned that prisoners of conscience continue to be arrested and imprisoned in Myanmar solely on account of their peaceful exercise of the rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly. They are a human legacy of authorities’ long-standing misuse of the justice system as a tool of political repression, and a means to restrict rather than protect the peaceful exercise of basic human rights. The State Peace and Development Council continues to abuse the justice system, impede the rule of law and the enjoyment of basic political freedoms in the country, and human rights in Myanmar generally. A list of prisoners of conscience and possible prisoners of conscience follows this introduction.

This report updates earlier reports listing prisoners of concern to Amnesty International in December 2004[1] and April 2001[2], and reiterates the organization’s long-standing concerns on the administration of justice[3] in the country, and the treatment of more than 1,350 political prisoners who have been sentenced for political offences.

Amnesty International is also concerned that arrests and harassment of members and activists of registered political parties are increasing the numbers of people wrongfully deprived their liberty, solely on the basis of their peaceful political activities. Authorities are reported to have threatened individuals in 2005 that should they engage in politics they may face long terms of imprisonment. The SPDC has failed to release prominent political prisoners, including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi General Secretary of the National League for Democracy and U Tin Oo, vice Chairman of the National League for Democracy. They have been detained without charge or trial since they and other NLD members were subjected to a violent government-sponsored attack on 30 May 2003[4]. They, like many of the other prisoners of conscience currently imprisoned, have been in and out of detention or prison for political reasons since 1989. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, who turns 60 on 19 June 2005, will have spent 60 % of her time since 1989 under house arrest or in other forms of detention without charge or trial.

Amnesty International renews longstanding calls by Myanmar citizens, other governments and the United Nations on the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) to immediately and unconditionally release all prisoners of conscience. The organization is also calling on authorities to take non-reversible steps to provide for the long term protection of the justice system against future abuse by putting an end to illegal practises such as torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment; incommunicado detention; the use of laws which excessively restrict the peaceful exercise of rights; secret trials and administrative detention.

Myanmar’s political prisoners have been held hostage by the SPDC, thus perpetuating the political deadlock that has existed in the country since at least 1988. Many are elderly, and many have chronic mental and physical health problems that have been created or exacerbated by their treatment in prison, in contravention of international law and standards. Many have been imprisoned or repeatedly arrested for over a decade. The continued use of detention to remove senior political leaders from the political process, and those petitioning for their release, is presenting a significant obstacle to resolving the political deadlock in the country.

Background

Bitter and protracted political struggle continues in Myanmar, as the SPDC attempts to grapple with fundamental problems there, including ongoing economic stagnation; the ethnic nationalities’ desire for greater autonomy; and controversy over the future role of legitimate political parties. 2004 saw the dismissal of General Khin Nyunt as Prime Minister, a subsequent major cabinet reshuffle, and a reconvened National Convention, established to write constitutional principles.

2005 brought new problems for the government, including a bombing in Mandalay in March, killing at least two people, and major bomb explosions in Yangon on 7 May, killing an unknown number of civilians. The SPDC has accused three members of the Karen ethnic nationality of detonating the bombs amid widespread speculation about which organization was responsible for the bombing.

Political arrests and trials continue during 2005. At least ten politicians from the Shan ethnic nationality were arrested in February 2005, and members of the National League for Democracy have been sentenced to prison terms. One Shan ceasefire group resumed armed struggle and there is still no ceasefire agreement between the Karen National Union (KNU, a Karen armed group who have been fighting for autonomy for over 50 years) and the SPDC. The National Convention, which convened in February and adjourned at the end of March, is due to reconvene in November. It is still unclear how much autonomy the many ethnic nationalities participating in the Convention will receive from the government.

Amnesty International has repeatedly expressed its concerns at the lack of due process in political trials in Myanmar and at the abuse of the justice system to silence peaceful political dissent. Prisoners are routinely arrested without warrant; held incommunicado and tortured or ill-treated in pre-trial detention. Sentences have been handed down in trials which fall far short of international fair trial standards, and at which the right to legal counsel or to legal counsel of one’s own choice has been denied. Authorities have used confessions in trials extracted as a result of torture. Prison conditions continue to be poor, and prisoners are being denied adequate diet and necessary medical treatment.

The authorities have justified the imprisonment of hundreds of students, politicians, doctors, lawyers, housewives, farmers and others on the basis that they were seeking to cause “unrest”, and they sentenced them under security legislation. Such arrests have been made possible by vaguely worded security laws, which allow an excessively wide interpretation by the authorities of what constitutes a threat to security, and legislation which criminalizes the circulation of any written information – whether or not it is published – without the permission of the official censor. Amnesty International is concerned that the 1962 Printers and Publishers Registration Act; the Unlawful Associations Act, the 1950 Emergency Provisions Act and the 1975 State Protection Law, which have been used to imprison many political prisoners, subject rights and freedoms to far greater restrictions than are necessary to meet requirements of national security, public order or morality.

Individuals have been penalized for peaceful symbolic acts of public political dissent, such as holding one-man demonstrations calling for the release of political prisoners, including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, or complaining about arbitrary measures carried out by local or central government authorities. People have also been penalized for calling for political dialogue, or trying to disseminate information with political opinions differing from the SPDC, such as criticisms of their proposals for political dialogue. Monks who reportedly refused alms from government officials have also been given lengthy prison sentences, and students have been penalized for attempting to create student unions.

Basic principles of international law and standards on freedom of expression and opinion enshrined in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, include “freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.” Article 19(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides that the exercise of this right,

“…carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:

(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;

(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.”

The authorities have gone far beyond what may be reasonably interpreted as necessary for preserving national security, public order or morality in their imprisonment of political prisoners. The authorities have sentenced people to lengthy prison terms on the basis that they considered information given by defendants about human rights violations – including the incontrovertible practice of torture against political prisoners, and the poor conditions under which they have been held – to be incorrect, and therefore deserving punishment. Courts have passed judgements on the basis that authorities considered that opinions expressed by defendants in poems or articles, were also deemed incorrect, and on authorities’ untested consideration that defendants knew these opinions to be incorrect. They have also stated in a number of cases that these opinions were subversive and would cause unrest. U Win Htein, a former business consultant and senior army officer who acted as a senior advisor to Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, has also spent the majority of his time imprisoned since 1989. He was released for one year between 1995 and 1996. The authorities alleged he had arranged for a former political prisoner to be interviewed by a correspondent of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation about the use of torture in Myanmar’s prisons, and argued that such information was false, and that he was therefore guilty of a crime. Similarly, a senior advisor to the NLD, who has been imprisoned since 1989, U Win Tin, 75, students Phyo Min Thein, Kyaw Min Yu, NLD MP elect Dr. Zaw Myint Maung, and others were sentenced while they were serving prison terms because they had circulated information from foreign news publications and broadcasts, gathered information about human rights violations in prisons, and had written poems and articles in prison. Authorities argued that the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB) “broadcast false news about Burma” and that prisoners knew such information to be false, and therefore could be sentenced for committing a crime. Members of the group also are reported to have written and circulated magazines, which included poems, cartoons and articles expressing political opinions, clandestinely within the prison. Prisoners were not at that time granted access to reading and writing materials. The authorities stated that the magazines were also aimed “at ... presenting inaccurate information,” and that the prisoners knew that the information was false.

Amnesty International has gathered information on the situation of political prisoners in Myanmar from a variety of sources, including private individuals, members of political parties, official and opposition news media, and from visits to Myanmar and neighbouring countries. With the exception of press reports Amnesty International has omitted identifying details about individual or organizational sources for reasons of their security.

III Torture and Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment

Torture in prisons

International standards prohibit the use of corporal punishment, shackling and other restraints and confinement in a dark cell as a punishment against detainees and prisoners. Such punishments violate the absolute prohibition on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (ill-treatment), which is a rule of customary international law binding on all states. Such punishments are also explicitly prohibited by Rules 31 and 33 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Nevertheless, the authorities in Myanmar have continued to regularly use such methods against prisoners. They have particularly been used against individuals who have protested their conditions of detention, including by hunger strikes. While authorities have made it clear that the use of prisoners for disciplining other prisoners is forbidden in Myanmar, it appears that they are continuing to use criminal prisoners to beat other prisoners, including political prisoners.

Prisoners protesting during 2005 have faced torture and ill-treatment as a punishment. Since January 2005 U Shwe Maung, a goldsmith imprisoned for three years for making a replica of a peasant’s hat, which is a symbol for the NLD, was reportedly punished by authorities in Mandalay Prison on several occasions for complaining about the quality of the food in prison, requesting that his scheduled release take place; and refusing to perform pounzan (a squatting position, in which prisoners have to put their clenched hands on their knees) when so instructed by prison authorities. He has been held in dark confinement cell between January and at least April 2005, shackled beaten and injured as a result, and denied family visits. According to a relative interviewed by the Democratic Voice of Burma in April 2005, “He was dragged out of his cell and stripped off. His head was covered with a black hood and they beat him up severely. That group beat him up quite severely. His chest was also slammed with knees. And, prison officials also kicked him with shoes. At the moment, he is being manacled systematically. ^[5]”

Other political prisoners who may have undergone similar treatment in Mandalay Prison, Mandalay Division, in April 2005 include Kyaw Nyunt, a member of the Democratic Party for a New Society with spinal and hearing problems, who was sentenced up to 20 years for demonstrations in favour of convening parliament in 1998; and Maung Maung Myat and Myo Min Zaw, a student serving a 52 year sentence for organizing student demonstrations in 1998. They were reportedly sent to solitary confinement in darkened cells as punishment for complaining that food provided by the prison was rotten.

At least twenty two political prisoners are thought to have been tortured and ill-treated after a number of them took part in a hunger strike in Insein Prison on 28 April 2005. Shortly before the hunger strike Zaw Min Oo was reportedly beaten unconscious by prison authorities, reportedly for failing to show respect to prison authorities. The group of prisoners were protesting at the decision of the prison authorities to force political prisoners to share cells with prisoners convicted of criminal offences, who reportedly ill-treated them. At least two hunger strikers were confined to special punishment cells originally built as kennels for army dogs and severely beaten by authorities. The following political prisoners Aye Lwin, Han Win Aung, Kyaw Kyaw, Kyaw Moe, Kyaw Naing, Lwin Ko Latt, Myo Khin, Myo Win, Hla Moe, Htun Yin, NLD MP-elect U Naing Naing, builder Myint Htay, Nanda Sit Aung, student Nan Shin Mon, Ohn Than, monk U Rajadamma, Zaw Min Oo, Myint Ye, Ne Kyaw, Myint Naing, lawyer Soe Han and another monk whose name is not known to Amnesty International are reported to have participated in the hunger strike and been punished

Political prisoners in Tharawaddy Prison are reported to have been threatened in May 2005 by prison officials that if they engage in activities considered as “disobedient” they may face severe beatings, including to death. This was reportedly based on an instruction to prison officials by central government authorities. Among those threatened not to speak out against prison conditions or to face beating is Saw Ne Dun, a Karen NLD official and political prisoner in his 80s, who has been imprisoned since 1991.

Authorities appear to have taken punitive action against prisoners involved in the Insein Prison hunger strike, by transferring them to distant prisons. It is standard practise for prisoners who have been transferred for disciplinary reasons to another prison to be beaten on arrival and in other ways ill-treated. At least four people involved in the April 2005 hunger strike in Insein Prison were reportedly transferred to other prisons where they may have been beaten and tortured as a further punishment. Myint Ye, Ne Kyaw, Myint Naing and lawyer and NLD legal advisor U Soe Han, have reportedly been transferred to other prisons in Myanmar, including Thayet Prison, 340 miles from Yangon and a journey of more than 10 hours by road, in connection with the hunger strike. The regime at Thayet Prison is reportedly severe.

Torture and ill-treatment in pre-trial detention and prisons.

Amnesty International has documented the pervasive and systematic use of torture by authorities in pre-trial detention, and believes that the practise is continuing[6].

There have been widespread reports that individuals in pre-trial interrogation continue to be tortured and ill-treated. Members of Military Intelligence and associates of Khin Nyunt under arrest have reportedly been subjected to beatings and deprivation of food, have had their heads shaved and held in shackles. Political activists who have been taken into detention for short-term questioning, have reportedly been denied sleep, and in some cases subjected to abusive language by authorities.

Doctors are reported to have found injuries consistent with torture on the body of Ko Aung Hlaing Win, an NLD member who was detained on 1 May 2005, and is reported to have died in custody on 7 May 2005.

Deaths in custody – pre-trial detention

There have been at least three deaths in custody reported since January 2005, in which individuals in pre-trial detention died in suspicious circumstances. It is the responsibility of the state to initiate thorough, prompt and impartial investigations into the cause of death in suspicious circumstances. The UN Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions state that such investigations should, where the established investigative procedures are inadequate, be conducted by an independent commission or similar procedure. The investigation should include an adequate autopsy, collection and analysis of all physical and documentary evidence and statements from witnesses and findings should be made public. The bodies of the deceased should be returned to the families for burial. It is not known whether any such investigation has taken place into these four reported deaths, but given reports that officials cremated three of the four without the presence of their families, it seems unlikely.

It was reported in January 2005 that at least one Military Intelligence officer, Brigadier General Myint Aung Zaw, a colleague of former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt died in detention in late 2004, and was secretly cremated. Unofficial sources have stated that he died either as a result of torture or suicide. In January 2005, U Toe Paing, a border control officer from northern Shan State, arrested in connection with the crack-down on former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt reportedly died in detention in Putao Prison, northern Kachin State of unknown causes, which may have included torture. On 1 May 2005 a member of the NLD Youth Wing, Ko Aung Hlaing Win, aged 30, who was married with a child, was taken into custody by plain clothes members of the security forces. Ten days later the chief of an interrogation centre is reported to have visited family members in Hlaing township, Yangon, and to have informed them that Ko Aung Hlaing Win had died of a heart attack during interrogation on 7 May 2005, and that he had already been cremated. He is reported to have offered family members 100,000 kyat as compensation, which by the family refused.

Conditions of detention

Prisoners are susceptible to a host of detention related health problems, which have been caused or exacerbated by their treatment in detention. Medical care within prisons is woefully inadequate, with some prisons lacking adequate numbers of trained medical personnel, particularly in Myaungmya, Sittway and Myingyan Prisons. Specialist medical treatment is not available in many prisons, and in some cases when prison doctors recommend specialist treatment, prison authorities are either slow to give consent or deny it. Prisoners have an extremely poor diet, and are reliant on families for supplements of fresh food. Released prisoners regularly report that the diet provided by the prison is not adequate for survival. Many prisoners on release require medical treatment. Malaria is endemic in Kalay Prison, Sagaing Division, and also reported at Thayet Prison. Heart disease, mental illnesses, hypertension and malnutrition related disorders, including peripheral neuropathy, are common.

Prisoners who have been held for long terms of imprisonment, and often without regular access to their families have health problems as a result of malnutrition, and particularly lack of vitamins and protein. In a small number of prisons, prisoners were in the past allowed to grow vegetables to supplement their diet, but it is not clear whether or not that right has now been removed.

For instance, Amnesty International is particularly concerned by the health situation of Dr. Than Nyein, 67 years old, a medical doctor, who has liver cirrhosis, heart disease, hypertension, and renal stones. Authorities are holding him after the expiry of his sentence under administrative detention law; have repeatedly transferred him to prisons where medical treatment is worse, and have failed to act on prison doctors’ recommendations that he receive specialist medical treatment. He is thought to have been punished by being transferred to different prisons after he went on hunger strike, despite his ill health in September 2004 to protest his continued imprisonment,, and is reported to have told a family member, "It is inhumane torture to extend the imprisonment with Act 10 (A) of a person whose health is deteriorating and who had already served his sentence. I don’t want to be killed by the authorities but by myself. That’s why I have decided to stage a hunger strike even though I am not in good shape.[7]" Since then the authorities have moved him to new prisons four times. After the first time he was moved, shortly after he began his hunger strike, he had to be returned to Yangon for hospital treatment, as his health had deteriorated dramatically. The authorities moved him a second time, shortly before he planned to go on hunger strike again, to a prison 241 kilometres from Yangon, where his family lives. The specialist medical treatment he requires is reportedly not available at Pyay Prison, where he has been held since January. A prison doctor recommended in late 2004 that he receive specialist medical treatment, but the authorities reportedly failed to provide it. Another prison doctor reportedly recommended in mid-February 2005 that Dr Than Nyein be transferred to Yangon to receive specialist medical treatment. Beyond the medical neglect, the continued incarceration of Dr. Than Nyein is a blatant violation of his right to liberty. Amnesty International calls on authorities to release Dr. Than Nyein immediately and to compensate him for his unlawful detention.

Phyo Min Thein, a student who was arrested in 1991 for demonstrating in support of NLD leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, when she won the Nobel Peace Prize, and who is currently detained in Insein Prison, is reported to be suffering from malnutrition and heart problems. He and others, including Kyaw Min Yu, who has been held since 1989 and also has malnutrition and gastric problems, were given a second sentence to a further term of imprisonment. They were penalized for writing poems, circulating reports of foreign broadcasts to prisoners and trying to communicate information about human rights violations to the United Nations. Nay Tin Myint, a 37 year old zoology student who was arrested in 1993 and is serving a sentence to 20 years’ imprisonment in Myingyan Prison for having copies of journals produced by groups in exile, is reported not to be able to walk as a result of malnutrition. Dr. Zaw Myint Maung, 54, an NLD MP elect and poet, who has been imprisoned since 1990, and is serving a seventeen year sentence, has blood pressure problems.

Many prisoners are reported to have suffered from mental illnesses, including depression and schizophrenia, and not to receive specialist medical treatment for such problems. Nay Lin Soe, a student from Rangoon arrested in February 1998 for taking part in campaigns to improve education in Myanmar, was reported by his relatives to be displaying symptoms of mental illness. Student Thet Naung Soe, sentenced in 2002 to 14 years’ imprisonment for a peaceful one man demonstration, and student Thet Win Aung, imprisoned since 1989, has reportedly been displaying symptoms of depression.

Many prisoners are over 65, and suffer from common age related illnesses, such as hypertension and heart disease. Among these prisoners is U Win Tin, a former editor, who has heart disease and spondylitis, and during his imprisonment has been in and out of prison hospital. His health has been compromised by his treatment in prison, including by being denied food and water for periods, and being made to sleep for protracted periods in a cell designed as a kennel for military dogs, without bedding.

The Myanmar authorities have a duty under rules of customary international law binding on all states to treat detainees and prisoners humanely, to provide prisoners with food of nutritional value adequate for health and strength, and to provide the services of qualified medical officers within facilities and to transfer prisoners and detainees who require specialist treatment to specialized institutions or to civil hospitals. Amnesty International is deeply concerned that authorities are failing, at times through neglect, and at times deliberately, to fully respect their international obligations in this regard.

Other prisoners of concern

Many prisoners who were arrested for membership of armed opposition groups in the 1980s remain in prison – in some cases after the expiry of their sentences. There are at least 37 members of the Karen National Union^[8] (KNU) who were detained between 1983 and 1986. There are reportedly at least 19 members of the Arakan Communist Party^[9] (ACP) who have been imprisoned since 1986, among whom are individuals who should be due for release. According to former prisoners members of these groups are less likely to receive regular family visits, and thereby less food to supplement their prison diet, and are therefore more likely to suffer from ill health and malnutrition related disorders. Many are reportedly in poor states of health, including Saw Benson, a KNU member, who has been in jail since 1984, and who has had poor medical treatment since he was imprisoned. He is 74 years old, and was originally sentenced to death, which was commuted to 25 years’ imprisonment in an amnesty in 1989. Khaing Soe, approximately 40 years old, a member of the ACP, is reported to have severe hypertension, and reportedly was very badly treated in interrogation after he was arrested in 1984.

Reading and writing materials

Prisoners were for many years denied access to reading and writing materials. A former prisoner of conscience and book store owner released from prison on 3 January 2005, after more than 13 years imprisonment described his attempts to read in prison

“I wanted to read very much at the time. There were five of us in a cell then. I don’t know how to smoke like other people. I puffed the stubs of other people’s cheroots and then, soak them in water, and stuck the paper wrappers on the wall and read the words on them. As for books, not a single sign or shadow of them should be seen with us. If we read the newspapers used as wrapping paper given to us by people from home when they came to see us, it was regarded as a crime. As for the punishment, we were not allowed to go the toilet or have a shower. It was dire. They cut off everything connected to literature.[10]”

Authorities penalized a group of prisoners with further prison terms in early 1996 for their establishment of a clandestine network to circulate hand written magazines, poems, and information from overseas publications Time Newsweek, and overseas broadcasting stations the Democratic Voice of Burma, and the British Broadcasting Corporation.

While authorities have in recent years allowed individuals to read religious books and official journals, these rights are periodically withdrawn by prison authorities, reportedly dependent on the political situation. It was reported in May 2005 that authorities had withdrawn access to reading materials to prisoners in Tharawaddy Prison, and to prisoners at Insein Prison who had taken part in a hunger strike at their conditions of detention.

International standards provide that prisoners “be kept informed regularly of the more important items of news” including “by the reading of newspapers, periodicals, or special institutional publications” and that prisons should “have a library for the use of all categories of prisoners, adequately stocked with both recreational and instructional books, and prisoners shall be encouraged to make full use of it[11]”

IV TRIALS

Incommunicado detention

The UN Commission on Human Rights has stated that “prolonged incommunicado detention may facilitate the perpetration of torture and can in itself constitute a form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or even torture”.^[12] The Human Rights Committee has stated that provisions should be made against the use of incommunicado detention,^[13] and the Committee against Torture has consistently called for its elimination.^[14] The UN Special Rapporteur on torture, recognising that “torture is most frequently practised during incommunicado detention”, has also called for such detention to be made illegal.^[15] International standard recommend that detainees are not held for more than a very short period without access to relatives, doctors and lawyers.[16] The UN Commission on Human Rights has stated that “prolonged incommunicado detention may facilitate the perpetration of torture and can in itself constitute a form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or even torture”.^[17] The Human Rights Committee has stated that provisions should be made against the use of incommunicado detention,^[18] and the Committee against Torture has consistently called for its elimination.^[19] The UN Special Rapporteur on torture, recognising that “torture is most frequently practised during incommunicado detention”, has also called for such detention to be made illegal.^[20]

It has been standard practice for some time in Myanmar for detainees to be denied access to the outside world for considerable periods of time after arrest, and in some cases not until after they have been sentenced. It is clear from recent arrests that this practice is continuing. A relative of a political activist who requested prison authorities to see their arrested family member, to whom they had been denied access for several months in 2005, was told that this was impossible, as orders from higher authorities had not been granted. U Ba Myint and four NLD officials from Yangon division, who were arrested in December 2004, have been reported not to have had access to family members or lawyers. Members of the NLD legal team reportedly complained in January 2005 that they wished to offer legal assistance to the group, but were hampered as they were unable to ascertain their whereabouts. Shan politicians arrested in February 2005 have been denied access to family members. This is also the case with many of the Military Intelligence detainees and associates of former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt who have been held in Insein Prison, since their arrest in October 2005.

Innocent until proven to be guilty?

The SPDC is continuing to give press conferences after or before a series of political arrests have been made, naming detained individuals who were reportedly involved in anti-government activities. They have effectively declared these named individuals as guilty before they were charged and tried. This continues to prejudice defendants’ rights to be presumed innocent until and unless proven guilty, which is a fundamental principle of fair trial, enshrined in Article 11 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and is a rule of customary international law binding on all states. Public officials should not go beyond factual statements in informing the public about criminal investigations, and should not state that persons arrested are guilty.

During March and April 2005 authorities gave press conferences accusing senior Shan politicians, who are reported to be under trial, of issuing a statement after a political meeting they held on Shan National Day in February 2005, stating that they were taking the “first step to shape [Shan State’s] own destiny[21]”. Authorities characterized the political discussion as “detrimental[22]” to its objectives of upholding “three main national causes – non-disintegration of the union, non disintegration of national solidarity and perpetuation of sovereignty[23]” and that they would lead to the disintegration of the union. In subsequent press conferences in April and again in May 2005 government officials stated that the Shan State Army–South[24] , the Shan Nationalities League for Democracy[25] and Shan State Intellectual Advisory Council planned to “form a nominal union and later secede from the union[26]”, and had encouraged armed opposition groups to discuss matters pertaining to the significance of the forthcoming National Convention, which they were scheduled to attend. .On 22 April 2005, authorities stated that they had “exposed their conspiracies and protected the union from disintegration in time[27]”.

Denial of lawyer or right to a lawyer of one’s own choice

Currently detainees have no or limited access to legal counsel or the facilities necessary to prepare their defence during pre-trial proceedings (including during interrogations in police custody, interviews with the prosecutor and during pre-trial hearings).

The right to legal counsel, including to legal counsel of one’s choice underpins international fair trial standards. Prompt access to a lawyer following arrest, and regular access thereafter, provides detainees with adequate opportunities to ensure that their defence can be prepared, and is a safeguard against torture and ill-treatment. In this context, the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture has determined that “[L]egal provisions should ensure that detainees are given access to legal counsel within 24 hours of detention.”^[28]

This right has been regularly ignored for political prisoners in Myanmar for more than a decade. Released prisoners have reported that they have in the past requested legal counsel from prison authorities, who denied them the right, and that when they requested the right in court, the judge instructed them to ask prison authorities. Officials have granted some of the recently arrested prisoners access to legal counsel of their choice. However, when the right to legal counsel is granted, authorities have obstructed lawyers’ access to information about proceedings. As many trials are not held in open court, information about trial dates can be difficult to secure. As a member of the NLD legal team is reported to have described

“They usually do not announce the particulars of the trial we have to find out by ourselves. Although the detainees are in Insein Jail, a township court is given the jurisdiction to carry out the trial which is usually carried out at the court inside the Insein Jail. That is the norm and if we do not have the details we cannot get inside the court. First, we have to find out about the court details like the date and time and only then can we plan our defence. There are many difficulties to overcome to take up a case.[29]

Authorities are still reportedly changing trial dates at short notice, without informing defence lawyers of the changes.

Authorities underlined, in response to journalists’ questions about the failure of authorities to allow detained SNLD MP-elect, U Khun Tun Oo and others detained with him in February 2005, access to lawyers, that “the government is making arrangements for the accused to enjoy his rights in accord with the law,” and further stated that “there are documentary photos of U Khun Tun Oo talking to his two advocates on 1 March 2005… he was allowed to talk with them to his heart’s content[30]” Authorities have denied Khun Tun Oo and others arrested with him access to their families. They have also not been able to choose lawyers, but have had lawyers appointed by the government, with whom they are not reported to be satisfied. Authorities have countered that lawyers may only be appointed with the permission of the defendant, not of their families. However, if, as has been the case with SNLD and other Shan leaders arrested in February 2005, detainees have had no access to their families or other members of the outside world not chosen by authorities, there would be no means for them to know about alternative offers of legal assistance.

Authorities reportedly instructed relatives of detained National Democratic Party for Human Rights MP-elect, and member of the Committee Representing People’s Parliament (CRPP) U Kyaw Min, that they would be able to hire legal counsel to represent U Kyaw Min’s wife and daughter, who were arrested on 5 May 2005. U Kyaw Min has been held since 17 March 2005 without charge and without access to family members. A lawyer from the NLD legal assistance team who was approached to represent the defendants, reportedly attempted to see the detainees in Insein prison on 20 May 2005, where he had heard that U Kyaw Min and his wife and daughter were scheduled to appear in court. He reportedly stated “They would not allow us into the prison compound… We told them that we came because we heard that U Kyaw Min is to be taken to court today. They didn’t say whether it is true or not. I told them that I want to represent U Kyaw Min. They asked us to wait and at 3pm told us to go home.”[31]

V ONGOING ARRESTS

Amnesty International is concerned that arrests and harassment of members of registered political parties and activists are continuing, solely on the basis of their peaceful political activities. Authorities are reported to have threatened individuals in 2005, that should they engage in politics they may face long terms of imprisonment. More Members of Parliament-elect were arrested in February and March 2005 than since May 2003. Three MPs elect were sentenced to prison terms during 2005, and two are believed to be on trial at the time of writing.

Shortly before the National Convention[32] was scheduled to reconvene in early February 2005, at least ten political activists were arrested for taking part in a political meeting of senior representatives of the Shan ethnic nationality on Shan National Day, 7 February 2005. The meeting was hosted by the Shan New Generation Youth political party, and was attended by political representatives. Those arrested included Khun Htun Oo, the Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (SNLD) chairman and MP-elect and member of the Committee Representing the People’s Parliament (CRPP)[33], the party’s General Secretary Sai Nyunt Lwin, SNLD Central Committee member Sai Hla Aung; SNLD member Sao Kyar Oo, Shan State Peace Council (SSPC) [34] and United Nationalities League for Democracy [35] chair General Hso Ten, Shan New Generation Youth members U Myint Than, Sai Myo Win Tun, Sai Nay Moe and U Shwe Ohn[36] aged 82, author and lawyer. Authorities have justified their arrest on the basis that they were trying to discuss a common position among political representatives of members of ethnic nationality political parties, and to agree principles for the political future of Shan State. Following the arrests, the SSPC, who had been among those scheduled to attend the meeting, withdrew their delegates. At the time of writing members of the group are still believed to be under trial, with the exception of U Shwe Ohn, who is under house arrest. Amnesty International is concerned that they may have been arrested solely for participating in a discussion of a political nature, and is furthermore concerned that judicial procedures during their detention and trial have not met international standards for fairness.

Arrests of members of the NLD have also continued during 2005. NLD offices, with the exception of the party’s headquarters, have remained closed since the attack on members and supporters of the NLD on 30 May 2003. Authorities have in the past taken measures to dissuade people from participation in the political party, including threatening civil servants with dismissal should they not resign; staging state sponsored rallies against NLD MPs elect in their constituency; selectively prosecuting NLD members on account of their political activities, or on trumped up criminal charges, and threatening civil servants with eviction from state owned premises. A diplomatic official from the Myanmar Embassy in Washington who resigned and sought asylum in the United States of America stated in April 2005 that “current state leaders instructed the complete ‘clearance/destruction’ of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and team members at “Dipeyin” in May 2003 …. I also received reliable information that there have been instructions for the complete routing of NLD (National League for Democracy) members’ families in 2006,[37]”which raises concern that authorities will intensify the harassment and incarceration of opposition political activists, already at a high level.

At least 11 of the at least 26 members of the National League for Democracy arrested since December 2004 remain detained or imprisoned, including three Members of Parliament from the Shan and Rakhine States and Sagaing Division, who have been sentenced to terms of between 7 and 14 years’ imprisonment. Tun Lin Kyaw, an NLD member from Sanchaung township in Yangon, was sentenced at the end of February 2005 to seven years’ imprisonment for staging a peaceful one man demonstration outside City Hall in Yangon. He is reported to have called for the release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi on 14 December 2004, and is believed to have been her former bodyguard. Five NLD members from Yangon who were arrested on 19 December 2004 for unknown reasons, U Ba Myint, U Ba Tint, Ko Khin Kyaw, Aung Myo San and Thet Naing are not known to have had access to family members since their arrest. Bo Kyi and Pe Tin, NLD organizing committee member and secretary of the political party’s local branch in Shwegyin were reportedly arrested in mid May 2005, and sentenced in late May 2005 to seven years’ imprisonment for distributing speeches by Aung San, one of the architects of Myanmar’s independence and the father of imprisoned NLD leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. The leaflets had reportedly been approved by the official censor, and had been legally printed by the NLD.

U Kyaw Khin, 69, NLD MP elect of Taunggyi, Shan State, was arrested on 25 February 2005, less than two months after he was released from nearly nine years’ imprisonment for political reasons. According to NLD sources, he was rearrested for distributing leaflets; possessing a list of awards received by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and with leaving a paper on a chair which transcribed predictions made for the year by the BBC, which he denied possessing in court. He was given a 14 year sentence in early April 2005. Authorities reportedly also penalized him for photocopying, without permission from the official censor, a leaflet that the NLD had legally produced. In court the judge is reported to have stated that he was trying to provoke unrest, on the basis that on the list of awards received by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, there was a sentence stating “there will be change because all the military has are guns”, and also to have pointed out that beside the photograph of the detained opposition leader, there was the sentence “Set Her Free”. He had been released from a prison term in 3 January 2005, where he had been held since June 1996. He was previously sentenced on the basis of official allegations that he had been contacted to obtain "recorded videotapes with antigovernment messages broadcast by foreign television stations[38]" to agitate civil unrest. These tapes reportedly included videotapes and audio cassettes with foreign news reports and documentaries on Myanmar. He reportedly suffered from heart disease when previously imprisoned.

Amnesty International is also concerned that authorities are continuing to use trumped up criminal charges to detain prominent NLD MPs. Two NLD MPs elect from Shan State, Aung Soe Myint, and U Than Htay were respectively sentenced to prison terms of seven and five years in August 2003 and September 2004, on under what are believed to be trumped up criminal charges. Aung Soe Myint was penalized for possessing an unlicensed motorcycle and U Than Htay for having unauthorized electronic goods. U Than Htay, a qualified high court advocate had reportedly been subjected to extensive pressure by local authorities to resign from the NLD, and had reportedly played a leading role in the gathering of signatures for an NLD petition calling for the release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and other political prisoners. On 17 March 2005, U Kyaw San, 73, a former military colonel and NLD MP elect of Tantse, Sagaing Division was arrested and charged with violating import and export legislation. He was sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment in early June 2005. The charge related to goods found in his home, for which there was no import documentation. The goods reportedly did not belong to U Kyaw San, and it is believed that they may be being used as a pretext to charge him. He reportedly went on hunger strike to protest the injustice of his detention and at the time of writing is on trial. He had been released from prison on 19 November 2004, where he had been held since September 1998. He had been sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment in 1992, reportedly for distributing pamphlets, and was released in 1995. When the NLD called for the convening of parliament, authorities rearrested him and made him serve the remainder of his previous prison sentence, from which he had been released, reportedly under the condition that he would have to serve the remainder of his sentence should he reoffend by engaging in politics. He is reported to suffer from hypertension. On 30 March 2005 U Saw Hlaing, a 59 year old lawyer and NLD MP elect from Indaw, Sagaing Division, was arrested for having unlicensed computers. He has previously been imprisoned at least four times for political reasons. He was sentenced to 12 years’ imprisonment in late May 2005 and is believed to have not had access to a lawyer until at least a month after his arrest.

On 17 March 2005, U Kyaw Min, National Democratic Party for Human Rights (NDPHR) MP elect of Bohtataung, Rakhine state and CRPP, was arrested, and is believed to have been held in incommunicado detention. His wife and daughter were arrested in May 2005, and NLD officials were instructed that they were allowed to provide legal assistance to them. However, it is not clear that U Kyaw Min has had any legal assistance, and what is the basis for his detention.

Amnesty International is also concerned that there have also been unfair judicial procedures used in state action taken against former Prime Minister General Khin Nyunt and his former employees and allies, and that among those who have been sentenced there may be individuals who were being penalized solely on account of their political association with the former Prime Minister. Former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt, who also headed Myanmar’s Military Intelligence Service (MIS), [39] was arrested on 19 October 2004. The authorities have disbanded the MIS and other related organizations, including businesses under Khin Nyunt’s control, and have forced a large number of officials to retire. They have also removed his political allies from the government, including the Interior Minister Colonel Tin Hlaing and Labour Minister Tin Win.

Khin Nyunt’s arrest was followed by the detention of hundreds of members of Military Intelligence, associates and business employees and relatives of Khin Nyunt, and members of the Border Services Personnel, as well as his family’s astrologer and spiritual advisor. Up to 100 of those arrested are believed to be senior Military Intelligence officials. Many have been held in Insein Prison, and have not been granted access to relatives or to lawyers, and were also reportedly subjected to torture and ill-treatment during interrogation. Khin Nyunt currently remains under house arrest. In April and May 2005 nearly 50 senior former Military Intelligence officials and associates of Khin Nyunt were reportedly given sentences of up to 280 years’ imprisonment, on charges including corruption, illegal possession of currency, and possession of unlicensed vehicles.

While full information about the charges, sentences and individuals prosecuted is not available, some reports suggest that an unknown number of individuals may have also been sentenced under charges relating solely to their peaceful exercise of the freedom of expression. For example, businessman Sonny Swe, the Deputy Chief Executive Officer of the semi-independent publication The Myanmar Times was among those sentenced. He was charged under the Press and Publications Act and sentenced to 14 years’ imprisonment – it is believed that he was sentenced because The Myanmar Times was published without the permission of the official censorship board, and because of his family’s proximity to former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt. Amnesty International is concerned that he may be a prisoner of conscience, and is calling on the SPDC to provide full information about the names and nature of charges against him and all other individuals arrested in connection with the recent crackdown on former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt. Sonny Swe’s father, Brigadier General Thein Shwe, was also sentenced for economic crimes to a total of 152 years’ imprisonment.

The selective nature of arrests suggest that there is a political dimension to a number of these prosecutions, regardless of whether or not there were legitimate grounds for the prosecution of individuals for the misuse of power; economic crimes or offences under foreign currency and import legislation. This is supported by a letter written by Aung Lynn Htut who resigned from the Myanmar diplomatic mission to the United States in April 2005. In the letter, which was sent to the Democratic Voice of Burma and the British Broadcasting Corporation, Aung Lynn Htut stated that he had learnt that “current state leaders had instructed the complete “clearance/destruction” of Gen Khin Nyunt and team members in Oct 2004…and the complete routing of military intelligence service (MIS) members and family members in 2004… Although it is claimed that MIS (military/civilian) members were allowed to retired, I learnt that some of them were rearrested, put under house arrest and the like. Moreover, I also received information that their family members and children have been subjected to various unfair and brutal... actions such as being fired from their jobs or expelled from the schools.^[40]”

Authorities initially stated that former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt had retired on health grounds, subsequently adding that he had been dismissed for corruption and insubordination. Corruption is reported to be widespread within the military in Myanmar. Amnesty International is not aware of any other current large-scale prosecution of the military on charges of corruption. Authorities also publicly stated that Khin Nyunt had threatened the unity of the armed forces by initiating an investigation of regional military commanders.

Extension of sentences by Executive Order under the 1975 State Protection Law.

The SPDC is continuing to use legislation which allows the Home Minister to detain without charge or trial anyone who may endanger the state, and detention orders are often repeatedly renewed. Amnesty International is concerned that as well as denying the fundamental right not to be punished until proven guilty, and to receive a fair trial, this law does not define what constitutes "a danger to the state" and thereby has allowed the authorities to arbitrarily detain people for peaceful political activities. It also allows extended detention without charge or trial, which is prohibited by international standards.

Among those currently detained under this legislation are opposition leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, who has been held under this legislation under house arrest for more than 9 of the last 16 years. She has been most recently held without charge or trial since 30 May 2003. Myat San, a former bodyguard of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and member of the All Burma Federation of Student Unions, is being detained in prison after the expiry of his sentence. He had served a sentence for taking part in student demonstrations celebrating Aung San Suu Kyi receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in December 1991. He is reported to have suffered ill-health.

At least four prominent political leaders have had detention orders renewed or placed on them since December 2004. NLD MPs elect and medical doctors, Dr. Than Nyein and Daw May Win Myint have had detention orders extended by a year. Both were not been released after serving sentences to seven years’ imprisonment arranging for NLD leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi to meet with party members in September 1997. Both are in poor states of health,

U Tin Oo, 77, is the vice-chairman of the National League for Democracy (NLD), and has been under house arrest and held without charge or trial since 30 May 2003. His detention was extended by a further year on 13 February 2005.

U Shwe Ohn, an 82 year old Shan political veteran and former lawyer, has been held under house arrest since he took part in a political meeting of Shan politicians on 7 February 2005. Authorities have publicly stated that he played a major part in the organization of the meeting. There have been unconfirmed reports that authorities have ordered his detention for one year under the 1975 State Protection Law.

VI RELEASES

The SPDC implicitly acknowledged that there have been abuses in the administration of justice in November 2004. Authorities announced on 18 November 2004 that “it was observed that the NIB[41] might have committed irregularities. And according to the review of the irregularities, prison terms of 3,937 convicts have been suspended with effect from today, 18 November 2004”[42]. Between 18 November and 3 January 2005 authorities went on to release more than 19,000 prisoners, of whom a small fraction had been arrested for political offences. A total of 110 political prisoners were reportedly released, including student leader Paw U Tun, alias Min Ko Naing. He had been imprisoned since 1989, for much of the time in solitary confinement, and had reached the legal limit for detention without charge or trial. Among those released who have subsequently been rearrested and sentenced to prison terms are NLD MPs elect U Kyaw Khin and U Kyaw San.

Many of the others released, for example, Khun Sai, aka Myo Htun, aged 45, was arrested in February 1998 and sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment, for allegedly helping with the preparation of a history of student movement, had reached the end of their sentence, or were eligible for time off with parole. The authorities have not clarified what mechanisms were used to establish which “irregularities” had been committed in the incarceration of these individuals, nor have they announced what measures they have taken to prevent future abuses. An official from the Foreign Ministry said that "We are trying to tell the world that we are normal people.We review things and when the time is right [release prisoners]. we're a Buddhist country, compassionate.[43]"

Amnesty International welcomed the release of political prisoners, and of any others unlawfully detained or imprisoned and urged authorities to include in their release others who had been imprisoned by the state in contravention of international standards. The organization is further concerned that sentences were only “suspended,” meaning that individuals may be reimprisoned and made to serve any remainder of their sentence if authorities consider that they have violated the conditions of their release. The organization also believes that given the official acknowledgement of the political abuse of imprisonment, authorities should establish a genuinely independent judicial procedure for reviewing convictions and sentencing for political offences, applying international human rights standards, including the rights to freedom of opinion and expression and freedom of peaceful assembly and association, and release all prisoners who were imprisoned solely for the peaceful exercise of these rights.

Between January and May 2006 six prisoners who had been held without charge or trial since the expiry of their sentences were released – five had been held since 1989, and included student leader Tin Aye, Communist Party of Burma linked U Tin Aung, U Aung Khin, and National Politics Front lawyer Tin Aye Kyu. Student leader Ko Ko Gyi, who had been held since 1991, was the sixth to be released. Student leaders who had reached the legal limit of application of administrative detention law, and who in many cases had been imprisoned since 1989 were released between March and October. U Thu Wai and U Htwe Myint, of the Democracy Party who had been held without charge or trial were also released in January 2005. Both were subsequently held in short term detention, but have again been released.

Authorities have for a number of years given assurances that political prisoners, and particularly NLD leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, who remains under house arrest, will be released but have failed to provide any reliable schedule for releases beyond promising that they will do so when “the time is right”^[44]. In late July 2003 Foreign Minister U Win Aung stated that Daw Aung San Suu Kyi would be released "when the time comes... I can't see a timeframe right now" and also added about her detention that "We don't have any intention to prolong that arrangement. We are waiting for the cool down[45]" (4) In October 2003 authorities said that "we do not call it house arrest or anything like that" and added that she will be released "eventually"[46](5) In At the beginning of December 2004 Thai authorities reported statements by General Than Shwe that authorities had promised the release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, but had stated that “whenever Aung San Suu Kyi is released some
trouble has happened. They need time to arrange everything and finish
several meetings," Authorities publicly promised that U Win Tin would be included in the release of prisoners in November 2004, which similarly has not taken place.

Amnesty International has been informed by released political prisoners that in the lead up to their release from prison, authorities asked them questions about their political attitudes. In many cases, it appeared that individuals who stated that they did not plan to resume any form of political activity were more likely to be released. Amnesty International is concerned that political attitudes favourable to authorities should not be considered a factor in the release of prisoners, particularly if they should never have been imprisoned in the first place.

Prisoners offered early release before the end of their sentences have often had conditions attached to their release under section 401 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which allows authorities to reimprison individuals without warrant, and require them to serve the remainder of their sentence, should authorities believe they have not fulfilled the conditions of their release. Conditions to release have included not engaging in political activities. This prison "debt" of unserved time from previous sentences for political reasons has repeatedly been employed by the authorities to threaten and harass former prisoners and make them desist from political activities. U Sein Hla Oo, a former news editor and film critic and NLD Member of Parliament elect, is being made to serve the remainder of his previous sentence. He is currently imprisoned in Myitkyina Prison, which is several days journey from his family. He had been released from a sentence for political reasons in an amnesty in 1993, and rearrested in 1994 for communicating "fabricated news" to foreign journalists and diplomats, and distributing political materials. He was given a sentence of seven years, and authorities are requiring him to serve the outstanding part of his earlier sentence as they stated that he had "breached his promise and secretly carried out anti-gov't activities[47]."

RECOMMENDATIONS

Amnesty urges the State Peace and Development Council to adopt the following measures

With regard to political prisoners

1. Stop arresting people solely for the peaceful exercise of their rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly and to immediately and unconditionally release any person who has been arrested for the peaceful exercise of their rights.

2. Make public information about the charges preferred against all political prisoners or “security detainees” and of members of Military Intelligence personnel, and any former personal or business associates of former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt, their sentences and current whereabouts.

3. Review the convictions of all political prisoners and ensure that any who have been unfairly tried be re-tried promptly and in accordance with international fair trial standards, or released, and institute a clear transparent mechanism is to ensure a truly independent judicial review is conducted.

4. Ensure that redress is provided for past arbitrary deprivation of their rights.

With regard to procedures for arrest and trial, including of political prisoners

5. Ensure that all detainees have the right to promptly challenge the lawfulness of their detention before a court, and ensure that they are released if their detention is found to be illegal. Article 100 of the Code of Criminal Procedure should be changed to establish an accessible procedure for detainees, their families, and their lawyers to challenge the legality of a detention.

6. Ensure that all political detainees are either released or promptly charged with internationally recognized offences and tried by procedures which conform to international standards of fair trial, including the right to legal counsel, the right to presumption of innocence, the right to a public trial, the right to defend oneself, and the right to adequate time and resources to prepare a defence, and to review all trials of political prisoners which have fallen short of appropriate international standards.

7. Ensure that all political detainees have access to legal counsel promptly following arrest and regularly thereafter, and have adequate time to prepare a defence. Detainees should have the right to meet with their lawyers privately.

8. Ensure that the military does not manipulate the judiciary, whether directly or indirectly, so that courts may determine cases impartially and independently.

9. Ensure that officials, including government Ministers, refrain from conduct that jeopardizes the rights of the accused to a fair trial. This includes ending the practice by some officials of making public remarks that prejudge the guilt of political suspects.

10. Ensure that members of the judiciary have security of tenure; proper training, including in international human rights standards. and freedom from interference by the executive branch of the government. Ensure that all trials are held in public.

11. Ensure that all persons convicted of crimes have the right to appeal to a higher tribunal.

12. Prohibit incommunicado detention and ensure that all prisoners have immediate, confidential, and regular access to relatives, doctors, and lawyers.

13. Review all criminal laws relating to freedom of expression and association, particularly the 1950 Emergency Provisions Law; the 1975 State Protection Law; the 1962 Printers and Publishers Law and the 1908 Illegal Associations Law and reform them so that the laws are clear and specific, and do not breach the internationally recognized right to freedom of expression and association, and in the absence of a legislature stop using them.

14. In particular, repeal Law No 5/96, the provisions of which allow for up to 20 years’ imprisonment of anyone who drafts a constitution without official permission and otherwise criminalizes the right to freedom of expression and assembly.

15. Repeal any provisions in the 1975 State Protection Law allowing the detention by executive order without charge or trial.

16. Keep procedures for detention and investigation under regular review. All prisoners should be promptly told of their rights, including the right to lodge complaints about their treatment.

17. Abolish all laws, orders, regulations, policies and practice which allow incommunicado detention.

18. Abolish all secret or unofficial places of detention and interrogation under Myanmar law. It should be a punishable offence for any official to hold a person in a secret and/or unofficial place of detention.

19. Ensure in law and in practice that anyone who is arrested is be informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for his or her arrest and is promptly informed of any charges against him or her.

20. Ensure that all detainees receive a medical examination soon after they are arrested, and are provided with proper medical care.

With regard to conditions of detention

21. Ensure that detainees and prisoners in every prison, labour camp, and other detention facilities in Myanmar are treated humanely, and with the respect due to their inherent dignity and value as human beings.

22. Ensure that all detainees and prisoners are held in conditions which meet international standards, and are provided with adequate accommodation, hygiene, food and medical care on a timely basis, and that all prisoners are supplied with mosquito nets.

23. Ensure that all detainees and prisoners have opportunities for socialization with one another; and that all prisoners have access to reading materials of their choice, and writing materials.

With regard to torture and ill-treatment

24. Define torture in law, according to internationally accepted definitions, as a specific crime of the utmost gravity in the Myanmar Penal Code, and issue clear orders to all members of the security forces not to torture or otherwise ill-treat anyone in their custody.

25. Introduce measures to safeguard against the use of torture and ill-treatment in interrogation, and to ensure that no evidence extracted as a result of such treatment is admissible in court, for example by recording the questioning of suspects and ensuring that such recordings are made available to defendants and their legal representatives.

26. All detainees must be brought before a judicial authority promptly after being taken into custody and have prompt their access to lawyers, medical professionals and their families.

27. Initiate prompt, effective, independent, and impartial investigations into all allegations of torture or ill-treatment, whether they are held in prisons or other official places of detention and where there is evidence of torture bring to justice all suspected perpetrators, including those who had ordered or acquiesced to torture or ill-treatment, in proceedings which meet international standards of fairness.

28. Ensure that confessions or other evidence obtained through torture are never invoked in legal proceedings, except as proof of torture or ill-treatment

With regard to disciplinary measures within prisons

29. Ensure that disciplinary measures within prisons do not constitute torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, that shackling and corporal punishment are not used as a form of punishment, and that all reports of such treatment are promptly, independently and effectively investigated and perpetrators are prosecuted in proceedings which meet international standards of fairness.

With regard to all reported deaths in custody

30. Independently and impartially investigate all reports of deaths in custody, and where the death occurred as a result of unlawful acts by officials or other persons, promptly bring perpetrators to justice in proceedings which meet international standards of fairness. Give families of the deceased and their lawyers access to information about the investigation procedure, and to other forms of redress, including compensation

With regard to the harassment of released political prisoners and their families

31. Ensure that former prisoners, political activists and their families are not subjected to arbitrary detention, discrimination or harassment.

With regard to the International Community

32. Implement the recommendations of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 59/263 on the situation of Human Rights in Myanmar, adopted without vote by the General Assembly on 23 December 2004.

33. Accede without reservations to international human rights treaties, in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its protocols; the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and its protocol; and the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination.

List of Prisoners of conscience and Possible Prisoners of Conscience in Myanmar.

This list gives details of a selected number of individuals whom Amnesty International believes have, or may have been imprisoned in Myanmar on account of their peaceful exercise of the rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly, and of those held without charge or trial under the State Protection Law. Amnesty International calls for the immediate and unconditional release of anyone among the more than 1,350 political prisoners in Myanmar who has been penalized solely for their peaceful exercise of these rights

Name / Age	AUNG KO OO / Male, not known	He was arrested with four others for the formation without official permission of a student union, distributing a statement about the student union to several universities, and planning to hold a students' conference on Human Rights Day, 10 December 2003. He was allegedly the student union's Executive Committee member. It is believed that he and others were tortured during interrogation.
Political Party / Role / Place	Thingangyun, Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	13 years / SLORC Law 6/1988
Date of Arrest	16 July 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

Name / Age	AUNG KYAW HEIN AKA KYAW ZAW (KO) / M, date of birth 1972	He was arrested in 1998 with scores of other students, and sentenced for his peaceful activities to re-establish a student union in Myanmar. This is his second period of imprisonment - he was previously imprisoned for displaying a picture of assassinated independence campaigner General Aung San at a stand during water festival celebrations in 1991, when he was a high school student. His father, U Kyi Tin Oo who was imprisoned for political reasons in 1994 and died shortly after his release from detention in 2004. He is being held 680 miles from his home a journey of more than 15 hours by road, in a prison where malaria is reportedly endemic.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth / Hlaing Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA Section 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	March 1998
Prison Held	Kalay Prison
Health Concerns	Malaria, urinary tract infection and related problems
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

Name / Age	AUNG KYAW OO AKA KYAW WIN THEIN	He has served a sentence for alleged contact with the ABSDF, and is now serving his second sentence, received while he was still imprisoned. He received a second sentence for writing a poem while imprisoned in Insein Prison, which was reportedly included in a magazine prepared by prisoners to commemorate the 75th anniversary of Yangon University. A total of 24 prisoners were given sentences at the beginning of 1996 in connection with their circulation of news within the prison, their preparation of a magazine, and their attempts to report on human rights violations in the prison. While authorities investigated the incident many were held in cells designed for military dogs, made to sleep on concrete floors without bedding and deprived of food and water. They were also reportedly denied legal representation at their trial, at which a number reported that they had been tortured. Two persons sentenced at this time subsequently died in custody, one of whom was arrested at the same time and was the same age as Aung Kyaw Oo.
Political Party / Role / Place	alleged ABSDF, from Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	12 years + 7 years / 1950 EPA, 5[j,] [e], UAA, 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	August 1991
Prison Held	Tharawaddy
Health Concerns	liver, kidney disease, various health problems
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

Name / Age	AUNG KYI or GYI, male	He was arrested with four others for the formation without official permission of a student union, distributing a statement about the student union to several universities, and planning to hold a students' conference on Human Rights Day, 10 December 2003. He was allegedly the student union's chair. It is believed that he and others were tortured during interrogation.
Political Party / Role / Place	South Okkalappa 1 Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	15 years / SLORC law 6/88
Date of Arrest	14 June 2003
Prison Held	Insein
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student ( Law)

Name / Age	AUNG PWINT AKA AWAYLU / Male, c. 55	He is reported to have been sentenced to eight years imprisonment in connection with the making of unauthorised video tapes, including of forced labour, and allegedly passing news to organizations outside the country. He was charged with leaving the country without official permission. He is reported to have suffered a gastric ulcer in detention. He is a well-known poet, and has also worked for a media group.
Political Party / Role / Place	Pathein Ayeyarwady Division
Sentence / Legislation	Eight years / UAA 17 (1), Immigration Act 13 (1),
Date of Arrest	September 1999
Prison Held	Tharawaddy
Health Concerns	gastric ulcer
Torture Concern
Profession	Poet And Videographer

Name / Age	AUNG MYAT THU / Male, not known	He is believed to have been arrested in connection with student demonstrations supporting educational reforms and NLD calls to convene parliament in September 1998. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	Bilin township Mon state
Sentence / Legislation	14 years / 1950 Emergency Provisions Act 5 [j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Mawlamyine Prison Mon State
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

Name / Age	AUNG SAN SUU KYI (DAW) / f, 1945	She has been detained since she and NLD members travelling on party business in Upper Myanmar were violently attacked, in what is believed to have been a state orchestrated operation. Authorities stated that she and other NLD members were being held under “protective custody.” She was held incommunicado in an undisclosed location for more than four months until September 2003 when she was put under house arrest after undergoing surgery. She was reportedly informed in November 2004 that she was being held under the 1975 State Protection Law, which allows detention without charge or trial on executive order. She was held under house arrest between July 1989 and May 1995 and between September 2000 and May 2002, and in intervening periods has had her movement severely restricted. She has never been charged or tried for any of these periods of detention. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while under house arrest in 1991.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD General Secretary
Sentence / Legislation	none / 1975 SPL
Date of Arrest	30 May 2003
Prison Held	House arrest
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

Name / Age	AUNG SOE MYINT / Male, not known	He was arrested for possessing a motorcycle without license, and had been arrested after a minor accident in which the injured party did not wish to pursue a complaint. It is believed that he has been selectively prosecuted on behalf of his political activities, as the possession of motorcycles without license is widespread and individuals are reportedly seldom prosecuted for this offence. He was reportedly tortured in pre-trial detention, and has had health problems in detention.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD MP elect, Taungoo Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	7 years
Date of Arrest	19 August 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	Diabetes, high blood pressure
Torture Concern
Profession

Name / Age	AUNG TUN	He was arrested with a group of students and veteran political activists for allegedly writing a history of the student movement and its prominent role in political activism in Myanmar. He had reportedly coordinated the writing of the document, which ran into several volumes. Veteran student activists from the previous 40 years were arrested and sentenced at the same time, at least two of whom have reportedly died in prison. He was reportedly tortured during interrogation. This is his second period of detention as a result of his political activities.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU CC member
Sentence / Legislation	17 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17 (1), PPRA
Date of Arrest	17 February 1998
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

10.

Name / Age	AYE AUNG / dob c. 1974	Aye Aung was arrested in connection with peaceful demonstrations by students in favour of convening parliament. He is believed to have distributed leaflets to the public. He is being held 680 miles from his home, a journey of more than 14 hours by public transport, in a prison where malaria is endemic. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU / Thingangyun Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	24 or 45 years / EPA 5 [j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	14 September 1998
Prison Held	Kalay Prison
Health Concerns	malaria and typhoid
Torture Concern
Profession	Student (Physics)

11.

Name / Age	AYE KYU (U) AKA MONYWA AUNG SHIN / Male, at least 60	He was sentenced for allegedly writing a statement calling for the lifting of restrictions recently placed on the NLD, including the release of senior party leaders from house arrest. At least four other senior NLD members were sentenced with him, and accused by authorities of attempting to incite unrest, and breaking laws that require any printed material to be approved by the official censor.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD DOC vice chair, NLD CEC member / Monywa Township Sagaing Division
Sentence / Legislation	21 yrs / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	14/09/00
Prison Held	Insein
Health Concerns	asthma and respiratory problems
Torture Concern
Profession	Journalist / Poet

12.

Name / Age	AYE MYINT THAN (DAW) / female, aged c.50	She was arrested in a crackdown on opposition activists and students in September 1998, after the NLD called for parliament to be convened. Many of those arrested at the time were reportedly tortured in detention. It is believed that she was imprisoned for her peaceful political activities in support of the Committee Representing the People's Parliament, as a member of the NLD, and for possessing NLD materials. Her daughter, Hnin May Aung, was arrested at the same time and is also imprisoned. She has had two strokes in prison. She is being held c. 170 miles from her home. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD TOC secretary / Thingangyun township Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	7 or 21 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	August 1998
Prison Held	Myaungmya Prison
Health Concerns	heart disease, arthritis, 2 strokes
Torture Concern
Profession	Primary School Teacher

13.

Name / Age	BA MYO THEIN AKA KO MYO / c. 38	He was arrested in 1991 for alleged connections to the CPB, and has served this part of his sentence. He was given a second term of imprisonment with a group of prisoners while in prison in 1996, for taking part in the gathering of information on human rights violations in Insein Prison to transmit to the United Nations. A total of 24 prisoners were given sentences at the beginning of 1996 in connection with their circulation of news within the prison, their preparation of a magazine, and their attempts to report on human rights violations in the prison. While authorities investigated many were held in cells designed for military dogs, made to sleep on concrete floors without bedding during winter months, and deprived of food and water. They were also reportedly denied legal representation at their trial, at which a number stated that they had been tortured. He is being detained 340 miles from his home, a journey of approximately 10 hours by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	Alleged CPB, Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven + 12 years ) / 1950 EPA, 5 [e] + [j], UAA 17 (1) Penal code 6A
Date of Arrest	1991
Prison Held	Thayet Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Civil Servant

14.

Name / Age	BO BO HAN / m	Bo Bo Han was arrested in connection with the peaceful demonstrations held in Yangon in December 1991 which called for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and other political prisoners. He was given a second sentence in 2001 in connection with a skirmish between prisoners in Taungoo Prison, in which he was reportedly not involved.
Political Party / Role / Place	Shan State
Sentence / Legislation	15 years imprisonment; commuted to 10 years 1.1.93 + 7 years' imprisonment 11/01 / 1950 EPA 5 [j], SPL Section 10 [a]
Date of Arrest	02/12/91
Prison Held	Thayet Prison Magway Division
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

15.

Name / Age	BO BO OO / Male, c. 40	The original reason for his arrest is not known. He was sentenced to a second prison term while still imprisoned for disseminating news from overseas broadcasts with Insein Prison in 1995. A total of 24 prisoners were given sentences at the beginning of 1996 in connection with their circulation of news within the prison, their preparation of a magazine, and their attempts to report on human rights violations in the prison. While authorities investigated the incident many were held in cells designed for military dogs, made to sleep on concrete floors without bedding during winter months, and deprived of food and water. They were also reportedly denied legal representation at their trial, at which a number stated that they had been tortured. Two persons sentenced at this time subsequently died in custody, one of whom was in his 30s. He is being held nearly 400 miles from his home, a journey of at least 12 hours by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	22 years / UAA 17 (1), 1950 EPA, 5 [e] 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	1991
Prison Held	Myingyan Prison
Health Concerns	respiratory disease
Torture Concern
Profession	Finished degree. Small business owner

16.

Name / Age	HAN SEIN (U)	U Han Sein was arrested on account of his alleged possession and distribution of the "New Era" journal. Ten others were sentenced on similar charges.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Pabedan (Yangon Division)
Sentence / Legislation	20 years imprisonment / UAA 17(1); 1950 EPA, 5(J), PPRA 17/ 20
Date of Arrest	10 August 1993
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison, Bago Division
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	TV Video Store Owner

17.

Name / Age	HLA SHWE (U) AKA AUNG THA / m, c. 60	He is a political veteran and former student activist. He was sentenced for allegedly assisting Ko Aung Tun write a history of the student movement in Myanmar, with several others. He has reportedly suffered cardiac problems, and was imprisoned three times in the 1980s under suspicion of being a member of the CPB, when he is believed to have been badly tortured. His son, Set Aung Naing, was arrested at the same time as him and is serving a sentence of 14 years' imprisonment. He is being held over 300 miles away from his home, a journey of more than 12 hours by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	formerly People's Progressive Party / Thingangyun Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years / 1950 EPA 5 [j], PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	February 1998
Prison Held	Thayet
Health Concerns	heart attack, gastric ulcer
Torture Concern
Profession	Quail Farmer

18.

Name / Age	HNIN MAY AUNG (MA) / female dob 1975	She was arrested in connection with small demonstrations in Yangon that took place in support of student rights and for the convening of parliament. She was reportedly tortured in detention and was held incommunicado for several months after arrest. She is being held more than five hours away from her home.
Political Party / Role / Place	Thingangyun Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	42 years' imprisonment / 5 j, PPRA 17/20/21
Date of Arrest	29/09/98
Prison Held	Myaungmya
Health Concerns	Various
Torture Concern
Profession	Student (Physics)

19.

Name / Age	HTAY HLAING / Male, not known	Htay Hlaing was arrested after he and other teachers called on the SPDC to have dialogue with the NLD. It is believed that he was ill-treated in interrogation. He is being held 175 miles from his home, a journey of approximately eight hours by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	not known / Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	13 years / 1950 EPA 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	November 1996
Prison Held	Taungoo
Health Concerns	asthma, gastric complaints
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Private Teacher/Landlord

20.

Name / Age	KHAING KAUNG SAN / Male, not known	He was forcibly returned from Thailand to Myanmar. He had been living in Thailand as an asylum-seeker for several years. He was granted official refugee status by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 2000. He is reported to be a well known political dissident and human rights activist who worked closely with Arakanese organizations in providing political, socio-cultural and economic support to Arakanese people in Thailand.
Political Party / Role / Place	ALD vice chairman
Sentence / Legislation	10 years / UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	5 December 2000
Prison Held	Thayet Prison Magway Division
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession

21.

Name / Age	KHIN KHIN LEH (MA) / f, dob 1966	She was arrested in connection with a demonstration to commemorate the assassination of General Aung San and to support the NLD, the lowering of food prices and revision of civil servants' salaries. Her three year old daughter was arrested at the same time, and was held with her in custody for up to five days.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	life / 1950 EPA 5 [j], UAA 17(1)
Date of Arrest	July 1999
Prison Held	Insein
Health Concerns	lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, dysentery
Torture Concern
Profession	Teacher

22.

Name / Age	KHIN MAUNG KYI (U) / Male, 56 dob 1948	He was arrested for allegedly distributing leaflets in November and December 1998, and accused of carrying out anti-government activities "under the pretext of democracy." He is imprisoned at least 250 miles from his home, a journey of approximately 10 hours by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Mon State EC member / Mon State
Sentence / Legislation	10 years / 1950 EPA [5j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	8 September 1998
Prison Held	Thayet
Health Concerns	gout
Torture Concern	YES
Profession

23.

Name / Age	KHIN MAUNG SWE AKA YE KYAW / aged c. 62 dob 1942	He was arrested in 1990 under charges of support for the formation of a parallel government, and was released under an amnesty in 1992. He was rearrested and on the basis that authorities alleged he had told diplomats and foreign journalists "fabricated news" and had allegedly given them documents produced by expatriate groups, the terms of his amnesty were revoked, and he was given a further sentence of seven years' imprisonment. He has reportedly had chronic health problems in detention, and has been held for the majority of the time in Myingyan prison c. 400 miles from his family, a journey of at least 12 hours.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / MP-elect / Yangon (Sanchaung)
Sentence / Legislation	10 + seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [e]
Date of Arrest	4 July 1994
Prison Held	Mandalay
Health Concerns	Haemorrhoids, gastric ulcer
Torture Concern
Profession	Geologist

24.

Name / Age	KHIN MAUNG WIN / Male, not known	He was arrested for staging a peaceful demonstration outside City Hall in Yangon, with fellow law student Thet Naung Soe. He had reportedly handed out leaflets the previous day, calling on authorities to initiate political dialogue with the NLD
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	7 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	18 August 2002
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student (Law)

25.

Name / Age	KHIN ZAW WIN (U) ALIAS KELVIN / dob 30/01/50; m	He was arrested at Yangon airport on his return to Singapore in connection with papers, computer disks and letters which he was carrying with him which allegedly included "anti-government sentiments". He was among a group of prisoners who were penalized in 1996 for allegedly attempting to send information regarding poor prison conditions in Insein to the UN, and for circulating news in the prison. They were placed in military dog cells, forced to sleep on concrete floors with no bedding, and forbidden any visits from their families. He is being held in a prison more than 900 miles from his family, a journey of approximately 24 hours by train.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	15 years / 1950 EPA, 5[e], UAA, 17 (1), currency and customs charges; OSA, section 5
Date of Arrest	4 July 1994
Prison Held	Myitkyina Prison
Health Concerns	Gastric problems, arthritis, haemorrhoids
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Overseas Student; Dentist

26.

Name / Age	KHIN SOE / Male, not known	He was arrested for distributing pamphlets characterized by authorities as propaganda, and "instigative" in July 1998.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD TOC chair / Ye Mon State
Sentence / Legislation	20 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j], UAA 17(1)
Date of Arrest	22/12/98
Prison Held	Tharawaddy
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

27.

Name / Age	KYAW KHIN (U) / 69 years old	He was sentenced for giving a leaflet containing the list of awards conferred on Daw Aung San Suu Kyi to a girl and for a peace of paper allegedly found at a seat used by him and which contained the predictions by the BBC for the following year. Authorities reportedly penalized him for photocopying an NLD leaflet, which had been approved by the official censor. He was previously detained between 1996 and January 2005. Authorities had sentenced him to 10 year’ imprisonment, and alleged that he had been contacted to obtain "recorded videotapes with antigovernment messages broadcast by foreign television stations" to agitate civil unrest.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / (MP) of No.1, Constituency of Taunggyi Township, Shan State
Sentence / Legislation	14 years / 1950 EPA 5(J), 1962 PPRA 17
Date of Arrest	25 February 2005
Prison Held
Health Concerns	Heart disease
Torture Concern
Profession	Trade Corporation Officer In A Jade Mine

28.

Name / Age	KYAW MIN YU AKA JIMMY, 32 years	Kyaw Min Yu was arrested in connection with his political activities, including the formation of a student union. He was originally held without charge or trial and then charged with trying to incite unrest, and has completed this sentence. He received a second sentence while still imprisoned in connection with his alleged involvement in plans to distribute news from overseas broadcasts within Insein Prison, and to contact the United Nations Human Rights Commission about conditions in the prison. A total of 24 prisoners were given sentences at the beginning of 1996 in connection with their circulation of news within the prison, their preparation of a magazine, and their attempts to report on human rights violations in the prison. While authorities investigated many were held in cells designed for military dogs, made to sleep on concrete floors without bedding during winter months, and deprived of food and water. They were also reportedly denied legal representation at their trial, at which a number reported that they had been tortured. He is reported to have been severely tortured during detention, including in the suppression of a hunger strike in Insein Prison in 1990, during which prisoners requested the right to read books. His brother is a former political prisoner.
Political Party / Role / Place	DPNS / Hlaing Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	20 years ; commuted to 10 years 01/01/93 + 7 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [a], 5 [e]
Date of Arrest	1989
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns	Malnutrition, gastric problems
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

29.

Name / Age	KYAW MYO MIN / Male, not known	He was arrested with his wife, Kyi Kyi Win, for allegedly contacting NLD members in Thailand and for allegedly distributing political literature, videotapes and stickers.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Bilin township Mon State
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, section 5 [j], 17 (1), 13 (1)
Date of Arrest	2000
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

30.

Name / Age	KYAW SAN (U) / 73 years old	U Kyaw San was penalized for having goods at his house without the correct import documentation. The goods reportedly did not belong to him, He staged a month long hunger strike in protest at his arrest. He had been released from prison on 19 November 2004, where he had been held since September 1998. He had been sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment in 1992, reportedly for distributing pamphlets, and was released in 1995. When the NLD called for the convening of parliament, authorities rearrested him and made him serve the remainder of his previous prison sentence, from which he had been released, reportedly under the condition that he would have to serve the remainder of his sentence should he reoffend by engaging in politics.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD MP-elect Tantse Township, Sagaing Division chairman
Sentence / Legislation	7 years’ imprisonment, under import and export legislation
Date of Arrest	17 March 2005
Prison Held	Insein
Health Concerns	hypertension
Torture Concern
Profession	Former military colonel

31.

Name / Age	KYAW SWA / M dob 1964	He was sentenced for his suspected involvement in plans for demonstrations by political groups in exile. It is believed that he was badly tortured in interrogation.
Political Party / Role / Place	Tamway Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	36 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17(1)
Date of Arrest	September 1999
Prison Held	Yangon
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

32.

Name / Age	KYI KYI MIN (MA) AKA MA HTAY HTAY NGWE YEE / female, not known	Authorities alleged she and her husband Kyaw Myo Min brought stickers and other materials from opposition groups in exile during 1999 into Myanmar urging people to support the convening of parliament and in support of demonstrations against one party rule.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Bilin township Mon State
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17(1)
Date of Arrest	2000
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

33.

Name / Age	LWIN AUNG (KO) / M	He was arrested in connection with student plans to convene a meeting to discuss current national and international political affairs.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	7 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	9 August 1996
Prison Held	Not known
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

34.

Name / Age	MA OO (MA) (F), c. 40	She was arrested in connection with student demonstrations in favour of the legitimisation of student unions, and is currently reported to be in a poor state of health. She was denied legal counsel at her trial. This is her second period of imprisonment for political reasons. She is being held more than 400 miles from her home, a journey of more than 12 hours by train.
Political Party / Role / Place	Mandalay
Sentence / Legislation	14 years
Date of Arrest	December 1996
Prison Held	Insein
Health Concerns	rheumatoid arthritis, upper respiratory tract infection
Torture Concern
Profession	Former student

35.

Name / Age	MAUNG MAUNG LAY	He is believed to have been arrested for distributing testimony from victims of the violent attack on NLD members at Depayin in May 2003. He has been arrested on account of his political activities before.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Kyimindine Township Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	7 years / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest	June 2003
Prison Held	Insein
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Onion and chilli salesman

36.

Name / Age	MAY WIN MYINT (DAW) / f, 54 yrs. old 08/03/1950	Daw May Win Myint was among a group arrested after an attempt by the NLD to hold a meeting with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD Youth in Mayangone township, which authorities characterized as "anti-government activities with a mob." She is reported to have been deprived of drinking water and to have been mistreated during interrogation. She is being detained under an administrative detention law beyond the expiry of her sentence.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / MP-elect / Mayagone 2 Yangon Division
Sentence / Legislation	6 years imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j], SPL 10 [a]
Date of Arrest	28 October 1997
Prison Held	Insein Prison Yangon
Health Concerns	Heart disease, high blood pressure and arthritis, stiff shoulder
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Medical Doctor

37.

Name / Age	MYAT SAN	Myat San was sentenced for his participation in demonstrations to celebrate Aung San Suu Kyi receiving the Nobel peace prize. He is being held beyond the end of his sentence under section 10 a of the 1950 State Protection Law. He is being held at least 170 miles from his home, a journey of more than eight hours by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Pabedan township Yangon Division
Sentence / Legislation	15 years; commuted to 10 years 1.1.93 / 1950 EPA 5 [j], SPL 10 [a]
Date of Arrest	11 December 1991
Prison Held	Taungoo Prison
Health Concerns	gastric ulcer, tuberculosis
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

38.

Name / Age	MYINT HTAY / Male, c. 38	He is believed to have been charged for distributing false information, for allegedly distributing testimony from victims of the violent attack on NLD members at Depayin in May 2003. He was reportedly tortured during detention. He has been arrested on account of his political activities before. He was reportedly illtreated and penalized for taking part in a hunger strike in Insein Prison in May 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth / Tamway Yangon Division
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years' imprisonment
Date of Arrest	June 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Builder

39.

Name / Age	MYO MIN TUN	He was arrested with four others for the formation without official permission of a student union, distributing a statement about the student union to several universities, and planning to hold a students' conference on Human Rights Day, 10 December 2003. He was allegedly the student union's temporary vice-chair. It is believed that he and others were tortured during interrogation.
Political Party / Role / Place	North Dagon
Sentence / Legislation	13 years / SLORC law 6/88 [6]
Date of Arrest	July 2003
Prison Held	Insein
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student ( Law)

40.

Name / Age	MYO MIN ZAW ALIAS MOE HEIN AUNG / Male, dob 1977	Myo Min Zaw was arrested for his role in student demonstrations calling for improvements to education in the country, and support for NLD calls to convene parliament. He was reportedly tortured in interrogation. He was transferred to Mandalay from Pathein Prison in September 2003 after taking part in a hunger strike calling for the release of political prisoners, including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, implementation of the results of the general election and improvements to living standards for political prisoners. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	SYUF, ABFSU / Bahan Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	52 years / 1950 EPA 5 [j], PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	14 September 1998
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

41.

Name / Age	NAING NAING (U) (SAW) / aged 62 dob 1942	U Naing Naing was arrested for his alleged involvement in the preparation of a statement calling for the release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and for the lifting of restrictions on the National League for Democracy. Previous Imprisonment After authorities refused to transfer power to the NLD, a group of Members of Parliament, allegedly including U Naing Naing, met to discuss the formation of a parallel government until the time that power was transferred. As a result he was imprisoned between 1990 and 1999. Authorities forced him on two occasions to sleep in military dog cells, and deprived him of food and water for extended periods. On the first occasion, he was among prisoners who were being interrogated about how information on the ill-treatment of prisoners had been gathered within the prison. On the second occasion, he was being punished for making a memorial for a political prisoner who had died in custody and who had also been held in a prison dog cell at the same time as U Naing Naing.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / MP-elect / Pazundaung Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	21 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	14/09/00
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	hernia and heart disease
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Former Govt Trade Manager

42.

Name / Age	NAN SHIN MON AKA NAN SHIN NAUNG / Male, not known	He was arrested with four others for the formation without official permission of a student union, distributing a statement about the student union to several universities, and planning to hold a students' conference on Human Rights Day, 10 December 2003. He was allegedly the student union's temporary general secretary. It is believed that he and others were tortured during interrogation. He was reportedly penalized for taking part in a hunger strike in Insein Prison in May 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	15 years / SLORC law 6/88
Date of Arrest	July 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison Yangon
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student (Law

43.

Name / Age	NAY TIN MYINT / 37 years old dob 1967	Nay Tin Myint was imprisoned with 11 others for the distribution and photocopying of journals, which were characterized by authorities as against the government. He was reportedly denied legal representation at his trial. This is the second time he has been imprisoned since 1989, and he was reportedly badly tortured when previously imprisoned between 1989 and 1992. He is believed to have had chronic health problems. He is being held more than 400 miles from his home, a journey of approximately 12 hours by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	Bahan Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	20 years / UAA 17/1, 1950 EPA, 5 [j], PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	7 July 1993
Prison Held	Myingyan Prison, Mandalay Division
Health Concerns	malnutrition, gastric disease and impaired movement, peripheral neuropathy, bad respiratory problems
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student (Zoology)

44.

Name / Age	NE WIN (KO) / Male, c. 43 years old	He is believed to have been arrested for distributing testimony from victims of the violent attack on NLD members at Depayin in May 2003. He has been arrested on account of his political activities before.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Dagon Township
Sentence / Legislation	7 years / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest	June 2003
Prison Held	Insein
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Builder

45.

Name / Age	OHN THAN (U) / Male, 58 years old	He was reportedly arrested for staging a peaceful one man protest outside United Nations offices in Yangon, calling for the convening of parliament under UN supervision, and for an investigation into the attack on NLD members at Depayin on 30 May 2003. He was reportedly sentenced for inciting unrest. This is reportedly his third period of imprisonment for political reasons.
Political Party / Role / Place	Dagon Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	two years / 515 b
Date of Arrest	September 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Forestry Department Employee

46.

Name / Age	PHYO MIN THEIN / Male, not known	He is believed to have been arrested in connection with student demonstrations after Daw Aung San Suu Kyi received the Nobel Peace Prize. He received a second sentence while imprisoned in Insein Prison, for allegedly making a cover of a magazine to commemorate the 75th anniversary of Yangon University, prepared clandestinely by prisoners, and for discussing sending information on human rights violations in the prison to the United Nations. A total of 24 prisoners were given sentences at the beginning of 1996 in connection with their circulation of news within the prison, their preparation of a magazine, and their attempts to report on human rights violations in the prison. While authorities investigated the incident many were held in cells designed for military dogs, made to sleep on concrete floors without bedding during winter months, and deprived of food and water. They were also reportedly denied legal representation at their trial, at which a number reported that they had been tortured. He was reportedly severely tortured during interrogation, and is reported to have health problems during his detention. Two persons sentenced at this time subsequently died in custody.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU, DPNS / Tanyin Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17/1
Date of Arrest	December 1991
Prison Held	Myingyan
Health Concerns	Malnutrition, heart problems
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

47.

Name / Age	SAN YA / Male, not known	He is reported to have been sentenced in September 2004 with three NLD members for allegedly receiving foreign satellite stations without official permission for satellite use.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Mon State
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j]; UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	July 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

48.

Name / Age	SAW HLAING (U) / 49 years old	He was sentenced for having “unlicensed” computers and was reportedly denied access to legal counsel. He has been repeatedly arrested for political reasons, including in 1974; 1990; 1998 and 2003.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD MP-elect, Indaw Township / Sagaing Division
Sentence / Legislation	12 years
Date of Arrest	30 March 2005
Prison Held	Katha
Health Concerns	Chronic backache, arthritis
Torture Concern
Profession	Lawyer

49.

Name / Age	SAW NAN DI / Male dob 1935	He was reportedly arrested for representing farmers’ complaints about the rice trade. U Sai Phat, vice chairman of NLD Shan State organizational committee, who was arrested with him died one month after arrest, reportedly of cerebral malaria.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Divisional Organizational Committee chairman / Kengtung Shan state
Sentence / Legislation	7 years six months / 1950 Emergency Provisions Act, 5j, 33 of the Drug Special Act
Date of Arrest	September 2002
Prison Held	Kengtung Prison
Health Concerns	liver and kidney disease
Torture Concern
Profession	Politician

50.

Name / Age	SAW NE DUN (U) / c.84/5 years old	U Saw Ne Dun was sentenced for alleged support for the formation of a government in exile, after authorities failed to recognize the results of the 1991 elections. His wife died on her way to see him in prison in early 2004.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD TOC chairman / Pauk Hkaun Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	17, commuted to 10 years 1.1.93 / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], BPC, 124 (A)
Date of Arrest	1991
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns	asthma, hypertension, heart problems
Torture Concern
Profession

51.

Name / Age	SEIN HLA OO (U) AKA MAUNG NGWE OO / aged 66 dob 1938	Authorities alleged that he had told foreign diplomats and journalists "fabricated news" and distributed documents produced by expatriate groups "to cause misunderstanding of the government". He is also being made to serve the remainder of a previous prison sentence for political reasons, because authorities stated that he “breached his promise and secretly carried out anti-gov't activities.” He had been previously detained between 1990 and 1993 for allegedly taking part in a discussion about the formation of a parallel government. He is being held approximately several days journey from his family by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / MP-elect / Insein 2 Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	7 years + remainder of 10 years previous term / 1950 EPA 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	August 1994
Prison Held	Myitkyina Prison
Health Concerns	hypertension, hernia
Torture Concern
Profession	Former Newspaper Editor And Film Critic

52.

Name / Age	SET AUNG NAING / aged c. 30	He is believed to have been arrested on account of his peaceful activities to campaign for the establishment of a student union in Myanmar, which authorities categorized as activities "to foster student dissatisfaction against the government." His father, U Hla Shwe, was sentenced at the same time for allegedly helping prepare a history of the student movement in Myanmar. This is Set Aung Naing's second term of imprisonment. Set Aung Naing is believed to have been previously arrested in connection with the political activities of his family members. He was reportedly severely tortured in September 1990, and is suffering from kidney disease. He is being held 400 miles from his home, a journey of approximately 12 hours by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	Thingangyun Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17 (1) (2)
Date of Arrest	24 January 1998
Prison Held	Myingyan Prison
Health Concerns	kidney disease
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

53.

Name / Age	SHWE MAUNG / Male, not known	He is reported to have been arrested for moulding a large replica of a khamauk, a hat traditionally worn by rice farmers in Myanmar, and a symbol used by the NLD. He and local NLD activists reportedly celebrated the making of the hat by offering food to local residents in Mandalay. He was reportedly charged with handling stolen goods, charges which are believed to be fabricated, accused in a press conference of trying to incite unrest, and held for a considerable period of time in solitary confinement in a cell without light.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Mandalay
Sentence / Legislation	Three years / not known
Date of Arrest	November 2002
Prison Held	Mandalay
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	Yes
Profession	Goldsmith

54.

Name / Age	SHWE OHN (U) / 82 years old	He was placed under house arrest for taking part in a Shan National Day meeting in Taunggyi on 7 February 2005. It was reported that participants discussed the future of the Shan State and the role of the ceasefire groups at the National Convention. He was previously arrested in December 1992 and sentenced to one year imprisonment for writing and distributing an essay on the form the new constitution should take.
Political Party / Role / Place	Democratic League for the National Races of the Shan State (abolished) / Shan veteran politician
Sentence / Legislation	Reportedly one year of house arrest / 1975 SPL 10 (B)
Date of Arrest	8 February 2005
Prison Held	House arrest
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Lawyer and writer

55.

Name / Age	SOE HAN / Male, c. 50	He was sentenced in connection with the issuing of an NLD statement calling for the lifting of restrictions against party members, including Aung San Suu Kyi, who was under house arrest at the time. He is a former chief court advocate. He served part of a three month sentence handed down in June 2000. He was reportedly widowed in 2000 and is in a poor state of health. He was reportedly penalized for taking part in a hunger strike in Insein Prison in May 2005, and is believed to have been transferred to Thayet Prison.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD DOC member, legal advisory chair / Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	21 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	September 2000
Prison Held	Insein Prison or Thayet Prison
Health Concerns	eye problems
Torture Concern
Profession	Lawyer

56.

Name / Age	SOE MYINT (U) AKA SAYA SOE / Male, not known	He was arrested in 1992 on account of his former affiliations with the Communist Party of Burma, and reportedly because he composed a song commemorating the election victory of the National League for Democracy. He was given a second sentence for his participation in a group in prison who coordinated the production of a magazine, for which he reportedly wrote some songs and short stories. A total of 24 prisoners were given sentences at the beginning of 1996 in connection with their circulation of news within the prison, their preparation of a magazine, and their attempts to report on human rights violations in the prison. While authorities investigated him and others were held in cells designed for military dogs, made to sleep on concrete floors without bedding during winter months, and deprived of food and water. He was held in a dog cell between November 1995 and January 1996. They were also reportedly denied legal representation at their trial, at which a number reported that they had been tortured. This is his third period of imprisonment for political reasons.
Political Party / Role / Place	Alleged CPB / Hlaing township Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	22 years (10 + 7 + 5) / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], 5 [e], UAA 17/1,
Date of Arrest	1992
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns	rheumatoid arthritis
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Veterinary Doctor

57.

Name / Age	SOE MYINT (U) / Male, 58 years old dob 1946	He was arrested in connection with NLD calls to convene parliament in 1998. He was reportedly admitted to Insein Prison hospital in September. His son, Lin Lin Tun, was also imprisoned in the same connection, and is suffering from heart and gastric disease in Mandalay Prison. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / MP-elect / Min Bu1 Magway Division
Sentence / Legislation	14 or 28 years
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	heart condition, arthritis, high blood pressure, paralysis
Torture Concern
Profession	Former Teacher And Businessman

58.

Name / Age	THAN HLAING / Male, not known	He was arrested after he protested against the confiscation of his land used for rice paddy by the army and the Union Solidarity and Development Association, by leading others whose land had been taken to local authorities to ask for its return. He was reportedly denied access to lawyers at his trial.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	2000
Prison Held	Taungoo Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Farmer

59.

Name / Age	THAN HTAY (U)	He was arrested in August 2004, and was reportedly sentenced with his son, Than Htun Oo, his nephew and one other for alleged infringements under import and export legislation, relating to his son's electronic shop. It is believed that he was sentenced in connection with his political activism, and his refusal to cease political activities. He had reportedly been under pressure from local SPDC authorities to resign from his position of elected MP and was also reportedly active in an NLD signature gathering campaign for the release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. He was arrested in September 1998 and detained by authorities after refusing to report twice daily to them and not to travel. He was also held in incommunicado detention in 1996 to prevent him from attending an NLD meeting.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD MP elect, Lashio Shan State
Sentence / Legislation	Three years
Date of Arrest	August 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	Yes, kidney problems when previously detained
Torture Concern
Profession	Lawyer

60.

Name / Age	THAN HTAY (MA) AKA MALAYI / female, not known	She and another nun staged a peaceful protest outside City Hall in Yangon, the capital of Myanmar, calling for political dialogue and protesting increases in food prices. Authorities stated that they were committing "destructive acts in the name of religion", and had been instructed to do this by the opposition in exile. She was also charged under the Immigration Act for leaving the country illegally. She is being imprisoned at least 12 hours by road from her home.
Political Party / Role / Place	Lemyethna
Sentence / Legislation	13 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17 (1), Immig. Act 13 (1)
Date of Arrest	16 January 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Nun

61.

Name / Age	THAN MIN ALIAS TIN TUN AUNG / dob c. 1958	Than Min was sentenced for sending allegedly "threatening" letters written by NLD MP-elect Dr. Aung Khin Sint and information about the NLD to National Convention delegates, characterized by authorities as "instigative letters for disrupting the National Convention".
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD EC member / Mingala Thaungnyunt Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	20 years / UAA 17 (1), 1950 EPA, 17(1), 1962 PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	03/08/93
Prison Held	Taungoo Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

62.

Name / Age	THAN NYEIN (DR.) / 67 years old dob 1937	He was arrested for attempting to arrange a meeting of local NLD activists with the party's General Secretary, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. He is being held beyond the expiry of his sentence under an administrative detention law that allows authorities to hold prisoners without charge or trial. He went on hunger strike in October 2004 to protest this, and was reportedly transferred as a punishment to Tharawaddy Prison before being returned to Insein hospital. He has been repeatedly hospitalised during his imprisonment. He was moved for the fourth time since his sentence expired, in January 2005, to Pyay Prison
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD MP-elect / MP-elect / Kyauktan 1 Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / SPL, 10 (a) 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	28/10/97
Prison Held	Pyay prison
Health Concerns	chronic liver cirrhosis, heart disease, hypertension, renal stones and bleeding, swollen abdomen
Torture Concern
Profession	Medical Doctor

63.

Name / Age	THAN OO (KO) / M	He was arrested in August 1996, reportedly for planning a student group meeting to discuss world affairs, the UN, ASEAN, ethnic minority issues and political and social conditions.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	9 August 1996
Prison Held	Myingyan Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

64.

Name / Age	THAN THAN HTAY (DAW) / female, not known	She is reported to have been sentenced in September 2004 with three other NLD members for allegedly receiving foreign satellite stations without official permission for satellite use, and under suspicion of communicating news to opposition groups in exile. She and others were reportedly not allowed to testify in court.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Women's Wing, DOC member / Magway Division Myothit 2
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA 5j, 13 (1)
Date of Arrest	8 June 2004
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

65.

Name / Age	THAN THAN HTAY (MA) / f dob 1967	She was reportedly arrested for taking part in campaigns on education initiated by student groups in exile. She was previously imprisoned on account of her activities as a member of the ABFSU.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	17 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	2000
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	arthritis
Torture Concern
Profession

66.

Name / Age	THAUNG TUN, AKA NYEIN THIT / Male, not known	He is reported to have been sentenced to eight years imprisonment for allegedly making unauthorised video tapes, including of forced labour, and sending them outside the country. He is a well-known poet, and has also worked for the MV media group.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Mandalay
Sentence / Legislation	Eight years / 17 (1), 13 (1) Immigration Act
Date of Arrest	October 1999
Prison Held	Mawlamyine Prison
Health Concerns	gastric ulcer
Torture Concern
Profession	Poet

67.

Name / Age	THEIN NAING OO(U) /	He was sentenced in September 2003 for allegedly distributing information about the attack on NLD members at Depayin on 30 May 2003.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Dallah Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	June 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	YES
Torture Concern
Profession

68.

Name / Age	THET NAUNG SOE / Male, not known	Thet Naung Soe, a final year law student, was arrested for staging a peaceful demonstration outside City Hall in Yangon, with fellow law student Khin Maung Win. He had reportedly handed out leaflets the previous day, calling on authorities to initiate political dialogue with the NLD.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	14 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	18 August 2002
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	Mental illness
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

69.

Name / Age	THET WEI / Male, not known	He was sentenced in connection with U Ohn Than’s peaceful demonstration outside UNDP offices in Yangon.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD TOC chairman / Sanchaung Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Two years
Date of Arrest	September 2004
Prison Held
Health Concerns	YES
Torture Concern
Profession

70.

Name / Age	THET WIN AUNG Male, dob c. 1972	Thet Win Aung was arrested in connection with peaceful student demonstrations which protested against the poor quality of education and the human rights situation in Myanmar. This is the second time he has been detained -- he was reportedly held in prison for 9 months in 1991, during which period he is reported to have been tortured. He is being held around 400 miles from his home, a journey of around 12 hours.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU / Member / Tamway Township
Sentence / Legislation	59 years / 1950 EPA 5[j] UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	4 October 1998
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns	Mental illness, malaria and other ailments
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

71.

Name / Age	THET OO / c. 45	He was arrested for the alleged distribution of New Era, an opposition journal produced in Thailand.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	20 years imprisonment / UAA, 17(1) 1950 EPA, 5(1), 1962 PPRA, 17/20
Date of Arrest	19/06/93
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns	He reportedly has one leg disabled by polio, hypertension and Menier's disease, and hearing problems
Torture Concern
Profession	Businessman

72.

Name / Age	TIN TIN NYO (Ma) (f)	She was sentenced in September 2003 for allegedly writing to Daw Aung San Suu Kyi about the state of education in the country.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Dallah Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	June 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	YES
Torture Concern
Profession	c. 40 years old

73.

Name / Age	TIN TIN OO (MA) AKA THAYZAWADDY / female	She and another nun staged a peaceful protest outside City Hall in Yangon, the capital of Myanmar, calling for political dialogue and protesting increases in food prices. Authorities stated in a press conference that they were committing "destructive acts in the name of religion", and had been instructed to do this by the opposition in exile. She was also charged under the Immigration Act for leaving the country illegally.
Political Party / Role / Place	Labutta Ayeyarwady Division
Sentence / Legislation	seven or 15 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA,5j, UAA 17 (1), Immigration Act 3 (1)
Date of Arrest	16/01/03
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Buddhist Nun

74.

Name / Age	TIN MYINT (U) / Male, not known	He was arrested with three other NLD members, and reportedly sentenced for owning satellite television equipment without official permission. He and others were reportedly not allowed to present testimony during the trial.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD TOC secretary / Thingangyun Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA 5 [j], 13 (1)
Date of Arrest	8 June 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

75.

Name / Age	TIN OO (U) / aged 77 dob 1927	He was detained by authorities after he and other NLD officials and members were violently attacked in what is believed to have been a state orchestrated operation. He was held in Kalay Prison and transferred into house arrest in February 2004. He was held in Insein Prison between 1990 and 1995 on account of his peaceful political activities. He has also been made to remain under effective house arrest during successive crackdowns on NLD political activities, including in September 2000, after he and other senior officials of the NLD had been prevented from leaving the capital on party business. His detention was increased by a further year on 13 February 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD vice Chairman
Sentence / Legislation	1975 SPL
Date of Arrest	30 May 2003
Prison Held	house arrest
Health Concerns	Deep vein thrombosis
Torture Concern
Profession	Former Chief Of Staff Of Armed Forces And Former Minister Of Defence

76.

Name / Age	TUN LIN KYAW, male aged 28 years old	He was arrested for staging a peaceful one-man demonstration outside City Hall in Yangon on 14 December 2004. He reportedly protested the continued detention of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and called for her release. He was reportedly sentenced in February 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth member, Sanchaung Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years, 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	December 2004
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Former bodyguard for Daw Aung San Suu Kyi

77.

Name / Age	TUN MYINT AUNG / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with student support for the convening of parliament. He was mentioned in a press conference by authorities in October 1998 and was charged with contacting people to take part in calls for the convening of parliament. He is a former political prisoner who after his release opened a gallery with a prominent artist. He is being held nearly 400 miles from his home, a journey of at least 11 hours by train.
Political Party / Role / Place	Kyimindine Yangon Division
Sentence / Legislation	21 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	August 1998
Prison Held	Myingyan Prison
Health Concerns	oedema
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Art Gallery Manager

78.

Name / Age	WIN HTUT LWIN / Male, not known	He was arrested with four others for the formation without official permission of a student union; distributing a statement about the student union to several universities, and planning to hold a students' conference on Human Rights Day, 10 December 2003. He was allegedly the student union's Executive Committee member. It is believed that he and others were tortured during interrogation.
Political Party / Role / Place	South Okkalappa 1 Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	13 years / SLORC Law 6/88
Date of Arrest	16 July 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student ( Chemistry)

79.

Name / Age	WIN HTEIN / aged c. 54 dob 1950	Win Htein was sentenced for allegedly organizing farmers and NLD members to collect agricultural statistics, including video footage of dry rice-fields and for instructing a young man to be interviewed about the torture of political prisoners in Myanmar's jails. He is a senior advisor to Aung San Suu Kyi. This is the second time since 1989 that Win Htein has been detained for his peaceful political activities. Win Htein was previously detained as a prisoner of conscience between 1989 and 1995. He is being held at least 12 hours journey by public transport from his home.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Insein Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	7 + 7 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	22 May 1996
Prison Held	Myingyan Prison
Health Concerns	acute spondylitis, high blood pressure and migraines
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Business Consultant And Retired Army Officer

80.

Name / Age	WIN KYWE (U) / Male, not known	He was charged with distributing journals, leaflets and cassettes that criticized authorities and sending news stories to journals and radio stations outside Myanmar, including Radio Free Asia. Authorities characterized these in a press conference in January 1999 as "acts to create panic among local residents".
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD TOC member / Ye Mon State
Sentence / Legislation	10 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	22/12/98
Prison Held	Mawlamyine Prison
Health Concerns	stroke and other ailments
Torture Concern
Profession

81.

Name / Age	WIN TIN AKA U WIN TIN / aged 74 dob 1930	He is serving a 20 year prison sentence. He has received three separate sentences while imprisoned-- firstly for harbouring a girl who had received an illegal abortion, secondly, while still imprisoned for "giving seditious talks, organizing subversive movements within the NLD and writing and publishing pamphlets to incite treason against the state." His third prison sentence of 7 years was given for allegedly writing political analyses: authorities stated he "secretly published anti-government propaganda to create riots in jail". A total of 24 prisoners were given sentences at the beginning of 1996 in connection with their circulation of news within the prison, their preparation of a magazine, and their attempts to report on human rights violations in the prison. While authorities investigated the incident many, including U Win Tin, were held in cells designed for military dogs, made to sleep on concrete floors without bedding during winter months, and deprived of food and water. They were also reportedly denied legal representation at their trial, at which a number reported that they had been tortured. Two persons sentenced at this time subsequently died in custody, one of whom was in his 30s. He has chronic health problems, including spondylitis.
Political Party / Role / Place	NPF, NLD
Sentence / Legislation	20 years / Section 216 of the Burmese Penal Code, 1950 EPA 5 [j],[e]
Date of Arrest	July 1989
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	spondylitis, heart disease, haemorrhoids
Torture Concern
Profession	Journalist; Editor

82.

Name / Age	YE KYAW SWA / m	He was arrested for his part in widespread student demonstrations calling for the legitimisation of student unions and the release of political prisoners. He was tortured in detention, and is reported to have brought this to the attention of the court at his trial. He was previously detained between 1989 and 1994, when he was a high school student. He is being held more than 300 miles from his home, a journey of more than 11 hours by train.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU / Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	19 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17(1), PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	29/12/96
Prison Held	Myingyan Prison
Health Concerns	depression
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

83.

Name / Age	YE HTUT / dob c. 1964	He was sentenced for allegedly sending "concocted news to dissident groups outside Myanmar in order to mislead foreign nations." He stated that he had corresponded with his sister to whom he sent clippings from public Burmese newspapers and magazines and personal letters from family and friends. He is being held 340 miles from his home, a journey of approximately 10 hours by public transport.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	27 September 1995
Prison Held	Thayet Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

84.

Name / Age	YE TUN (KO) / M	He was arrested in August 1996, reportedly for planning a student group meeting to discuss world affairs, the UN, ASEAN, ethnic minority issues and political and social conditions.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	13 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	9 August 1996
Prison Held	Thayet Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

85.

Name / Age	YE MYINT KYAW (KO) OR KO YE MIN KYAW / m	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations calling for the legitimisation of student unions.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	14 years / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest	19 January 1997
Prison Held	Pathein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student From Dagon University

86.

Name / Age	YI YI WIN (MA) / f	She is reported to have been sentenced in September 2004 with three NLD members for allegedly receiving foreign satellite stations without official permission for satellite use. She and others were reportedly not allowed to testify in court.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD member / Theinyazat Mon state
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j], 17 (1),
Date of Arrest	July 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

87.

Name / Age	ZAW MYINT MAUNG (DR) / aged 53 dob 1951	He was imprisoned for his alleged participation in discussions about the formation of a parallel government in Mandalay, and was sentenced at a military tribunal with no legal representation. He is believed to have been deprived of food and sleep during interrogation. He was one of a total of 24 prisoners given further prison sentences at the beginning of 1996 in connection with their circulation of news within the prison, their preparation of a magazine, and their attempts to report on human rights violations in the prison. He was alleged to have written two poems and to have signed a petition for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi. While authorities investigated he and others were held in cells designed for military dogs, made to sleep on concrete floors without bedding during winter months, and deprived of food and water. He was held in a dog cell between November 1995 and January 1996. The group were also reportedly denied legal representation at their trial, at which a number reported that they had been tortured. He is being held more than 400 miles from his home.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / MP-elect / Amarapura 1 Mandalay Division
Sentence / Legislation	20 years, commuted to 10 + 7 years (17 yrs) / 1950 EPA, 5 [e], BPC,122/1, PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	November 1990
Prison Held	Myitkyina Prison
Health Concerns	hepatitis
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Doctor

88.

Name / Age	ZAW WIN / Male, late 40s	He was charged by authorities for distributing leaflets and stickers, which authorities characterised as "anti-government propaganda", and for allegedly passing "false" news to Radio Free Asia.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD TOC member / Ye Mon State
Sentence / Legislation	10 years' / 1950 EPA 5[j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	late 1998
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Carpenter

POSSIBLE PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE

89.

Name / Age	ANNUL (KO) AKA WIN TIN	He was arrested in connection with demonstrations in support of the NLD in Bago Division. Individuals arrested at the time in Bago were reportedly subjected to severe torture.
Political Party / Role / Place	Muslim
Sentence / Legislation	25 years with hard labour / 1950 EPA. 5 [j], UAA 17(1) PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	19 July 1999
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns	Tuberculosis
Torture Concern
Profession	Trader

90.

Name / Age	AUNG KO KO	He is believed to have been arrested in connection with NLD calls to convene parliament in September 1998.
Political Party / Role / Place	Sanchaung township Yangon Division
Sentence / Legislation	14 years imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

91.

Name / Age	AUNG NAING THU / Male, not known	He was reportedly sentenced for alleged contact with opposition political groups in exile. His mother, Daw Hnin Pa Pa, was also sentenced in the same case.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth / Mandalay
Sentence / Legislation	12 years' imprisonment / not known
Date of Arrest	December 2003
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	University Student

92.

Name / Age	AUNG SOE MIN / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with student protests for the formation of people's parliament in September 1998. In 2003 he reportedly went on hunger strike with two other political prisoners, as they were being denied reading and writing materials. He is being held at least 12 hours by train from his home. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	North Okkalappa Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 or 21 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	02/09/98
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

93.

Name / Age	AUNG ZAW OO / Male, not known	He was reportedly arrested in connection with demonstrations planned by opposition groups in exile and for possessing written materials that had not been approved by the official censor. He was transferred from Pathein to Tharawaddy for participating in a hunger strike in 2003 calling for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU / Myingyan Mandalay Division
Sentence / Legislation	14 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5j, PPRA, 17/20
Date of Arrest	1999
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Private Tuition Teacher

94.

Name / Age	AUNG AUNG (KO) / Not known	He was reportedly sentenced with 10 others for allegedly passing news about the situation in the country to opposition political groups in exile.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth / Mandalay
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years' imprisonment
Date of Arrest	December 2003
Prison Held	not known
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Rice And Gold Rings Merchant

95.

Name / Age	AUNG GYI / m	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations for the formation of a student union in December 1996.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon Division
Sentence / Legislation	10 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	20 December 1996
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

96.

Name / Age	AUNG KYI / m	He was sentenced for possession of written materials of a political nature. He was arrested during a crackdown on NLD members and supporters in the summer of 1996.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Mandalay
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5j, Penal Code, 122/2
Date of Arrest	June 1996
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Engineer and Artist

97.

Name / Age	AUNG MYO SAN, Male	He was arrested with three other NLD members and another political activist. He was reported to have been denied access to family and lawyers, and to have been sentenced to life imprisonment in June 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD member, Kamayut Yangon /
Sentence / Legislation	Reportedly to life imprisonment
Date of Arrest	December 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

98.

Name / Age	AYE AYE SWE (MA) (F) / Female, not known	She is believed to have been arrested in connection with calls to convene parliament in September 1998. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	Kyimyindine Yangon Division
Sentence / Legislation	10 years imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Civil Servant

99.

Name / Age	BA CHIT / Male, dob 1951	He was arrested in connection with planned demonstrations in Bago division and accused of being a member of the ABSDF. Persons arrested in this area were reportedly severely tortured.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Division OC member / Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	29 years with hard labour / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17/1
Date of Arrest	18/07/99
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Merchant

100.

Name / Age	BA CHIT / Male, c 70 years old	He was arrested in connection with planned demonstrations in Bago division and accused by authorities of receiving leaflets produced by the opposition in exile. Persons arrested in this area were reportedly severely tortured.
Political Party / Role / Place	/ Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	24 years with hard labour / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17/1, PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	18/07/99
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns	Reported to be in a declining state of health, hypertension, mental health problems
Torture Concern
Profession	Former army captain

101.

Name / Age	BA MYINT (U)/ Male	He was arrested with three other NLD members and another political activist. He was reported to have been denied access to family and lawyers, and to have been sentenced to life imprisonment in June 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Township OC chairman, Ahlone Yangon /
Sentence / Legislation	Reportedly to life imprisonment
Date of Arrest	December 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

102.

Name / Age	BA TINT (U)/ Male	He was arrested with three other NLD members and another political activist. He was reported to have been denied access to family and lawyers, and to have been sentenced to life imprisonment in June 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD member, Ahlone Yangon /
Sentence / Legislation	Reportedly to life imprisonment
Date of Arrest	December 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

103.

Name / Age	BO GYI (U)	He was reportedly arrested with U Pe Tin for allegedly distributing leaflets legally printed and distributed by the NLD. The leaflets reportedly elections of speeches on democracy by Aung San, the father of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. They were reportedly sentenced on 27 May.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Township secretary / Shwekyin Township, Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	7 years / 1962 PPRA 20
Date of Arrest	13 May 2005
Prison Held
Health Concerns	Yes
Torture Concern
Profession

Name / Age	CHAN MYA AUNG (MA) female	She was arrested in a crackdown on opposition activists and students in September 1998, after opposition calls for convening parliament, and student demonstrations. Many of those arrested at the time were reportedly tortured in detention. It is believed that up to 54 other activists were sentenced at the same time, among whom were at least 30 women students.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth
Sentence / Legislation	7 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

104.

Name / Age	CHIT MIN LAY AKA CHIT MIN NAY AKA CHIT MIN OO / Male, dob c. 1972	He was sentenced in connection with student demonstrations in favour of convening parliament. He also had reportedly formed a literary reading group. He was reportedly tortured in detention, and was held incommunicado for some time. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU, Student and Youth Unity Front
Sentence / Legislation	31 years imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	17/09/98
Prison Held	Mawlamyine Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

105.

Name / Age	CHO MA HTWE	She was arrested in connection with NLD calls to convene parliament in September 1998. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD, Kamayut Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	7 or 14 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Mawlamyine Prison
Health Concerns	Hypertension, heart disease
Torture Concern
Torture Concern
Profession	Trader

106.

Name / Age	HAN WIN AUNG (KO) / Male, not known	Han Win Aung was arrested for distributing leaflets criticizing official plans for transition to democracy. He was reportedly penalized for taking part in a hunger-strike in Insein Prison in May 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	South Okkalappa 1 Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest	03/10/03
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession

107.

Name / Age	HLA HTUT SOE / Male, 39	He was reportedly arrested for possessing political written materials and accused of CPB membership. He is a former political prisoner.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	3 years / UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	25/09/02
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	Asthma, mental problems
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Private tuition teacher, sports writer

108.

Name / Age	HLA WIN AKA HARON / Male, not known	The reason for his arrest is believed to be connected to Ko Aung Htun's preparation of a history of the student movement in Myanmar. He has had health problems in detention. He is being held at least 9 hours by road from his home (c. 187 miles)
Political Party / Role / Place	North Dagon Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years / 1950 EPA, 5[j], PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	January 1998
Prison Held	Mawlamyine Prison
Health Concerns	haemorrhoids
Torture Concern
Profession

109.

Name / Age	HLA WIN (KO) / Male, 28 dob 1976	He was arrested in connection with demonstrations planned in Bago division to support the NLD and the revision of civil servants' salaries. People arrested in this area were reportedly severely tortured.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	25 years with hard labour / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17(1)
Date of Arrest	July 1999
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

110.

Name / Age	HNIN PA PA (F) / f	She was arrested, reportedly for communicating with opposition groups in exile, and sentenced in April 2004.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Mandalay
Sentence / Legislation	7 years / not known
Date of Arrest	December 2003
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Dancer

111.

Name / Age	HTAY LWIN OO / Male, not known	He was arrested with a group of NLD members and allegedly sentenced for passing information to opposition groups in exile
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Mandalay
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years
Date of Arrest	December 2003
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

112.

Name / Age	KHIN KYAW (U)/ Male	He was arrested with three other NLD members and another political activist. He was reported to have been denied access to family and lawyers, and to have been sentenced to life imprisonment in June 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD member, Kamayut Yangon /
Sentence / Legislation	Reportedly to life imprisonment
Date of Arrest	December 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

113.

Name / Age	KHIN KYAW / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with his activities as executive committee member of the Free Trade Unions of Burma.
Political Party / Role / Place	Official of the Seamen's Union of Burma, Member of FTUB, ITF-affiliate of the International Transport Workers' Federation (IFT) / Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	17 years imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j]. UAA, 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	13 June 1997
Prison Held	Tharawaddy prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

114.

Name / Age	KHAMMASARA (U) AKA U SAN HLA / Male, c. 20 years old	He and 19 novice monks at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place	Magway Division
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held	Not known
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

115.

Name / Age	KHIN MAUNG AYE / Male, not known	He is believed to have been arrested in a crackdown on political activists and sentenced with c. 40 others, including individuals who participated in the writing of a history of the student movement in Myanmar.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	7 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest	02/02/98
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Lawyer

116.

Name / Age	KHIN WIN ALIAS BODAW KHWIN WIN / dob c. 1944	He was arrested in 2003 for allegedly making connections with opposition groups in exile, receiving funds for "activities opposing the Government", forming "an illegal anti-government gang secretly", and planning to distribute documents to incite unrest. Authorities made a rare response to reports that he had been tortured, including by electroshock therapy, saying that Military Intelligence has no tradition of using such methods, and that the source of his nerve problems came from sleeping with his hands under his pillow. This is his second period of imprisonment
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD
Sentence / Legislation	20 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	nerve damage to hands
Torture Concern	YES
Profession

117.

Name / Age	KO MAUNG (KO) / Male, not known	Ko Ko Maung is believed to have been arrested in connection with activities showing support for the establishment of the CRPP. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth / Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	or 24 years / 1950 Emergency Provisions Act, section 5 [j]

Date of Arrest	02/09/98
Prison Held	Myingyan Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

118.

Name / Age	KONTARA (U) AKA KYAW MYINT / Male, c. 20 years old	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place	Sagaing Division
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

119.

Name / Age	KYAW AYE NAING / Male, not known	Authorities stated that he had received funds from political groups in exile to support political prisoners. He was given a second term in 2002 while imprisoned in connection with a skirmish that happened between two prisoners, and was denied legal assistance. He is being held more than 170 miles from his home, a journey of more than eight hours by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth (dismissed) / Mayangone Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	8+7 years / UAA 17 (1), 5[d]
Date of Arrest	1999
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

120.

Name / Age	KYAW HTUN MIN (KO) / Male, dob c. 1979	He was arrested in connection with demonstrations in support of the NLD in Bago division. Many people were arrested in this connection, and were reportedly particularly severely tortured in detention.
Political Party / Role / Place	Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	25 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA 5 [j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	23 July 1999
Prison Held	Thayet Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

121.

Name / Age	KYAW KYAW / Male, not known	He was arrested for illegally distributing leaflets reportedly critical of the SPDC’s political plans for transition to democracy. He was reportedly penalized for taking part in a hunger strike in Insein Prison in May 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	Mon state
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest	September 2003
Prison Held	Not known
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	yes
Profession	Student

122.

Name / Age	KYAW KYAW LWIN AKA U MAUNG LWIN / Male, not known	He is believed to have been sentenced for distributing leaflets with information about the attack on members of the NLD on 30 May 2003, during which a number of persons were killed and after which there were widespread arrests of NLD members and supporters.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Kawthaung Tanintharyi Division
Sentence / Legislation	10 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

123.

Name / Age	KYAW MIN THAN / Male, not known	He is believed to have been sentenced in connection with student support for NLD calls to convene parliament. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	21 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Shwebo Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

124.

Name / Age	KYAW MIN (U) / Male, not known	He is believed to have been sentenced in connection with NLD calls to convene parliament.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth / San Chaung township Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	7 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest	02/09/98
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

125.

Name / Age	KYAW SOE MOE / Male, not known	He was reportedly arrested for distributing leaflets criticising authorities' political plans for democracy.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	12 years' imprisonment
Date of Arrest	4 October 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	student

126.

Name / Age	KYAW TUN MIN (KO) AKA AUNG KYAW AKA KO KYAW TUN MIN SOE / Male, dob 1979	He was arrested in connection with planned demonstrations about civil servants' salaries and commodity prices in Bago Division. Persons arrested in this area were reportedly subjected to severe torture.
Political Party / Role / Place	Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	25 years with hard labour / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17(1)
Date of Arrest	04/08/99
Prison Held	Thayet Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

127.

Name / Age	KYAW WAI SOE AKA KYAW WEIGHT / Male, 26 years old	He was arrested under suspicion of involvement in plans by overseas groups to hold mass demonstrations, and for breaking the immigration act by illegally leaving the country. He was reportedly beaten on arrest.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Mawlamyine-2 Mon State
Sentence / Legislation	12 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], 13 (1) of the Immigration Act
Date of Arrest	August 1999
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

128.

Name / Age	KYAW ZIN HTWAY (KO) / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with calls for the convening of parliament. He was transferred to another prison after taking part in a hunger strike in 2003 calling for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU
Sentence / Legislation	28 years' / 1950 EPA, 5[j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Pathein Prison
Health Concerns	epilepsy
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Clothes Shop Assistant

129.

Name / Age	KYI THA NYEIN / Male, dob c. 1977	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations to support the convening of parliament. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	21 or 14 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Sittway Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student (Economics)

130.

Name / Age	KYI THA OO / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations in support of the convening of parliament.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

131.

Name / Age	KYI THA TUN / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations in favour of convening parliament. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years' imprisonment / 1950 Emergency Provisions Act, Section 5 [j], PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	November 1998
Prison Held	Shwebo Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

132.

Name / Age	KYI LWIN AKA THET HTWE / Male, not known dob 1971	He was arrested in connection with plans by the opposition in exile for mass demonstrations.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Tamway Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	21 years' imprisonment with hard labour / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17(1), PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	02/11/99
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

133.

Name / Age	KYI TUN / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	14 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	1996
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

134.

Name / Age	LIN LIN TUN / Male, not known	He was arrested for illegally distributing leaflets and having contact with opposition groups in exile, reportedly in support of the NLD's call to convene parliament. . His father, U Soe Myint, an elected NLD MP was imprisoned at the same time and is suffering from health problems. Lin Lin Tun is being held at least 12 hours by train from his home. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth / Kamayut Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	42 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns	heart disease and gastric problems
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

135.

Name / Age	LWIN KO LATT / Male, not known	He was arrested for illegally distributing leaflets reportedly critical of the SPDC’s political plans for transition to democracy. He was reportedly penalized for taking part in a hunger strike in Insein Prison in May 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU, Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest	September 2003
Prison Held	Not known
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	yes
Profession	Student

136.

Name / Age	LWIN MOE MYINT (KO) AKA KO ZAR NI / Male, dob 1972	He was sentenced for his alleged involvement in demonstrations to support the NLD and commemorate the 52nd anniversary of the assassination of independence leader General Aung San.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABSFU / Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	Life imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	19 July 1999
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns	gastric ulcer
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student (Maths)

137.

Name / Age	MANDALA (U) AKA MYAT MAW / Male, c. 18 years old	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place	Mon State
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

138.

Name / Age	MAUNG MAUNG AYE AKA KO BAYDAR (M) / Male, not known	He is believed to have been imprisoned for possessing printed political materials. This is his second prison term.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	3 years' imprisonment / UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	25/09/02
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

139.

Name / Age	MAUNG MAUNG AYE / Male, not known	Authorities stated in a press conference that he was arrested for alleged contact with the NLD and NCGUB in Thailand, allegedly bringing funds as assistance for former political prisoners and for political activities, including demonstrations, and allegedly bringing news to Thailand about the political situation
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	13 years' imprisonment (3 years + 5 years + 5 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] UAA 17 (1) & (2)
Date of Arrest	February 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

140.

Name / Age	MAUNG MAUNG LATT (KO) / m	He was arrested in connection with four others, including Ne Min and Ye Thiha, for the alleged distribution of criticism of official plans for political transition and communication with opposition groups in exile. He has a crippled leg, and had been detained between 1996 and 2002 for alleged involvement in student demonstrations in December 1996 calling for the legitimisation of student unions and the release of political prisoners. He was released in 2002, a year before the expiry of his sentence, under section 401 of the Criminal Code. Other prisoners released under this condition have been rearrested for resuming political activities and have been made to serve the remainder of their original sentence.
Political Party / Role / Place	South Okkalappa 1 Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	February 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	crippled leg
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

141.

Name / Age	MAUNG MAUNG MYINT / Male, not known	He was accused in a government press conference of planning to distribute leaflets that authorities stated "contained seditious and false statements against the government" that were "intended to mislead the people". This is his second period of imprisonment.
Political Party / Role / Place	North Okkalappa Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	20 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	5 February 2003
Prison Held	not known
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession

142.

Name / Age	MAUNG MAUNG (KO) / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with his alleged support for the convening of parliament.
Political Party / Role / Place	DPNS
Sentence / Legislation	20 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17(1)
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison,
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

143.

Name / Age	MOE MAKHA / Male, c.26 years old	He was arrested in connection with a statement issued by the NLD headquarters in 2000, and given an additional two years' imprisonment for allegedly selling teak without the correct license.
Political Party / Role / Place	Taungoo Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	9 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	2000
Prison Held	Toungoo Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student (Zoology)

144.

Name / Age	MON GYI (KO) AKA SEIN LIN / M	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations calling for the legitimisation of student unions. He is being held at least 170 miles from his home.
Political Party / Role / Place	South Okkalappa 1 Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	10 + 7 years imprisonment / 1950 EPA 5 [j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	19 January 1997
Prison Held	Taungoo Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student (History)At Dagon University

145.

Name / Age	MYAT THURA KYAW / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	14 years imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	December 1996
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

146.

Name / Age	MYINT OO / Male, 35 years old, dob 1969	He was sentenced in connection with plans made by political groups in exile for mass demonstrations.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	25 years imprisonment with hard labour / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17(1), PPRA
Date of Arrest	22/08/99
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns	gastric disease
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Trader

147.

Name / Age	MYINT YI / Male, not known	He was sentenced for possessing printed materials of a political nature. He is a former political prisoner.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	Three years' imprisonment / UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	September 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

148.

Name / Age	MYO AUNG / Male, 29 years old dob 1975	He was sentenced to death in connection with an alleged bomb plot against the SPDC. He was alleged only to have had leaflets, and to have had no involvement in any plot. He was transferred from Pathein Prison after he and a group of other prisoners, including his older brother Myo Thant, were involved in a hunger strike calling for the release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi in 2003.
Political Party / Role / Place	Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	28 years' imprisonment or death / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	2000
Prison Held	Toungoo Prison
Health Concerns	general health problems
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

149.

Name / Age	MYO AUNG / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with student support for the convening of parliament.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	14 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Pathein Prison
Health Concerns	gastric ulcer
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

150.

Name / Age	MYO AUNG THANT / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with his activities as executive committee member of the Free Trade Unions of Burma.
Political Party / Role / Place	Member of the All Burma Petrol-Chemical Corporation Union , executive committee member of Federation of Trade Unions-Burma (FTBU) / Member / Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	30 years (20 years+3+7) / UAA (3), 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	13 June 1997
Prison Held	Myitkyina Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Trade Unionist

151.

Name / Age	MYO MIN HTIKE AKA MYO MIN HTAI / Male, dob 1976	He was sentenced in connection with student support for the convening of parliament. He is being held nearly 400 miles from his home, a journey of at least 12 hours by train. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	Bahan Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	52 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	September 98
Prison Held	Myingyan Prison
Health Concerns	gastric ulcer
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

152.

Name / Age	MYO THANT AKA MYO SAT / Male dob 1968	Authorities in a press conference described him as a destructive element, and stated that he had been planning to plant mines. Opposition sources maintain that he had no involvement in plans for violence, but had political leaflets. He was reportedly ill-treated in January 2001 when authorities investigated a hunger strike in Insein Prison, and was held for a month in a cell designed to house military dogs. His younger brother, Myo Aung was also arrested in this case. He and his brother were moved to Taungoo after they reportedly went on hunger strike in 2003, calling for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi. This is his second period of imprisonment.
Political Party / Role / Place	Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	Death + 8 years, possibly commuted to 25 years
Date of Arrest	June 2000
Prison Held	Taungoo Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

153.

Name / Age	NANDATHIRI (U) AKA HTEIN LIN / Male, c.20	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

154.

Name / Age	NANDIYA (U) AKA ZAW MOE TUN / Male, c. 20	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided to the monastery by Military Intelligence officials.
Political Party / Role / Place	Sagaing Division
Sentence / Legislation	seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

155.

Name / Age	NAY LIN SOE / Male, not known	Nay Lin Soe was arrested in February 1998 in connection with activities calling for the reopening of universities and for allegedly having links with opposition groups in exile. He was being held at Kalay prison c. 680 miles away from his home, in a prison where malaria is reportedly endemic and was later transferred to Mandalay.
Political Party / Role / Place	DPNS / Insein Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	February 1998
Prison Held	Kalay Prison
Health Concerns	serious eye problems, malaria, mental illness, other health problems
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student (Physics)

156.

Name / Age	NAY WIN NAING / Male, dob 1976	He is believed to have been arrested in connection with student demonstrations in favour of convening parliament in 1998.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	November 1998
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

157.

Name / Age	NAY KYAW / Male, not known	He was charged with contact with opposition groups in exile and the distribution of materials without the approval of the official censor. He was arrested during a period when opposition groups in exile were attempting to organize widespread protest against authorities.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Tamway Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 or 17 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	02/09/99
Prison Held	Hpa’an Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

158.

Name / Age	NAY MIN AKA WIN SHWE / 45/ male	He was arrested for allegedly having contact with opposition groups in exile, and reportedly preparing information that criticized official plans for political reconciliation. He was previously imprisoned in 1974 and 1988, when authorities penalized him for speaking to foreign journalists.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	15 years’ imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	February 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Lawyer

159.

Name / Age	NE OO (KO) / Male, not known	He was sentenced with 40 other political activists, including individuals penalized for writing a student history. He is being held in a prison where malaria is endemic, at least 16 hours journey from his home.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD TOC chairman / Dagon Myothit township Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years' imprisonment, 1950 EPA, 5 [j], 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	01/01/1998
Prison Held	Kalay Prison
Health Concerns	malaria and gastric ulcer
Torture Concern
Profession

160.

Name / Age	NILAR THEIN (MA) / f	She has been imprisoned in connection with student demonstrations that took place in Yangon in December 1996. Students had demonstrated in Yangon and Mandalay in protest at the alleged beating in custody of three students by police officers. They also called for permission to form a student union, the release of student political prisoners and improvement in educational standards.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	10 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	30/12/96
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns	Rheumatic heart disease
Torture Concern
Profession	University student (physics)

161.

Name / Age	NYAN TUN LIN AKA YAN NAING / Male, not known	He was arrested for allegedly having contact with opposition groups in exile, and reportedly preparing information that criticized official plans for political reconciliation. He was previously in exile in Thailand, where he worked on a monthly newspaper and daily news website with news in Burmese, and was charged with illegally leaving the country. He was imprisoned with four others, including former lawyer Ne Min.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU / Ahlone Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	22 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA 5 [j], PPRA 17/20, Immigration Act 13 (1)
Date of Arrest	February 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Former Online News Editor

162.

Name / Age	NYAN WIN / Male, c. 50 years old	Authorities stated that he had been involved in the instigation of unrest by "spreading rumours and sending false reports" on the situation in the country. This is his second term of imprisonment for political reasons.
Political Party / Role / Place	alleged ABSDF
Sentence / Legislation	10 years' imprisonment / 5j, 17/1
Date of Arrest	January 1998
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns	Gastric problems, colitis, heart problems
Torture Concern
Profession

163.

Name / Age	NYEIN MYINT (KO) / Male, c.60	He was accused by authorities in a press conference of acting on behalf of the CPB to steer student demonstrations in favour of the legitimisation of student unions. He was reportedly badly tortured, including by being deprived of sleep, and sustained medical injuries as a result.
Political Party / Role / Place	Alleged CPB / Salin Magway Division
Sentence / Legislation	19 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j], UAA, 17(1), PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	29 December 1996
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns	heart disease
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Poet

164.

Name / Age	NYI HTWE AKA SAN ZAW HTWE / Male, dob c.1977	He was arrested in connection with plans by opposition political groups in exile for mass demonstrations. He is believed to have been severely tortured. He was believed to have taken part in a hunger strike in prison in 2001, and was reportedly badly beaten on his arrival in Taungoo Prison.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD or ABFSU
Sentence / Legislation	36 or 37 years imprisonment with hard labour / 1950 EPA,5 [j], UAA17/1
Date of Arrest	20/09/99
Prison Held	Taungoo Prison
Health Concerns	hypertension and other health problems
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student (Geography)

165.

Name / Age	NYI NYI AKA MYO SAN / Male, not known	He is believed to have been arrested in connection with student demonstrations calling for the legitimisation of student unions and the release of student political prisoners.
Political Party / Role / Place	DPNS
Sentence / Legislation	10 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	December 1996
Prison Held	Myaungmya Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

166.

Name / Age	NYO AUNG AKA KO NYO AUNG / Male, not known	He was reportedly accused of organizing political movements. He was previously imprisoned for his part in 1988 demonstrations against one party rule, where he was required to work in a prison labour camp, causing his health to deteriorate.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU
Sentence / Legislation	15 years with hard labour
Date of Arrest	end 1999
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	deteriorating health
Torture Concern
Profession

167.

Name / Age	PANYATHIHA (U) AKA U NYO THWIN / Male, c. 20 years old	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place	Sagaing Division
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

168.

Name / Age	PAW LWIN / Male, not known	He was arrested for allegedly having contact with opposition groups in exile, and reportedly preparing information that criticized official plans for political reconciliation.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	12 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	February 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

169.

Name / Age	PE TIN (U)	He was reportedly arrested with U Bo Gyi for allegedly distributing leaflets legally printed and distributed by the NLD. The leaflets reportedly selections of speeches on democracy by Aung San, the father of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. They were sentenced on 27 May.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Organising committee member / Shwekyin Township, Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	7 years / 1962 PPRA 20
Date of Arrest	13 May 2005
Prison Held
Health Concerns	Yes
Torture Concern
Profession

170.

Name / Age	PHO WAI MIN/ male dob 1981	He was arrested in connection with plans for demonstrations in Bago division. People arrested in this area were reportedly severely tortured.
Political Party / Role / Place	Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	25 years with hard labour / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17 (1), (2)
Date of Arrest	August 1999
Prison Held	Thayet Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

171.

Name / Age	PHO THAR (KO) / Male, not known	He was arrested in August 2004, with his uncle, Than Htay, and cousin, Than Htun Oo, and sentenced for alleged infringements under import and export legislation, relating to electronic goods. It is believed that he was sentenced in connection with Than Htay’s political activism, and his refusal to cease political activities.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Lashio Shan State
Sentence / Legislation	Three years
Date of Arrest	August 2004
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

172.

Name / Age	PHO THAR (KO) / m	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations in December 1996. He is a student from Dagon University.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	10 years / 1950 EPA, 5[j]
Date of Arrest	December 1996
Prison Held	Pathein
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

173.

Name / Age	PINYANANDA (U), AKA MIN MOE / Male, not known	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place	Sagaing
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d]
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

174.

Name / Age	RAJADAMMA (U) / Male, not known	He was reportedly ill-treated for participating in a hunger strike in Insein Prison in May 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	Bahan Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Not known
Date of Arrest	Not known
Prison Held	Not known, possibly transferred from Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	yes
Profession

175.

Name / Age	SANANDA WARA (U) AKA SAN WIN HTUT / Male, c.20	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

176.

Name / Age	SANDAZAWTI (U) AKA NYAN LIN / Male, not known	He and 19 novice monks at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Monk

177.

Name / Age	SARSANA (U) AKA THUYIN / Male, not known	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided to the monastery by Military Intelligence officials.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

178.

Name / Age	SAW MIN HTEIK GYAW / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with the organization of a student commemoration of the death of Phone Maw, a student who was shot during demonstrations against one party rule in 1988.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	7 years' imprisonment
Date of Arrest	2000
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Metallurgy Student

179.

Name / Age	SAW MYO HTUN / Male, not known	He was arrested for allegedly taking part in a ceremony to commemorate the death of a Phone Maw, a student, in demonstrations in 1988. He was held in a cell designed for military dogs for a month in January 2001, after authorities cracked down on prisoners who went on hunger strike calling for dialogue between the NLD and the SPDC, reading materials, improvements to prison conditions and more family interviews. Members of the group, which also included criminal prisoners, were beaten and kicked, and regularly interrogated with force and held in leg shackles with iron bars, and made to race one another in the prison exercise yard while shackled. They were also made to strip by prison officials.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	7 years' imprisonment
Date of Arrest	12 April 2000
Prison Held	Myaungmya Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

180.

Name / Age	SEKKEINDA (U) AKA U MYINT / Male, c. 18 years old	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place	Sagaing Division
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

181.

Name / Age	SHWE HTOO (U) / Male, not known	He was reportedly arrested for his alleged support for calls to convene parliament. He was charged with illegally possessing arms because there was an airgun used for shooting birds in his house. This is his second term of imprisonment. He was reportedly severely beaten after a demonstration for prisoners' rights in Mandalay Prison.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	42 years' imprisonment with hard labour / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17 (1), 124(A)
Date of Arrest	July 1998
Prison Held	Mandalay or Taunggyi Prison
Health Concerns	deteriorating general health
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Tutor

182.

Name / Age	SILASARA (U) AKA U PAW CHEIN / Male, c. 20	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place	Magway Division
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

183.

Name / Age	SIT KO AUNG AKA NANDA SIT AUNG / Male, not known	He was arrested for distributing leaflets that were critical of authorities' planned "roadmap" for political change. He was reportedly penalized for taking part in a hunger strike in Insein Prison in May 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU
Sentence / Legislation	17 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA 5 [j], UAA, 17 (1), Immigration Act, 13 (1)
Date of Arrest	4 October 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession

184.

Name / Age	SOE MOE NAING (KO) / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with NLD calls to convene parliament.
Political Party / Role / Place	DPNS / Mandalay
Sentence / Legislation	20 years' or 24 years; imprisonment / 1950 EPA 5 [j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	1998
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns	various health problems
Torture Concern
Profession	Sweet Shop Owner

185.

Name / Age	SOE LWIN / Male, not known	He was sentenced in connection with student demonstrations in favour of calling parliament. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth member / Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	21years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	September
Prison Held	Taungoo Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

186.

Name / Age	SOE LWIN (K0) / Male, not known	He was arrested during a crackdown on political activists, and sentenced in a two day trial with 40 others, including individuals who were sentenced for their part in the preparation of a history of the student movement.
Political Party / Role / Place	DPNS Pazundaung, Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	February 1998
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

187.

Name / Age	SONNY SWE, 36, (m)	Sonny Swe was reportedly sentenced for infringements of censorship legislation. He was the Deputy Chief Executive Officer of the semi-independent publication The Myanmar Times. It is believed that he was sentenced because The Myanmar Times was published without the permission of the official censorship board, and because of his family’s proximity to former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	14 years, PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	November 2004
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	businessman

188.

Name / Age	SURIA aka THURIYA (U) / Male, not known	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

189.

Name / Age	SWE SWE WIN (MA)/ female, not known	It is believed that Swe Swe Win's arrest is connected with student demonstrations and NLD calls to convene parliament in September 1998, which were followed by a large-scale crackdown on opposition activists. She is believed to have been held incommunicado for some time after her detention.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	7 years' imprisonment or 10 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	02/09/98
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

190.

Name / Age	THAN HTUN OO / Male, not known	He was arrested with his father, U Than Htay, an NLD MP elect, and his cousin. He was reportedly sentenced for possessing television satellite equipment without the correct license. It is however believed that the motive for their prosecution is related to their peaceful political activities.
Political Party / Role / Place	Lashio Shan State
Sentence / Legislation	Three years
Date of Arrest	August 2004
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Electronic Shop Owner

191.

Name / Age	THAN HTAY (MAUNG)	He was arrested in connection with NLD calls for the convening of parliament. This is believed to be his second period of imprisonment. (photograph from Myanmar TV broadcast of SPDC press conference on recent arrests, October 1998)
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD Youth / Hlaing Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	21 years / 1950 EPA 5 [j], UAA, 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

192.

Name / Age	THAN LWIN (U) OR WIN / Male, not known	He was sentenced with a group of other NLD members for allegedly contacting political groups in exile.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	12 years' imprisonment
Date of Arrest	December 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

193.

Name / Age	THANANDA (U) AKA MAUNG SWE / Male, not known	He and 19 novice monks at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place	Sagaing
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held	Insein
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

194.

Name / Age	THET HTUN AKA KO SAW THET HTUN / Male, dob 1965	He was accused of agitating unrest and having contact with groups on the border. He had been released from a previous term of imprisonment for political reasons in 1997.
Political Party / Role / Place	Tamway Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	36 years' imprisonment or 20 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j], UAA 17(1)
Date of Arrest	September 1999
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

195.

Name / Age	THET AUNG NAING	He was arrested with four NLD members. He was reported to have been denied access to family and lawyers, and to have been sentenced to life imprisonment in June 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	Not known
Sentence / Legislation	Reportedly to life imprisonment
Date of Arrest	December 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

196.

Name / Age	THET OO / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations in favour of the formation of a student union and the release of political prisoners. He was charged with collaboration with underground movements because he allegedly photocopied materials for use in student demonstrations in December 1996.He is reported to have been severely tortured during interrogation.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	14 or 26 years/ 1950 EPA, 5[j], UAA, 17 (1), PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	December 1996
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Photocopy Shop Owner

197.

Name / Age	THU YA AUNG	He was sentenced in connection with demonstrations organized by opposition groups in exile. This is his second period of imprisonment for political reasons
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU; YASU / Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	25 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	25 August 1999
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Artist

198.

Name / Age	THURA / Male, not known	He was sentenced in connection with student support for convening parliament.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	14 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

199.

Name / Age	THURA AUNG / Male, dob 1978	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations to support the convening of parliament.
Political Party / Role / Place	Kamayut Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	7 years' imprisonment / 1950 Emergency Provisions Act, Section 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	24 August 1998
Prison Held	Thayet Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

200.

Name / Age	THURA SOE / Male, 25 years old	He was arrested in connection with plans by opposition groups in exile to hold demonstrations. He was reportedly tortured, including with electric shocks. He and co-defendants reportedly stated in court that they were tortured, and there was no response from the presiding judge. They also reportedly requested legal counsel, which was denied.
Political Party / Role / Place	Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	25 years' imprisonment
Date of Arrest	1999
Prison Held	Toungoo Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Household Goods Salesman

201.

Name / Age	TIN OO / Male, not known	He was arrested with a group of NLD members and allegedly sentenced for passing information to opposition groups in exile.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	12 years
Date of Arrest	December 2003
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

202.

Name / Age	TUN AYE / Male, not known	He was sentenced with eight others for distributing leaflets, which authorities categorized as spreading rumours "with intent to create misleading impressions on [sic] the government and to cause panic". He was arrested during a crackdown on political activists after renewed political activities by the NLD. He is reported to have suffered tuberculosis in prison. He is being held at least 340 miles from his home.
Political Party / Role / Place	North Okkalappa Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	13 years' imprisonment, commuted to 10 years by SLORC amnesty 01/12/97,
Date of Arrest	02/06/96
Prison Held	Thayet Prison
Health Concerns	tuberculosis
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

203.

Name / Age	TUN ZAW HTAY / Male, not known	He was arrested in a crackdown on students, including individuals who authorities alleged were involved in a plot to plant bombs in Yangon. No allegations of violence are believed to have been made against Tun Zaw Htay, and it has been reported that one of the reasons he was arrested was because he allegedly assisted in the provision of financial assistance to former prisoners and student activists.
Political Party / Role / Place	Kamayut Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	10 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	June 2000
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student (Maths)

204.

Name / Age	VIPULLA (U) AKA HLA THAN HTEIK / Male, c.20	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery
Political Party / Role / Place	Mon State
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d]
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

205.

Name / Age	VIRAZAYA (U) AKA CHIT MYO / Male, not known	He was reportedly sentenced with a group of novice monks for refusing to eat a meal offered to them by Military Intelligence officials.
Political Party / Role / Place	Mandalay
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

206.

Name / Age	WANNATHARMI (U) AKA WIN SAUNG / Male, c. 18 years old	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

207.

Name / Age	WARYAMEINDA (U) AKA WIN BO / Male, c. 18	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place	Sagaing
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

208.

Name / Age	WIN KYI / Male, not known	He was arrested with a group of NLD members and allegedly sentenced for passing information to opposition groups in exile
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Mandalay
Sentence / Legislation	22 years
Date of Arrest
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

209.

Name / Age	WIN MIN THAN / Male, not known	He was reportedly sentenced in connection with NLD calls to convene parliament.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	7 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

210.

Name / Age	WISAREINDA AKA KYAW NIN OO / Male, not known	He and 19 others at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

211.

Name / Age	YA MA AKA THET HTUT NAING / Male, 19 years old	Aged 15 at time of arrest, he was sentenced for alleged involvement in plans to demonstrate in Bago division. Persons arrested at this time in Bago division were reportedly subjected to strong torture. His brother is also believed to have been detained during demonstrations in 1998.
Political Party / Role / Place	Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	not known
Date of Arrest	1999
Prison Held	Thayet Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	YES
Profession

212.

Name / Age	YAN NAING MIN	It is believed that he was arrested in connection with student support for the convening of parliament
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU
Sentence / Legislation	20 years
Date of Arrest	1998
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns	Hernia and other health problems
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student and poet

213.

Name / Age	YE LWIN / Male, not known	He was reportedly arrested in connection with student demonstrations in support of the creation of a student union.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	18 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA, 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	20 December 1996
Prison Held	Tharawaddy Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Student (High School)

214.

Name / Age	YE NAING WIN / Male, not known	He was arrested in connection with student demonstrations in favour of the legitimisation of student unions and the release of political prisoners. He was reportedly tortured in interrogation and sustained injuries. He was reportedly denied legal representation at his trial. He is being held nearly 400 miles from his home, a journey of at least 12 hours by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	DPNS / North Dagon Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	19 years, commuted to 10 years by SLORC amnesty 01/12/97 / Section 5 [j] of the 1950 Emergency Provisions Act; UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	December 1996
Prison Held	Myingyan Prison
Health Concerns	has had liver disease
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Builder

215.

Name / Age	YE TUN MIN (KO) / Male, not known	He was arrested with a group of NLD members for allegedly contacting opposition political groups in exile. His father, U Than Lwin, was also sentenced in this case.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	12 years
Date of Arrest	22 December 2003
Prison Held	not known
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

216.

Name / Age	YE THIHA / Male, not known	He was sentenced in May 2004 for allegedly having contact with opposition groups in exile, and reportedly preparing information that criticized official plans for political reconciliation. He was reportedly imprisoned in 1989 for his alleged former association with the ABSDF.
Political Party / Role / Place	Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, section 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	February 2004
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

217.

Name / Age	YEWATA (U) AKA U KYIN HLAING / Male, not known	He and 19 novice monks at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Novice Monk

218.

Name / Age	YUGANDARA (U) AKA U NYO / Male, not known	He and 19 novice monks at Maha Gandayon monastery in Yangon were reportedly sentenced for refusing to eat a meal provided by Military Intelligence officials to the monastery.
Political Party / Role / Place	Sagaing Division
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j] [d] 295 (1)
Date of Arrest	November 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

219.

Name / Age	ZAW LIN TUN / Male, not known	He was reportedly sentenced in February 2004 for allegedly distributing leaflets critical of the authorities announced plans for political transition.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU
Sentence / Legislation	17 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	October 2003
Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

220.

Name / Age	ZAW MIN HTIKE (KO) / Male, not known	He was arrested in 1999 after being deported from Thailand. He was reportedly accused of being a member of an exiled political group and youth workers organization.
Political Party / Role / Place	Hpa-an Kayin State
Sentence / Legislation	5 years' imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	25 December 1999
Prison Held	Mawlamyine Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Migrant Factory Worker In Thailand

221.

Name / Age	ZAW MIN NAING / Male, not known	He was arrested with a group of NLD members and allegedly sentenced for passing information to opposition groups in exile
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	12 years
Date of Arrest	December 2003
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession

222.

Name / Age	ZAW MIN OO / Male, not known	He is believed to have been arrested in connection with demonstrations in support of the convening of parliament. He was reportedly badly beaten in Insein Prison in April 2005.
Political Party / Role / Place	ABFSU Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	14 years, 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17 (1), Immigration Act 13 (1)
Date of Arrest	September 1998
Prison Held	Not known
Health Concerns
Torture Concern	yes
Profession

223.

Name / Age	ZAW YE WIN (KO) / male dob 1972	He was sentenced for alleged involvement in the organization of demonstrations in September 1999. He was previously imprisoned in 1990 for his involvement in the commemoration of the death of Phone Maw and imprisoned for three years.
Political Party / Role / Place
Sentence / Legislation	14 years / 1950 EPA, 5 [j], UAA 17 (1)
Date of Arrest	28 August 1999
Prison Held	Thayet Prison
Health Concerns	heart disease
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Student

224.

Name / Age	ZAW ZAW LAT (KO) AKA ZAW GYI / Male, dob 1979	He was arrested in connection with a planned demonstration in July 1999 to commemorate the assassination of independence campaigner General Aung San. Persons arrested in Bago division at this time are reported to have been severely tortured.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Bago Division
Sentence / Legislation	25 years with hard labour / 1950 Emergency Provisions Act, Section 5 [j], PPRA 17/20
Date of Arrest	July 1999
Prison Held	Thayet Prison
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Boxing Trainer

PRISONERS HELD WITHOUT CHARGE OR TRIAL UNDER THE 1975 STATE PROTECTION LAW

Name / Age	AUNG SAN SUU KYI (DAW) / f, dob 1945	She has been detained since her and NLD members travelling on party business in Upper Myanmar were violently attacked, in what is believed to have been a state orchestrated operation. Authorities stated that she and other NLD members were being held under “protective custody.” She was held incommunicado in an undisclosed location for more than four months until September 2003 when she was put under house arrest after undergoing surgery. She was reportedly informed in November 2004 that she was being held under the 1975 State Protection Law, which allows detention without charge or trial on executive order. She was held under house arrest between July 1989 and May 1995 and between September 2000 and May 2002, and in intervening periods has had her movement severely restricted. She has never been charged or tried for any of these periods of detention. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while under house arrest in 1991.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD General Secretary
Sentence / Legislation	none / 1975 SPL, 10 [b]
Date of Arrest	30 May 2003
Prison Held	House arrest
Health Concerns
Torture Concern

Name / Age	MAY WIN MYINT (DAW) f, 54 yrs. old 08/03/1950	Daw May Win Myint was among a group arrested after an attempt by the NLD to hold a meeting with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD Youth in Mayangone township, which authorities characterized as "anti-government activities with a mob." She is reported to have been deprived of drinking water and to have been mistreated during interrogation. She is being detained under an administrative detention law beyond the expiry of her sentence.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / MP-elect / Mayagone 2 Yangon Division
Sentence / Legislation	6 years imprisonment / 1950 EPA, 5[j], SPL 10 [a]
Date of Arrest	28 October 1997

Prison Held	Insein Prison
Health Concerns	heart disease, high blood pressure and arthritis
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Medical Doctor

Name / Age	MYAT SAN	Myat San was sentenced for his participation in demonstrations to celebrate Aung San Suu Kyi receiving the Nobel peace prize. He is being held beyond the end of his sentence under section 10 a of the 1975 State Protection Law. He is being held at least 170 miles from his home, a journey of more than eight hours by road.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD / Pabedan township Yangon Division
Sentence / Legislation	15 years; commuted to 10 years 1.1.93 / 1950 EPA 5 [j], SPL 10 [a]
Date of Arrest	11 December 1991
Prison Held	Taungoo Prison
Health Concerns	gastric ulcer, tuberculosis
Torture Concern
Profession	Student

Name / Age	SHWE OHN (U) / 82 years old	He was placed under house arrest for taking part in a Shan National Day meeting in Taunggyi on 7 February 2005. It was reported that participants discussed the future of the Shan State and the role of the ceasefire groups at the National Convention. He was previously arrested in December 1992 and sentenced to one year imprisonment for writing and distributing an essay on the form the new constitution should take.
Political Party / Role / Place	Democratic League for the National Races of the Shan State (abolished) / Shan veteran politician
Sentence / Legislation	Reportedly one year of house arrest / 1975 SPL 10 (B)
Date of Arrest	8 February 2005
Prison Held	House arrest
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Lawyer and writer

225.Name / Age	SOE MYINT	He was reportedly sentenced for alleged links with the CPB. He is being held in a prison more than 12 hours by train from his family.
Political Party / Role / Place	All Burma Youth League, allegedly CPB
Sentence / Legislation	20 years, commuted to 10 years imprisonment, currently SPL 10 [a]
Date of Arrest	November 1989
Prison Held	Mandalay
Health Concerns	Not known
Torture Concern	Not known
Profession	Not known

Name / Age	THAN NAING, AKA PAGAN KO OO	He was sentenced under suspicion of being an underground CPB member and for his part in demonstrations against one party rule in 1988. He was reportedly seriously tortured and made to confess at gunpoint. He reportedly attempted to commit suicide in 1998 by jumping into a prison well. He was given a second prison sentence in 2000, when he was being held under section 10 [a] of the State Protection Law, to a further seven years' imprisonment for a small fight that broke out between two other prisoners, that he allegedly had no part in. A total of ten people were arrested in this connection, and alleged CPB members received higher prison terms than others. Legal representation was denied at the trial. It is not clear whether he is being imprisoned for this or under 10 a.
Political Party / Role / Place	Alleged CPB, Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	20 years + seven years, Section 123(1) of Penal tribunal, prison rules 5[f], 1975 SPL, 10 [a]
Date of Arrest	November 1989
Prison Held	Mawlamyine
Health Concerns	Reported mental health problems
Torture Concern	YES
Profession	Former bookshop owner and journalist

Name / Age	THAN NYEIN (DR.) / 67 years old dob 1937 male	He was arrested for attempting to arrange a meeting of local NLD activists with the party's General Secretary, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. He is being held beyond the expiry of his sentence under an administrative detention law that allows authorities to hold prisoners without charge or trial. He went on hunger strike in October 2004 to protest this, and was reportedly transferred as a punishment to Tharawaddy Prison before being returned to Insein hospital. He has been repeatedly hospitalised during his imprisonment. He was moved for the fourth time since his sentence expired, in January 2005, to Pyay prison.
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD MP-elect / Kyauktan 1 Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Seven years / SPL, 10 (a) 1950 EPA, 5 [j]
Date of Arrest	October 1997
Prison Held	Pyay Prison
Health Concerns	chronic liver cirrhosis, heart disease, hypertension
Torture Concern
Profession	Medical Doctor

Name / Age	THET KHAING, AKA Ko Latt, c. 50 years old	He was reportedly arrested for his alleged connections with the CPB and the NPF.
Political Party / Role / Place	Alleged CPB, NPF
Sentence / Legislation	20 years’ commuted to 10 years, SPL 10 [a]
Date of Arrest	November 1989
Prison Held	Mandalay Division
Health Concerns	Mental problems
Torture Concern	Not known
Profession	Not known

Name / Age	TIN OO (U) / aged 77 dob 1927	He was detained by authorities after he and other NLD officials and members were violently attacked in what is believed to have been a state orchestrated operation. He was held in Kalay Prison and transferred into house arrest in February 2004. He was held in Insein Prison between 1990 and 1995 on account of his peaceful political activities. He has also been made to remain under effective house arrest during successive crackdowns on NLD political activities, including in September 2000, after he and other senior officials of the NLD had been prevented from leaving the capital on party business. His detention was increased by a further year on 13 February 2005.
Name / Age
Political Party / Role / Place	NLD vice Chairman
Sentence / Legislation	1975 SPL
Date of Arrest	30 May 2003
Prison Held	house arrest
Prison Held
Health Concerns
Torture Concern
Profession	Former Chief Of Staff Of Armed Forces And Former Minister Of Defence

Name / Age	YE NYUNT	He was reportedly sentenced for alleged connections to the CPB. He is currently imprisoned at least 12 hours travel by train from his family.
Political Party / Role / Place	Alleged CPB, Yangon
Sentence / Legislation	Not known. Currently SPL, 10 [a]
Date of Arrest	1989
Prison Held	Mandalay Prison
Health Concerns	Not known
Torture Concern	Not known
Profession	Not known

(KEY TO TABLE REFERENCES)

1) Political Groups

ABFSU	All Burma Federation of Student Unions
ABSDF	All Burma Students Democratic Front
ALD	Arakan League for Democracy
CPB	Communist Party of Burma, also known as the BCP
CRPP	Committee Representing the People’s Parliament
DPNS	Democratic Party for a New Society
FTUB	Federation of Trade Unions - Burma
MNDF	Mon National Democratic Front
NCGUB	National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma
NLD	National League for Democracy
NPF	National Politics Front

Roles

MP-elect: elected as Member of Parliament in the 1990 elections

TOC - Township Organizational Committee

DOC: Divisional Organizational Committee

Legislation

1950 EPA	1950 Emergency Provisions Act Section 5 [e] of the 1950 Emergency Provisions Act allows authorities to imprison up to seven years, or fine, or both, anyone who “causes or intends to spread false news, knowing beforehand that it is untrue” Section 5 [j] of the 1950 Emergency Provisions Act allows authorities to imprison for up to seven years and/or fine anyone who “causes or intends to disrupt the morality or the behaviour of a group of people or the general public, or to disrupt the security and stability of the Union.”
1975 SPL	1975 State Protection Law Anyone who is suspected of having committed, or who is committing, or who is about to commit, any act which "endangers the sovereignty and security of the state or public peace and tranquillity", can be imprisoned for up to five years without trial on the orders of the executive, without any legal appeal to the detention.
1985 TV and Video Law	This provides for the compulsory licensing of television sets and video recorders, and for the mandatory censorship of all video tapes. Under this law copying, hiring, distributing or showing a video tape that has not been approved by censors is punishable with imprisonment for up to three years, or a fine, or both.
Penal Code	Under Section 122/1, Whoever commits High Treason within the Union of Burma shall be punished with death Under Section 122/2 Whoever, being a citizen of the Union of Burma or ordinarily resident within the Union, commits High Treason outside the Union shall be punished with death. Under Section 505, anyone who makes, publishes or circulates any statement, rumour or report... [b] with intent to cause, or which is likely to cause, fear or alarm to the public or to any section of the public, whereby any person may be induced to commit an offence against the State or against the public tranquillity may be punished with two years’ imprisonment and a fine
PPRA	The 1962 Printers and Publishers Registration Act requires all books, magazines, periodicals, song lyrics and film scripts to be approved by censors prior to publication or distribution: anyone breaching it may be punished with up to seven years’ imprisonment and a fine.
UAA	Unlawful Associations Act (India Act XIV, December 11 1908) Section 17/1 allows the imprisonment of a minimum of two years, and a maximum of three, and a fine, of anyone who is a member of an association considered unlawful by authorities, or who contributes, receives or solicits any contribution for the purpose of any such association, or in any way assists the operations of such an organization. Section 17/2 allows a minimum term of three years’ imprisonment, and a maximum term of five years’ for anyone who manages or assists in the management of an unlawful association, or promotes or assists in promoting a meeting of any such association, or of any members thereof as such members.

Place Detained

Insein	Insein Prison, Yangon Division
Kalay	Kalay Prison, Sagaing Division
Katha	Katha Prison, Sagaing Division
Mandalay	Mandalay Prison, Mandalay Division
Mawlamyine	Mawlamyine Prison, Mon State
Myitkyina	Myitkyina Prison, Kachin State
Pathein	Pathein Prison, Ayeyarwady Division
Tharawaddy	Tharawaddy Prison, Bago Division
Thayet	Thayet Prison, Magway Division
Toungoo	Toungoo Prison, Shan State

Note on photographs: copyright is private for all pictures, unless otherwise stated.

[1] Myanmar, Facing Imprisonment: Prisoners of Concern to Amnesty International, ASA 16/07/2004, December 2004, http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA160072004?open&of=ENG-MMR

[2] Myanmar: Prisoners of Political Repression, ASA 16/006/2001, April 2001, http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA160062001?open&of=ENG-MMR

[3] Please see Myanmar, Justice on Trial, ASA 16/7/2003, July 2003, Myanmar: Grave Concerns with the Administration of Justice, ASA 16/01/2004, accessible on http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-mmr/index&start=1

[4] In what is widely acknowledged to have been a government organized attack, NLD members travelling at night in upper Myanmar were beaten by men with iron rods and sticks on 30 May 2003. At least four people died, and more than a hundred of those attacked, including individuals who sustained serious injuries, were detained and held incommunicado for months. Villagers who were reported to have assisted some members to escape and avoid detention were sentenced to prison terms, as were individuals who attempted to circulate information about the incident afterwards. There has been no independent investigation into the attack.

[5] Democratic Voice of Burma, radio broadcast 13 April 2005

[6] Myanmar: The Institution of Torture, ASA 16/24/2000, December 2000, Myanmar: Justice on Trial, AI Index ASA 16/07/2003, July 2003

[7] Democratic Voice of Burma, 22 September 2004

[8] The Karen National Union was established in 1947, and is the oldest ethnic nationality armed opposition group. Its leaders are currently discussing the signature of a ceasefire with the SPDC.

[9] The Arakan Communist Party, now defunct, represented the interests of Arakan (Rakhine) state members of the Communist Party of Burma, a coalition of Marxist groups that engaged in armed resistance to military rule in Myanmar since the 1960s.

[10] interviewed on Democratic Voice of Burma, 5 January 2005

[11]

[12] Commission on Human Rights Resolution: 2004/41, 19 April 2004, para. 8.

[13] Human Rights Committee, General Comment 20, Article 7 (Forty-fourth session, 1992), Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 30 (1994), para. 11.

[14] See for instance Report of the Committee against Torture, UN Doc. A/52/44 (1997), paras. 121(d) (re Georgia); 146 (re Ukraine); UN Doc. 44(A/55/44) (2000), para. 61(b) (re Peru); UN Doc. A/58/44 (2003), para. 42(h) (re Egypt); UN Doc. A/59/44 (2004), para. 146(d) (re Yemen).

[15] UN Doc. E/CN.4/2002/76, 27 December 2001, Annex 1.

[16] Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, Principles 15 & 18, UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of

Prisoners, rule 92

[17] Commission on Human Rights Resolution: 2004/41, 19 April 2004, para. 8.

[18] Human Rights Committee, General Comment 20, Article 7 (Forty-fourth session, 1992), Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 30 (1994), para. 11.

[19] See for instance Report of the Committee against Torture, UN Doc. A/52/44 (1997), paras. 121(d) (re Georgia); 146 (re Ukraine); UN Doc. 44(A/55/44) (2000), para. 61(b) (re Peru); UN Doc. A/58/44 (2003), para. 42(h) (re Egypt); UN Doc. A/59/44 (2004), para. 146(d) (re Yemen).

[20] UN Doc. E/CN.4/2002/76, 27 December 2001, Annex 1.

[21] New Light of Myanmar, official government publication 16 March 2005

[22] as above

[23] as above

[24] The Shan State Army – South, is an armed opposition group active in Southern and Eastern Shan State

[25] The Shan Nationalities League for Democracy is a legally registered opposition political party, which won 23 seats in Shan State in 1990 elections.

[26] New Light of Myanmar, 5 April 2005

[27] New Light of Myanmar 23 April 2005

[28] UN Doc. E/CN/4/2003/68. 17 December 2002, para. 26(g).

[29] Interviewed on Democratic Voice of Burma, 17 October 2003

[30] New Light of Myanmar, 17 March 2005

[31] Democratic Voice of Burma, broadcast 20 May 2005

[32] Myanmar's military government has been in power since 1962. After widespread protest against one-party rule, the authorities held elections in 1990. Opposition parties won a majority of seats, but the authorities delayed the
transfer of power until a new constitution had been drafted. The constitution drafting process, which has been repeatedly delayed since a first meeting in 1993, recommenced in 2004. A meeting to draft principles for a new
constitution, known as the National Convention, began on 17 February 2005. Opposition political parties including the SNLD and NLD ) boycotted the Convention on the grounds that the authorities have restricted their political
activities and imprisoned senior opposition political leaders, and that there has been a lack of democratic procedures and free speech at the Convention. In the lead-up to recent sessions of the National Convention, members and leaders of opposition parties have been followed, interrogated, and intimidated for attempting to engage in legitimate and peaceful political activities. Some have been arrested for their non-violent protests, for example, calling for all political prisoners to be released.

[33] [33] The 10 member CRPP was formed by the NLD in September 1998, with the support of 251 MPs elect, including MPs from other parties

[34] The SSPC represents various ethnic Shan armed opposition groups who agreed ceasefires with the authorities during the 1990s, after decades of fighting for greater autonomy.

[35] a coalition of political parties representing non-Burman ethnic nationality groups
in Myanmar

[36] U Shwe Ohn was arrested in December 1992 and sentenced to one year’s imprisonment for writing and distributing an essay making suggestions to the National Convention about the new constitution.

[37] Unofficial translation, published by the Democratic Voice of Burma on 7 April 2005

[38] Myanmar Embassy in Thailand, quoted in the Nation, 25 August 1996

[39]. Khin Nyunt was the head of the central military intelligence agency in Myanmar, which included a think-tank on government policy on a variety of topics including narcotics, foreign affairs,
the position of armed opposition groups from ethnic minorities, and government corruption. The MIS monitored armed and non-armed political opposition groups and political activists and ran interrogation centres which were well-known for the widespread practise of torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Khin Nyunt also had extensive business interests, including newspapers, many of which have been shut down.

[40] Democratic Voice of Burma, 7 April 2005

[41] The National Intelligence Bureau, which controlled military intelligence in Myanmar and was run by former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt, was dismantled by the SPDC in October 2004, after the sacking of Prime Minister Khin Nyunt and his arrest. The NIB controlled all intelligence units, including military intelligence, the Bureau of Special Investigation and the criminal investigation department.

[42] New Light of Myanmar, 19 November 2004

[43] Sydney Morning Herald, 27 November 2004

[44] “When the time is right we shall set her free." Colonel Kyaw Win, 28 March 1995

“We review things and when the time is right” Deputy Foreign Minister Kyaw Thu, 26 November 2004

[45] Foreign Minister U Win Aung, quoted by Agence France Presse, 27 July 2003 and Kyodo News 29 July 2003

[46] Foreign Minister U Win Aung, quoted by Agence France Presse, 4 October 2003

[47] The Truth, Volume III, Scrutiny of Letters sent from members of Amnesty International, published by Office of Strategic Studies, Ministry of Defence, and translated by the New Light of Myanmar http://www.myanmar-information.net/truth/truth.html