JUNE
– July 2000, Vol. 7.
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Contents:
Compiler’s Apology.
1.
From Scorched Earth to Flooded Earth: The Generals' Dam on Burma's
Salween River; Salween Watch - Norwegian
Burma Council Submission to the World Commission on Dams, March 31, 2000
2.
REFUGEES REVEAL FURTHER DETAILS OF KUNHING
KILLINGS;
3.
4.
BIG QUAKE SHAKES
5.
PAK MUN
DECLARATION; East and
6.
. A JAPANESE DAM
FOR
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Compiler’s Apology.
Humble
apologies for the unconscionably long delay in sending out the following 2-4
information items on the conditions surrounding the
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1. FROM SCORCHED
EARTH TO FLOODED EARTH: THE GENERALS'
[Paper prepared by Christian Moe of the Norwegian Burma Council in close
collaboration with members of the Salween Watch coalition]
Experience with an individual dam:
Dam:
River:
Country:
Submission relates to the following WCD thematic reviews:
no. 2 Dams and Indigenous People and Vulnerable Ethnic Minorities
no. 3 Displacement, Resettlement, Reparation, Rehabilitation and Development
no. 17 Consultation and Participatory Decision Making
Summary of main points of submission:
·
"Dictators' dams" are not yet history
·
A 188-meter dam is planned on the
·
Massive use of forced labour can be expected
·
Forced relocations of tens of thousands of people
would be made irreversible
·
Flooding, militarization and human rights abuses would
displace many more
·
Any impact assessment a sham - true
consultation with the affected peoples is impossible
·
Negative impacts may be counted as benefits by the
military government
·
An independent committee should be appointed to
investigate
·
No institution, private or public, should fund such
projects before
Introduction
A heavily indebted military dictatorship building a mega-dam in the
same area it is carrying out 'ethnic cleansing' of the indigenous population:
It sounds like Latin America in the 1960s, but it may soon become reality in 21st
century Burma. The plans for a major dam on the Salween in Burma's Shan State
are a throwback to the brutish past of dam construction. Forced relocation is
already going on in the area, forced labour will likely be used, and there can
be no meaningful consultation with the population terrorised by the military.
The planned Salween Dam will be everything the World Commission on Dams was
formed to ensure that dams are not. Unlike Guatemala's Chixoy dam and other
tragic mistakes of the past, however, it is still avoidable.
The
There have been many plans to dam the Salween river at various
locations. Currently, the most advanced project is for a dam near the Tasang
crossing between Murng Pan and Murng Ton in southern Shan State (see Map: Annex
II).The feasibility study has been completed and surveys are now underway for a
Definite Plan. The prefeasibility study specifies that the planned dam would be
a 188 m high concrete-faced rockfill dam, with a head of 142 m and a stated
full supply level of 350 m above sea level. The reservoir would then stretch
back over 230 km from the dam wall, flooding an area of at least 640 sq km, as
well as inundating the lower parts of three significant tributaries. Three
quarters of its 3,300 MW installed capacity would be used to export power to
Thailand. Related projects include the construction of high-voltage
transmission lines. Though the developers deny it, water diversion from Burma to Thailand is
also a possibility, and seems a more likely motive than energy exports, since
Thailand is currently experiencing an energy glut. The dam would be built by
GMS Power Public Co. Ltd. of Thailand, at a cost of at least 3 billion USD.
Lahmeyer International (Germany) and Electric Power Development Corporation
(Japan) are among the consultants.
Ethnic minorities at risk in the
Shan State is the largest of the seven ethnic states in Burma, with a
population of about eight million, half of which are ethnic Shan. Other groups
include Burmans, Pa'O, Akha, Lahu, Palaung and Wa. The Shan states have
traditionally remained independent under their own rulers. When Burma achieved
independence, Shan leaders agreed to join in the Union of Burma, in return for
constitutional guarantees including the right to secession. Conflicts arose
between the Shan and the central government, and in 1958 the first of several
Shan rebel groups was formed. Some ethnic leaders sought a peaceful, political
solution, but these were brutally suppressed by the military goverment that
seized power in 1962, leading to decades of war. The Shan State Army – South
(SSA) is still fighting Burma's military goverment.
Burma's governing SPDC junta, one of the most brutal dictatorships in
the world, has especially targeted ethnic groups with its oppressive policies.
Continued insurgency in the Chin, Kachin, Mon, Karen, Karenni and Shan states
and the Tenasserim Division has been met with the repression of civilian
villagers under the government's "four cuts" counter-insurgency
strategy. In particular, the military government has used forced relocation of
villagers, on a scale and in a way tantamount to crimes against humanity, to
deny resources to the resistance forces. Since large-scale forced relocation
began in 1996, 1,400 villages in the Shan State have been relocated, forcing
300,000 people to leave their homes, and driving at least 100,000 of them into
Thailand as refugees.
Forced labour in construction phase
There is abundant evidence
showing the pervasive use of forced labour imposed on the civilian population
throughout
Note, first, that forced
labour has been widely used on large infrastructure projects in
In conclusion, construction
of the Tasang dam and associated infrastructure is
highly likely to involve the massive use of forced labour.
Militarization and abuse
Already, there are reports of a military build-up at the Tasang dam
site, which has recently been fortified by units from four infantry batallions
(nos. 330, 332, 518 and 520) and by eight motorboats patrolling the river
(S.H.A.N. 1999b).
If built, the dam and power transmission lines would have to be guarded
against possible sabotage by insurgent ethnic armies. The real and alleged
security needs of the project will lead to further militarization of the area
and serve as a pretext for increased counter-insurgency measures in the area.
The military goverment may see this as an advantage, as it would be able to
suppress resistance to its illegitimate rule for the 'legitimate' reason of
protecting foreign investments.
In Burma, a stronger military presence is tied to a pattern of
increased gross violations of human rights, and will exacerbate the hardships
suffered by the population. As noted by the UN Special Rapporteur: "In the ethnic areas, the policy of
establishing absolute political and administrative control brings out the worst
in the military, and results in killings, brutality, rape and other human
rights violations which do not spare the old, women, children or the weak" (UN 1999b: §54).
Displaced persons
Displacement of the population in the dam area is already underway due
to militarization and the "four cuts" relocation campaign. Massive
forced relocation in eight townships of the Shan State, affecting over 300,000
people to date, was started by the Burmese army in 1996 after a reorganization
of the Shan armed resistance. Villagers are typically given a few days' warning
to move to a relocation site, on pain of being shot. From 1997, the junta
extended the relocation program to new areas, encompassing both sides of the
Salween as well as its Nam Parng tributary upstream from the planned dam, and
including Murng Pan township, which forms the western side of the Tasang dam
site (cf. SHRF 1998).
Further displacement will occur as people flee the hopeless living
conditions in relocation camps, the increasing abuses of the military, and the
burden of forced labour, which is frequently cited by Burmese refugees in
Thailand as a motive for leaving their home country. Three quarters of the Shan
refugees interviewed by Amnesty in February 1999 had been forced to act as
porters for troops (AI 1999).
Flooding the villages will make this situation irreversible. In Kun
Hing and Murng Paeng townships alone, nearly 10,000 households, or at least
50,000 people, have been forcibly relocated. At least a third of the relocated
villages in Kun Hing township are directly on the banks of the Salween's Nam
Pang tributary, which will be flooded, and perhaps most of the relocated
villages and one relocation site in Murng Paeng will be affected by the dam, as
far as one can make out from a map study (see Annex III.) There is little data
on the number of people who have not been relocated, but will be affected by
flooding.
To the refugees and internally displaced persons from the banks of the
Salween, the planned dam would drown their hopes of ever going home. The
military government may well count it as a benefit, rather than a cost, if the
project involves massive displacement of the civilian population, and if sites
that have already been forcibly relocated are made permanently uninhabitable.
Inadequate resettlement and reparations
Conditions in Burmese relocation centers have been described as "life-threatening" (DoL 2000),
with no or inadequate housing, sanitation, safe drinking water, food, and
medical care. Unemployment and diseases are major problems. In Shan State as
elsewhere, the army has been systematically killing villagers caught outside
the relocation sites (SHRF 1998).
Relocated people do not benefit from compensation. Instead, they are
sitting targets for continued extortion by the authorities and military. They
are both particularly exposed to demands for forced labour (AI 1999), and
particularly vulnerable to this burden, since they have had to leave their
fields and become wage laborers (UN 1999a: §42).
Impossibility of public participation and consultation
The
likely impacts of such a large dam would be severe (including flooding of
arable land, reduction of biodiversity, destruction of livelihoods, riverbank
erosion, saltwater intrusion in the
However,
the planned Salween Dam represents an extreme case with regard to public
participation and consultation in dam projects: the case where no such exercise
is possible or, if undertaken, can be meaningful, due to the pervasive climate
of fear created by the authorities' gross oppression of the affected
population. Hence, any environmental or social impact assessment would
necessarily be incomplete.
It
would also be a first. If any environmental impact assessments have been
carried out in
In
short, an impact assessment would lack the necessary input from affected groups,
may never be made public, and the military government may ignore it - or,
worse, may embrace negative social and environmental impacts as part and parcel
of its own strategy to stamp out ethnic-based resistance.
Though
opposition to the dam plans cannot be openly voiced inside
Conclusions and recommendations
We conclude that:
§
Current plans and studies for the dam are not
transparent.
§
Any social or environmental impact assessment carried
out for the developers will be a sham – true consultation with the affected
peoples and independent evaluation of the environmental impact is simply
impossible under the present military rule.
§
If built, the dam will make irreversible the forced
relocations of tens of thousands of people, and both directly and indirectly
cause the displacement of many more, aggravating the already critical situation
with regard to refugees from and internally displaced persons within Shan
State.
§
Like any other infrastructure works in Burma,
construction of the Salween Dam is highly likely to entail the massive use of
forced labour and an increased incidence of human rights violations.
§
The problem of "dictators' dams" is not yet
history. It must be addressed by other measures than those deemed appropriate
in democratic countries under the rule of law.
§
We therefore recommend that
§
All information surrounding the studies, funding, and
building of the Salween Dam at Tasang should be made public immediately. All
information should be made available in local languages, not only English.
§
The WCD should recommend that an independent
committee be appointed to investigate the current plans for the dam. The
committee should include representatives of affected people as well as NGOs.
§
No institution, whether private or public, should
consider funding dams or other large infrastructure projects in Burma before a
democratically elected, representative government is in power. This should also
apply to export credits, investment guarantees
and other schemes for risk coverage. All ODA agencies, export credit
agencies etc should follow the lead of the World Bank and the Asian Development
Bank in not funding projects in Burma. Relevant organisations, such as the ILO,
the UN, the OECD and ASEAN, should pass appropriate resolutions to this effect.
§
Foreign companies that engage in such projects should
be liable to be denied access to projects funded by the World Bank. The Bank
should institute a policy to this effect.
Further reading
ANNEX I lists the literature referred to in this document.
ANNEX II shows the location of the Tasang dam site on a map of Burma
with the Shan State.
ANNEX III shows an estimate of the flood area, and gives details on
forced relocation and extrajudicial killings in the adjacent townhips.
UPDATES on the Salween Dam are available from [email protected]
[Salween Watch editorial
note: Salween Watch postings are most easily accessible from www.orchestraburma.org UPDATES on the
Salween Dam are available
Annex I: Selected
references
AI (1998). Myanmar: Atrocities in the Shan State.
Amnesty International Report, 15 April 1998 [ASA 16/05/98].
AI (1999). Myanmar: Update on the Shan State.
Amnesty International Report, June 1999 [ASA 16/13/99].
DoL (2000). 2000 Update on Forced Labor and Forced
Relocations. US Department of Labor.
(http://www.dol.gov/dol/ilab/public/media/reports/ofr/burma/forced.htm)
ERI/SAIN (1996). Total Denial: A Report on the Yadana
Pipeline Project in Burma. EarthRights International and Southeast Asian
Information Network, 10 July 1996.
HRDU 1999. Burma Human Rights Yearbook 1998-1999. National
Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, Human Rights Documentation Unit.
ILO (1998). Forced Labour in Myanmar (Burma). Report of
the Commission of Inquiry appointed under article 26 of the Constitution of the
International Labour Organization to examine the observance by Myanmar of the
Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No.29). International Labour
Organization,Geneva, 2 July 1998.
ILO (2000). Second Report of the Director-General to the
members of the Governing Body on measures taken by the Government of Myanmar
following the recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry established to
examine its observance of the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29).
International Labour Organization, Geneva 25 February 2000.
KHRG (1998). Killing the Shan: The Continuing Campaign of
Forced Relocation in Shan State. An Independent Report by the Karen Human
Rights Group, May 23, 1998 [KHRG #98-03].
S.H.A.N. (1999a).
"Shan People Don't Want The Salween Dam." Shan Herald Agency for
News, issue no. 11-17, 25 November 1999.
S.H.A.N. (1999b).
"Junta Fortifying the Salween Dam Site." Shan Herald Agency for News,
issue no. 10-6, October1999.
SHRF (1998). Dispossessed: Forced Relocation and
Extrajudicial Killings in Shan State. Shan Human Rights Foundation, April
1998.
Smith, Martin
(1994). Ethnic Groups in Burma:
Development, Democracy and Human Rights. Anti-Slavery International, London
[Human Rights Series; 8].
SSO (1999).
"Meeting position on the plans by the Burmese military regime to build a
dam on the Salween River in Shan State." Press release from the Shan State
Organisation, Chiang Mai, 10 September 1999.
UN (1999a). Question of the Violation of Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms in Any Part of the World. Situation of Human rights in
Myanmar: Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Rajsoomer Lallah, submitted in
accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/63.
UN (1999b). Interim
report on the situation of human rights in Myanmar prepared by the Special
Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights in accordance with Economic and
Social Council decision 1999/231 of 27 July 1999. Transmitted to the UN General
Assembly's 54th session,
NOTE: The original report contained map of the
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2. SHAN STATE MASSACRE
REFUGEES REVEAL FURTHER DETAILS OF KUNHING KILLINGS
CHIANG MAI, June 16 (S.H.A.N.)
-- More details are emerging about the horrifying slaughter of farming families
in southern Shan state last month. The information was provided to
correspondent Maihoong of the Shan Herald in the
border district of Fang in northern
According to the refugees, the
farmers were working in rice and seseame fields near
the deserted
Among those killed was one of
the porters who was accompanying the column and who made an appeal on their
behalf. The refugees said that the villagers were all from relocation sites
near Kunhing town. Those interviewed put the number
in the fields at 64, but there were reports that others in isolated areas were
also killed.
Among the victims of the
slaughter so far identified by the refugees are:
Loong Pu, 54, Zai
Kam, 51, Zai Nyunt, 30, Zai Htun, 22, all men from Hsaimong
village; Zai Mya, 21, Zai Ko, 19, Zarngla, 49, Kanna, 53, all men from Hueypu
village; Loongmy, 57, and Loong
Htawn, 41, both from Pahpa
village and Nang Kya Oo,
47, and Nang Hseng, 30,
both women from Pahpa village; Nang
Oong, 25, Nang Pwang, 23,and Nang Pan, 21, all
three women from Huay Markhpa
village; Pa La, 50, a woman from Namaw village; Pa Pwang, 49, Pa Khurhwan, 52, and Nang Hsenghawng, all women from Nazook village.
Interviews with the refugees
clarified the location of the massacre in Hsaimong
tract south of the Kunhing - Namzarng
highway rather than in Kenglom tract, as reported by
the traders who brought the first reports of the incident. The Shan Herald report
said it had corroborated the locale of the slaughter with an independent
source.
Sources told the Shan Herald
correspondent that the killings were carried out in revenge for the deaths that
occurred during a May 8-9 ambush of a Burmese army truck caravan along the Kunhing -Takaw stretch of the
same highway by a Shan State Army strike force. Reports at the time indicated
that at least seven of those traveling in the Burmese army convoy had been
killed and five others wounded, including some high-ranking officers.
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3.
The
The document was presented to
the
Although assistance to
The support -- planned for
The document was prepared by
researchers at the Finance Ministry's
But
A Foreign Ministry source said
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4. BIG QUAKE SHAKES
Reuters Wire:
Two hours later another quake
measuring 6.2 on the Richter scale rocked the same area, he said. "We
think the epicentre may be at a very sparsely
populated area," he added.
The
He said the epicentre was 140 km (85 miles) north of the
There were no immediate
reports of casualties in
An earthquake bureau official
in the
The Indonesian
[SW note: According to the Seismic Intensity Zoning Map of
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5. PAK MUN
DECLARATION
PRESS RELEASE,
East and
Anti-dam and river protection
organizations in East and
Mr. Chainarong
Srettachau, Director of Thai NGO Southeast Asia
Rivers Network, the local organizer for the meeting, said, "the joining
together of groups from all over East and SE Asia will provide a powerful force
to protect the rights of communities who depend on rivers for their survival.
We have recognized that we share common problems caused by dams the appropriation of local
communities' rights to their rivers and water resources by governments and
private developers. By joining forces we will drive a stake through the heart
of the dam-building industry in this region."
Participants at the meeting,
which included dam-affected people from Malaysia, Korea, Thailand, the
Philippines, Taiwan and Cambodia, together with allies from across the region,
produced the Pak Mun Declaration, which calls for:
* A moratorium on large dam
construction until the problems created by existing dams have been rectified
and reparations made to affected communities.
* The decommissioning of dams
which have created irreversible social, environmental and cultural destruction, and an immediate stop to the financing of dam
projects by bilateral and multilateral organizations, particularly the World
Bank, Asian Development Bank and Japan Bank for International Cooperation.
Participants visited Pak Mun and Rasi Salai
dams in
Ms. Joan Carling,
Secretary-General of the Cordillera Peoples'
"You are not alone.
People from 12 countries in the East and
<<<ends>>>
For further information,
please contact Mr. Chainarong Srettachau,
Director
of South-East Asia Rivers Network, + 66 53 221157, [email protected].
The full text of the
declaration is as follows:
PAK MUN
DECLARATION
Demanding a moratorium on dam
construction, decommissioning of existing dams, reparations for dam-affected
people
Approved at the First East and
Mae Mun and
We, the people from 12
countries of East and Southeast Asia namely Korea, China, Japan, Indonesia,
Philippines, Thailand, Burma, Taiwan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia and Hong
Kong, representing organizations of dam-affected people and their allies, have
gathered here at the mouth of the Mun River (Pak Mun) in order to express our unity in strengthening the
people’s power and supporting our struggle against the injustices that we are
now encountering.
We have exchanged our
experiences both at the local and regional level and recognize that all of us
are facing similar kinds of problems caused by dams. Dams have brought about
the destruction of rivers and the lives and livelihoods of villagers. Dams undermine the rights of people, their
community and culture as well as destroying the environment, all of which are
basic needs for their survival.
In order to protect the rights
and livelihood of people and rivers, our demands are as follows;
1. A moratorium on large dam
construction in East and
2. The bilateral and
multilateral organizations must stop financing dam projects. Development
assistance should not be spent on destroying the lives of the people. The
transnational corporations, private companies and private banks must also
abolish their investment in dam-building projects that do not do justice to
people.
3. Governments, dam-building
companies, dam industry consultants, the World Bank, private banks and the Asian Development Bank, who are
all responsible for the havoc wreaked upon our communities by large dams, must pay
proper reparations to all dam-affected communities.
4. Critical and independent
inquiries on the rationale and justification of proposed dam projects should be
carried out. Integrated Resource Planning, demand side management and
conservation of natural resources should be prioritized. Cheaper, cleaner and
better alternatives to dams should be undertaken to meet actual needs of people
for energy and water.
5. No development projects
should be built without the voluntary, prior and informed consent of all
affected people. Information regarding proposed projects must be disclosed, in
a timely and transparent manner, to the general public and, especially, to
people directly impacted from such projects. Further, we demand democratic
reforms throughout the region to increase freedom of speech, press and assembly
so that people can participate without fear in the decision-making process
regarding the use and management of their resources.
6. The oppression of
indigenous peoples by dams and other projects should be stopped. We demand that
the cultural, social, economic and land rights of indigenous peoples be fully
recognized and respected.
7. We oppose the privatization
of rivers and water resources. We also oppose the control of rivers and water
resources by illegitimate and repressive governments, as in
In order for our demands to be
implemented, we declare that we will unite our struggle at the local, national
and international level so as to stop the funding of dam projects in East and
Water for Life, not for Death!
Ao Khuan kuen
bpai, ao Dhammachat kuen ma! Take your dams back, give us nature!
Endorsed by
· Asian Regional Exchange for
New Alternatives, Hong Kong
· Assembly of the Poor,
· Cultural and Environmental
Preservation Association,
· Church World Services,
· Coalition of Concerned NGOs Against Bakun
· Committee Against
the Yongwong Dam Project,
· Cordillera Peoples’
· Earth Rights International,
· Friends of the Earth, Japan
· Friends of the People,
· Group of Villagers Affected
by Hua Na
· Group of Villagers to
Protect the
· Indigenous Peoples
Development
· Korean Federation for
Environmental Movement,
· Legal Rights and
· LRA,
· Meinung
People’s Association,
·
· National Dam Opposition
·
· Sahabat
Alam
· SOS
· South-East Asia Rivers
·
· TUNOD KSM
· Villager Committee to
Restore the
· Villager Committee to
Protect the
· Villager Committee to
Protect the
· WALHI,
· WALHI
· Wildlife Fund
· Yayasan
Tanah Merdeka,
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6.
A JAPANESE DAM FOR
Press backgrounder #3 for a briefing at
the Foreign Correspondent’s Club of
Now, with financing from
The
dam, to be located at Ta Sang in southern
In
the last four years, Burmese troops have intensified their military operations
in the
§
Location of
dam: §
Height of
dam: 188 m (tallest in §
Installed
capacity: 3,300 MW (3/4 to be sold to §
Flood area:
Reservoir will flood 230 km back up along the §
Cost of dam:
At least US$3 billion §
Developer:
GMS Power Public Co. Ltd.( §
Japanese
connection: Electric Power Development Corporation ( Status of dam plans: Feasibility Study has been or is about to be completed (=
Step 4 in the 5- step dam planning process). Abuses already occurring: Forced labor and forced
relocations. A number of Burmese
army battalions have moved into the area to provide protection for Japanese
workers for EPDC.
TASANG DAM FACTS
According
to the 1998 International Labor Organization (ILO) finding on forced labor in
Forced
labor involving thousands of workers has been used on previous major dam
projects, including the Nam Wok dam in Shan state completed in 1994. There are
compelling reasons to believe that the Ta Sang dam development will also
involve the SPDC's use of forced labor, such as:
In
the January 1999 report submitted to the UN Commission on Human Rights, Special Rapporteur, Mr. Rajsoomer Lallah, received
reports of villagers from Murng Pan, Larng Khur, Murng
Ton and Nam Zarng being forced to work by the SPDC
army for periods of up to two weeks splitting rocks near the
SPDC's
widespread practice of using forced labor for construction of infrastructure projects
is well documented and publicized. The Yadana gas
pipeline project brought worldwide attention to such inhumane practices.
Forced relocation
Human
Rights Watch reports an intensification of civilian
forced relocation and the subsequent human rights abuses inflicted by the SPDC
military from 1996 to 1999, especially in the
Forced
displacement is occurring in precisely the same areas that dam site surveyors began feasibility
studies on the proposed dam site. From
1997, the SPDC military extended its relocation program in Shan state to
include both sides on the
Already,
there are more refugees from
The Japanese Connection:--Japan’s
Electric Power Development Co.’s Work on the Ta Sang Dam
The
EPDC’s
ten shareholders are the Ministry of Finance, with 66% and nine electric power
utilities, collectively owing 33.3%.
The use of a Japanese
quasi-governmental company to carry out the feasibility studies hints at what
will likely be the most significant Japanese connection–funding. At US $3 billion, the project dwarfs
The Japanese government has
been secretive about its involvement in Tasang but it
has recently announced a resumption of aid to
For more information on the
massive forced relocation, forced portering, forced
labor and other abuses in the
Electric Power Development
Co., Ltd. (EPDC),
Phone: 03-3546-9385; Fax: 03-3544-1819;
Website: http://www.epdc.co.jp
A Dam for Burma’s Generals, a report by Terra, a Thai environmental NGO
http://www.mhoneshweyee.com/mar00/032500a.html
The
http://metalab.unc.edu/freeburma/humanrights/khrg/archive/khrg95/khrg9512.html
“Killing the Shan”, a report by the Karen Human Rights Group
http
://metalab.unc.edu/freeburma/humanrights/khrg/archive/khrg98/khrg9803.html
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Backdated Salween Watch Hotmailouts are available online at the following
address:
http://www.orchestraburma.org/environment/
Salween Watch periodically checks its “hotmail” address at:
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