ELECTED MPs REMAINING BEHIND BARS
|
SR. No. |
NAME |
CONSTITUENCY |
STATE / DIVISION |
PARTY |
PRISON TERM (YEAR) |
|
1 |
Lt.Col. Kyaw San (Retd.) |
Taze (1) |
Sagaing |
NLD |
7 |
|
2 |
U Do Htaung |
Kale (1) |
Sagaing |
NLD |
7 |
|
3 |
Dr. Myint Naing |
Kantbalu (2) |
Sagaing |
NLD |
*25+5 |
|
4 |
U Toe Po |
Yebyu |
Tenasserim |
NLD |
7 |
|
5 |
U Ohn Maung |
Nyaunglebin (1) |
Pegu |
NLD |
7 |
|
6 |
Dr. Zaw Myint Maung |
Amarapura (1) |
Mandalay |
NLD |
*25+7+5 |
|
7 |
U Ohn Kyaing (Aung Wint) |
Mandalay SE (2) |
Mandalay |
NLD |
10+7 |
|
8 |
U Soe Myint |
Minbu (1) |
Magwe |
NLD |
7 |
|
9 |
U Kyaw Khin |
Taunggyi (1) |
Shan |
NLD |
10 |
|
10 |
U Khin Maung Swe |
Sanchaung |
Rangoon |
NLD |
7 |
|
11 |
U Sein Hla Oo (Maung Nwe Oo) |
Insein (2) |
Rangoon |
NLD |
7 |
|
12 |
Dr. Than Nyein |
Kyauktan (1) |
Rangoon |
NLD |
7 |
|
13 |
Dr. May Win Myint |
Mayangone (2) |
Rangoon |
NLD |
7 |
|
14 |
U Naing Naing |
Pazundaung |
Rangoon |
NLD |
(7x3)
21 |
|
15 |
Khun Myint Tun |
Thaton (1) |
Mon |
NLD |
7 |
|
16 |
U Yaw Hsi |
Putao |
Kachin |
NLD |
5 |
|
17 |
Dr. Min Soe Lin |
Ye (1) |
Mon |
MNDF |
7 |
|
18 |
Dr. Min Kyi Win |
Mudon (2) |
Mon |
MNDF |
7 |
*In 1993, they received a SLORC amnesty (Declaration No. 1/93) and
their sentence was reduced 25 years to 10 years.
25 MPs LIVING
IN EXILE
|
NO. |
NAME |
CONSTITUENCY |
STATES/
DIVISIONS |
PARTY |
|
1. |
Dr. Sein Win |
Paukkaung |
Pegu |
PND |
|
2. |
Dr. Sann Aung |
Ingapu (2) |
Irrawaddy |
Ind. |
|
3. |
Dr. Tint Swe |
Pale (2) |
Sagaing |
NLD |
|
4. |
Dr. Zahle Tang |
Falam (2) |
Chin |
CNLD |
|
5. |
Khun Marko Ban |
Pekon |
Shan |
DOKNU |
|
6. |
Khun Teddy Buri |
Loikaw (2) |
Karenni |
NLD |
|
7. |
Sai Win Pe |
Mong Hsu |
Shan |
SNLD |
|
8. |
Naing Thaung Shein |
Kawkayeik (2) |
Karen |
MNDF |
|
9. |
U Bo Hla Tint |
Mogok (2) |
Mandalay |
NLD |
|
10. |
U Bo Thaung |
Yinmabin (1) |
Sagaing |
NLD |
|
11. |
U Daniel Aung |
Mong Ping |
Shan |
LNDP |
|
12. |
U Hla Oo |
Kyauktaga |
Pegu |
NLD |
|
13. |
U Liam Ok |
Haka |
Chin |
Ind. |
|
14. |
U Maung Maung Aye |
Mandalay NE (1) |
Mandalay |
NLD |
|
15. |
U Maung Maung Latt |
Bilin (1) |
Mon |
NLD |
|
16. |
U Tha Noe |
Rathedaung |
Arakan |
ALD |
|
17. |
U Than Sein |
Pale (1) |
Sagaing |
NLD |
|
18. |
U Tang Lian Pau |
Tonzang |
Chin |
ZNC |
|
19. |
U Thein Oo |
Mandalay SW (2) |
Mandalay |
NLD |
|
20. |
U Tin Htut |
Einme (1) |
Irrawaddy |
NLD |
|
21. |
U Peter Lin Pin |
Maymyo (2) |
Mandalay |
Ind. |
|
22. |
U Tun Oo |
Kyaukkyi |
Pegu |
NLD |
|
23. |
U Tun Yi |
Sandoway |
Arakan |
NLD |
|
24. |
U Mya Win |
Ingapu (1) |
Irrawaddy |
NLD |
|
25. |
U Khin Kyaw Han |
Yenangyaung (2) |
Magwe |
NLD |
MPs WHO DIED IN PRISON
Three Members of Parliament
(MPs) died in prison between 1990 and 1998 due to torture, ill-treated and held
in conditions that amounted to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. They
suffered from lack of medical care and an inadequate diet.
|
NO. |
NAME |
CONSTITUENCY |
DIED ON |
|
1 |
U Tin Maung Win |
Kayan (2), Rangoon Division |
18-1-90 |
|
2 |
U Hla Than |
CocoIsland, Rangoon Division |
2-8-96 |
|
3 |
U Saw Win (a) U Kyaw Zaw Lin |
Htilin, Magwe Division |
7-8-98 |
Some died soon after they were
released.
|
NO. |
NAME |
CONSTITUENCY |
DIED ON |
|
1 |
U Tin Ko Ko |
Htantabin Rangoon Division |
30-5-99 |
|
2 |
U Kyaw Min (Architect) |
West Bassein, Irrawaddy
Division |
1-7-99 |
…………………………………………………………………………………………
New
Elections Commission Formed
Multi-Party Democracy General Elections Commission Law No. 1/88 was promulgated by State LORC Chairman Gen. Saw Maung, as follows: -
For the purpose of holding the multiparty democracy general elections successfully in the Union of Burma, the State Law and Order Restoration Council has enacted the following Law.
Chapter I - Title
1. This Law shall be called the Multiparty Democracy General Elections Commission Law.
Chapter II - Formation
2. The Multiparty Democracy General Elections Commission referred to in paragraph 2 of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Declaration No. 1/88 dated 18 September 1988 shall continue to function.
3. The State Law and Order Restoration Council may increase the membership and substitute new members in vacant posts of the Multiparty Democracy General Elections Commission.
Chapter III - Rights and Responsiblities
4. The rights and responsibilities of the Multiparty Democracy General Elections Commission are as follows:-
(a) to prepare the successful holding of free and fair multiparty democracy general elections;
(b) to submit necessary laws for enactment by the State Law and Order Restoration Council;
(c) to make necessary by-laws, procedures, orders and instructions;
(d) to form Sub-Commissions of the Multiparty Democracy General Elections Commission;
(e) to appoint staff and set up administrative offices for the Multiparty Democracy General Elections Commission and its Sub-Commissions;
(f) to make necessary arrangements for holding free and fair multiparty general elections; to perform necessary functions; to seek and obtain necessary assistance.
Chapter IV - Miscellaneous
5. The expenses of the Multiparty Democracy General Elections Commission and its Sub-Commissions are the expenditure for holding the general elections shall be borne by the State.
6. The Pyithu Hluttaw and People's Councils Elections Commission Law (1976 Pyithu Hluttaw Law No. 5) is hereby repealed.
Sd. General Saw Maung, Chairman State Law and Order Restoration Council
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
State Law and Order Restoration Council
Law No. 4/88 of 27 Semtember 1988
The State Law and Order Restoration Council for the successful holding of multi-party general elections, hereby enacts the following law:
Chapter 1 Title and Definitions
1. This Law shall be called the Political Parties Registration Law.
2. The following expressions in this Law shall have the following meanings:
(a) political party means an organization that accepts and practices the genuine multi-party democracy;
(b) election means the multi-party general elections;
(c) Commission means the Multi-Party Democracy General Elections Commission.
Chapter II Registration of Political Parties
3. Any political party desirous of contesting the elections shall apply in the prescribed manner for registration to the Commission. The following organizations, however, shall not have the right to apply for registration:--
(a) an organization declared to be an unlawful organization under any existing law;
(b) an organization in revolt with arms against the State;
(c) an organization that uses or accepts directly or indirectly money, buildings, vehicles and other assets owned by the State;
(d) an organization that uses or accepts directly or indirectly money, assets or other aids from a religious organization or government of a foreign country;
(e) an organization that misuses religion for political purposes;
(f) an organization formed by personnel enjoying monthly salaries from the State Budget or personnel from the defence forces such as the Tatmadaw, the Peoples' Police Force, public service organizations, state owned economic boards and corporations.
4. Any political party may contest the election only after permission is granted to register under the law.
Chapter III The Rights of the Commission
5. The Commission on receiving an application for registration by a political party examine it in the prescribed manner and may--
(a) allow registration or
(b) refuse registration.
6. The Commission on finding before holding the elections, that a political party which has been allowed registration is an organization as provided in section 3, sub-sections (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e) shall cancel the respective registration.
7. The Commission on finding before holding the election, that a political party which has been allowed registration is an organization as provided in section 3, sub-section (f), shall inform the respective political party and the respective public service organization to ask the persons concerned to resign from the said political party.
8. The decision of the Commission under section 5, 6 or 7 shall be final.
Chapter IV Miscellaneous
9. The Commission may for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of this law, make rules, procedures, orders and directives.
Sd. General Saw Maung
Chairman
State Law and Order Restoration Council
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Organization
Law
State Law and Order Restoration
Council Law No. 6/88 of 30 September
1988
The State Law and Order Restoration Council hereby enacts the following Law--
Chapter I Title and Definitions
1. This Law shall be called the Law relating to Forming of Organizations.
2. The following expressions in this Law shall have the following meanings--
(a) an organization means an association, society, union, party, committee, federation, group of associations, front, club and similar organization that is formed with a group of people for an objective or a programme either with or without a particular name.
(b) a political organization means an organization that has a political movement based upon a certain political ideology.
Chapter II Applying for permission to form organizations
3. (a) Organizations shall apply for permission to form to the Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs according to the prescribed procedure.
(b) Organizations that have already been formed shall apply within thirty days from the promulgation of this Law.
(c) Organizations that are not permitted shall not form or continue to exist and pursue activities.
4. The following organizations do not require to apply for permission to form:
(a) Organizations that are registered and remain so registered under the Protection of National Unity Law, 1964;
(b) Organizations that pursue religious activities only;
(c) Organizations that pursue economic activities only;
(d) Organizations registered under any existing law;
(e) Organizations that have under the Political Parties Registration Law received permission for formation form the Multi-party Democracy General Elections Commission or that have applied or that have submitted that preparations are being made for application.
Chapter III Organizations not permitted to form
5. The following organizations shall not be formed, and if already formed shall not function and shall not continue to exist:
(a) Organizations that are not permitted to register under The Political Parties Registration Law, 1988 or if permitted to register, the registration[s] of which have been cancelled by the Multi-party Democracy General Elections Commission;
(b) Organizations that attempt, instigate, incite, abet or commit acts that may in any way disrupt law and order, peace and tranquility, or safe and secure communications;
(c) Organizations that attempt, instigate, incite, abet or commit acts that may effect or disrupt the regularity of state machinery;
(d) Organizations that are formed with service personnel from the Tatmadaw and the Peoples' Police Force of the defence forces and personnel of public service organizations, State owned economic boards, corporations and other organizations of the State machinery or with service personnel receiving monthly emoluments from the state budget and being either under the influence of or associated with a political party.
Chapter IV Punishments
6. Any person found guilty of committing an offence under Section 3 Sub section (c) or Section 5 shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years.
7. Any person found guilty of being a member of, or aiding and abetting or using the paraphernalia of organizations that are not permitted to form or not permitted to continue in existence and provided in Section 3 Sub section (c) or that are not permitted to form as provided in Section 5 shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years.
Chapter V General Provisions
8. The Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs may cancel the registration of those organizations that are found to be acting in ways or for an objective that are different from those at the time of registration.
9. The Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs may make necessary rules, orders, directives and procedures.
Sd. General Saw Maung
Chairman
State Law and Order Restoration Council
………………………………………………………………………………………………
REGISTERED POLITICAL PARTIES
Beginning
1st October 1988, Political Parties were registered at the
Multi-Party Democracy General Elections Commission Office as follow: -
(1) Democracy Party
(2) National League for Democracy
(3) People's Democratic Party - Member LDA
(4) People's Youth Federation (Burma) - Member DAL, Registration
cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(5) All Burma United Youths Organization
(6) Unity and Development Party
(7) Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League - Member LDA
(8) Democratic Front for National Reconstruction (Union of Burma)
(9) Burma Democratic Party - Member UBDE, Registration cancelled
(10) Graduates and Old Students Democratic
Association
(11) Burma United Democratic Party
(12) National Peace and Democracy Party
(13) Union Karen League - Member UNLD
(14) United Peace Democratic Party,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(15) Democracy Development Organization -
Member UBDE, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(16) Arakan League for Democracy - Member
UNLD and APDF
(17) National Unity Party [former Burma
Socialist Programme Party-BSPP]
(18) Democratic Party for New Society -
Member UBDF and LDA
(19) People's Volunteer Organization (Burma)
- Member LDA
(20) Democratic Progress Allied Party
(21) The Kachin State National Democratic Party
(22) The League for Human Rights & Peace
- Member LSNRC, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(23) All Burma National Youths League,
Dissolved and deregistered
(24) Mon National Democratic Front - Member
UNLD
(25) Patriotic Youth Organization
(26) Youth Union for Burma's Progress,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(27) All Burma Democratic People's Power
Organization
(28) National Progressive Youth of Burma
(29) People's Democratic Party for Stability of
Freedom & Development - Member LSNRC, Registration cancelled for
failure to nominate any candidates,
(30) Zomi National Congress - Member UNLD
(31) Chin National League for Democracy -
Member UNLD
(32) People's Progressive and Freedom Democracy
Front - Member LDA, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(33) Democratic Labour Party (Burma) -
Member ULDP, UBDF, and DAL
(34) Forward National Democracy Front, Registration
cancelled at request of Party
(35) Union of Burma (Main) AFPFL (Hq) ….
Election Commission Announcement No. 906 of 31 January 1991 cancelled the
registration of the Union of Burma AFPFL Central Headquarters, originally
registered 22 November 1988. The announcement stated: “ Daw Cho Cho Kyaw Nyein,
General Secretary of AFPFL, who signed when the application was put up for
registration of political parties and some CEC members made contacts with
insurgents’ organizations that are waging armed struggle against the State and
carried out activities with the aim of launching a revolt against the
State.Concrete evidence in connection with this was obtained.It was found that
the AFPFL Headquarters infringed the Sub-section (b) of Section 3 of the
Political Parties Registration Law as it has become an above-ground organization of the
insurgents.The Commission hereby announces the cancellation of the Union of
Burma AFPFL Central Headquarters … with effect from today ….”.
(36) Democratic League for the National Races of
the Shan State - Member UNLD
(37) United National Congress - Member UBDF
and NDF
(38) Democratic Human Rights Party
(39) Democracy and Human Rights Organization
(D-H-O) - Member UBDF, Dissolved
(40) The Peace and Economic Development Party of
Union of Burma - Member UBDF,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(41) Real Democracy [System] Party,
Dissolved
(42) Patriotic Old Comrades League
(43) Federal Development Organization (Burma)
(44) People's Student Democratic Party,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(45) Shan Nationalities League for Democracy
- Member UNLD
(46) Progressive Democratic Youth League (Burma),
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(47) Liberal Democracy Party - Member UBDF,
Dissolved and deregistered
(48) Patriotic Democratic Youth Front (Burma)
- Member UBDF …. Election Commission Announcement No. 911 of 11 February 1991
cancels the registration of the Patriotic Democratic Youth Front (Burma).The
announcement states that the Front was bought up for K 500 and reorganized by a
faction of the split Democratic Party for New Society, and that its new CEC
members “ have been engaged in anti-State activities as an above-ground
organization after making contacts with BCP and ABSDF No. (601) Battalion which
are waging armed insurrection against the State “.These activities “are of an
above-ground organization of the insurgents”.
(49) Association of Burma Patriotic Youth -
Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(50) Democratic Youth Organization (Mon State)
- Registration cancelled at request of Party
(51) People's Solidarity and Action Party -
Member LDA, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(52) Naga Hills Regional Progressive Party
(53) Democratic Republican Front (Burma) -
Member UBDF and LDA , Registration cancelled at request of Party
(54) Youth and Student Union Association, Registration
cancelled at request of Party
(55) Peasants' Unity Organization
(56) Youth Unity Organization
(57) Workers' Unity Organization
(58) Rakhine Unity and Democracy Association
- Member APDF, Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(59) All Burma National Progressive Democracy
Party - Member UBDF, LSNRC, and DAL
(60) Society for International Friendship (Union
of Burma) - Member LDA, Registration cancelled for failure to nominate at
least three candidates,
(61) Youths' Solidarity Front (Union of Burma)
(62) National Party - Member UBDF
(63) Kayah State All Nationalities League for
Democracy (KNLD) - Member UNLD
(64) Arakan People's United Organization -
Member UNLD and APDF Registration cancelled at request of Party
(65) Shan National Development Democratic Party
(Union of Burma) - Member NSF
(66) Democratic People's League (DPL) -
Member UBDF and DAL
(67) Party for Unity and Peace - Member
ULDP, Registration cancelled at request of Party Dec. 11, l989
(68) Organization of Peace and Welfare for
Democracy (Union of Burma) - Member UBDF, Registration cancelled for
failure to nominate any candidates,
(69) Union Youth Party - Member ULDP,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(70) Students' Revolutionary Party for Democracy
(SRDP), Registration cancelled for failure to nominate at least three
candidates,
(71) Independent Democratic Union Party -
Member ULDP, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(72) Union for the Improvement of Burma Women
(Central Headquarters)
(73) Northern Shan State Youth Unity and
Development Organization - Registration cancelled at request of Party
(74) The Kachin State National Congress for
Democracy (KNCD)
(75) Democratic Party for Youth Society -
Dissolved and deregistered
(76) Peoples Power Party (PPP)
(77) Union Stability Party (USP) - Member
UBDF
(78) The Arakan National Unity Organization (ANUO)
(79) Faithful Democratic Federation - Member
UBDF, Dissolved and deregistered
(80) Shan State Democratic Party -
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(81) National Promotion Forum - Registration
cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(82) Liberal People's Party - Member
ULDP and UBDF Registration cancelled at request of Party
(83) League for New State Democracy - Member
UBDF, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(84) Karen State Nationals Organization -
Member UNLD
(85) Union Paoh National Organization -
Member UNLD
(86) National Peace Party (NPP)
(87) Patriotic League for Peace -
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(88) National Democratic Party for Human Rights
- Member UBDF and NDF
(89) Free People League of Burma - Member
NDF
(90) Highlander's Democratic Party - Member
UNLD, Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(91) Arakanese Peace & Human Rights Party
- Member UNLD, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(92) Union of Kachin Youth Led by Kachin
University Students (UKY)
(93) Federal Republic Development Party -
Registration cancelled for failure to nominate at least three candidates,
(94) People's Peace Organization of Union of
Burma - Member UBDF, Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any
candidates,
(95) Party for National Development - Member
UBDF, Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(96) Arakan Nationalities Democracy Party
(97) Organization of Students and Youth for
National Politics - Registration cancelled at request of Party
(98) Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
(Original) (Hq); AFPFL (Original) (Hq)
(99) Burma Reporters' Association -
Registration cancelled at request of party,
(100) New Burma Party - Registration
cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(101) The Union of All Burma United Nationalities
- Member NSF
(102) United Democratic Youth League - Member
UBDF, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(103) National Peace and Comfort Party -
Member DAL, Registration cancelled for failure to nominate at least three
candidates,
(104) New Democracy Party - Dissolved
(105) New Ideology Improvement Party for Social
System - Dissolved and deregistered
(106) People's Progressive Party (Rangoon) -
Member LDA, Registration cancelled on 19 September 1989 as “ above ground
organization of the Burma Communist Party “ in contravention of Section 3 (b)
of the Political Party Registration Law.
(107) Union of Burma Democratic League -
Dissolved and deregistered
(108) Rule of People's Democracy League -
Member UBDF, Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(109) Ever Green Young Men Association
(Monywa) - Member NSF, Registration cancelled on 19 September 1989 as “ above
ground organization of the Burma Communist Party “ in contravention of Section
3 (b) of the Political Party Registration Law.
(110) Union Democratic Congress, Registration
cancelled at request of Party
(111) League for Mother Democracy - Member
ULDP and LSNRC, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(112) League of Peasants' Unions (Union of Burma)
(113) Democracy Reformation League - Member
UBDF, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(114) United Trade Union Congress (Union of
Burma)
(115) League for the Vitality of People's
Democracy - Registration cancelled at request of Party
(116) National Solidarity League, Union of Burma
- Dissolved
(117) Students and Youths League for Mayyu
Development (Arakan)
(118) Rakhine Races United Democratic Party
(RRUDP) - Member UBDF, Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any
candidates,
(119) Justice Party - Member UBDF,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(120) National Fitness and Peace Party -
Member UBDF and LSNRC, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(121) National Republican Federation (NRF) - Member
UBDF, Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(122) Union of Burma Unity Democracy League
(RUDL)
(123) Genuine National Democratic Youth
Organization - Dissolved and deregistered
(124) Republican Party - Member LSNRC,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(125) United Democratic Front (UDF) - Member
UBDF, Dissolved
(126) All-Burma Peasant Organization (before Dec.
26, Peasant Party (Burma), Registration cancelled at request of Party
(127) Trade Union Congress (Burma) (TUCB) (before
Dec. 26, Labour Party (Burma), Registration cancelled at request of Party
(128) League for Peace of All Shan Youth &
Students, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(129) The New Life Party, Registration
cancelled at request of Party
(130) National Politics Front (NPF)
(Mandalay) - Member NSF and LDA, Registration cancelled on 19 September 1989 as
“ above ground organization of the Burma Communist Party “ in contravention of
Section 3 (b) of the Political Party Registration Law.
(131) Union Progress and Justice Action Party
(UPJAP) - Member UBDF , Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(132) Farmer, Gadu, Ganan and Shan National Unity
Democratic Headquarters (Banmauk
Myo) - Member UBDF
(133) Ta-ang (Palaung) National League for
Democracy - Member UNLD
(134) Shan State Kokang Democratic Party
(135) Guidance Democracy Party (GDP) -
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(136) United Force Party - Registration
cancelled at request of Party
(137) Kokang Democracy and Unity Party
(138) Democratic Action Party of Burma (DAB)
- Member NSF, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(139) Youth Organization of Anti-Fascist People's
Freedom League (Original) (Burma) (HQ)
- Registration cancelled at request of Party
(140) All Burma Youth League (Hqrs) (ABYL) -
Member UBDF, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(141) League for Democracy and Peace (LDP) ….
Elections Commission Announcement No. 908 of 4 february 1991 cancelled the
registration of the League for Democracy and Peace (LDP).The statement noted,
inter alia, that the LDP “split in two – one led by Thakin Thein Pe and the
other by U Tin Maung Aye and U Maung Maung Tar “, and that many CEC members had
been cancelled for refusal to resign from U Nu’s “ parallel government
“.Therefore, “as the splinter groups could not be reunited … during the
six-month period allowed”, the LDP “has been cancelled from the list of
registered political parties”.
(142) Union National League (Burma) - Member
UBDF, Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(143) National Democratic Peace and Solidarity
Party (NDPSP) - Member NSF, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(144) Peasants and Workers Development Democracy
League (PWDDL) - Member UBDF, Registration cancelled for failure to
nominate any candidates,
(145) People's Justice Party (Burma) -
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(146) Peasants & Workers League for
Democratic New-Construction (Union of Burma) - Dissolved
(147) League of New Generations (Union of Burma)
- Member LDA, Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(148) Burma's League for Liberal Evolution -
Dissolved
(149) League for Arakan Students and Youths -
Dissolved and deregistered
(150) People's Front for Democracy Construction
- Member UBDF, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(151) Peasants' Development Party (PDP)
(152) Shan State Kachin Democratic Party - Member
UNLD
(153) Kachin National Congress (KNC) - Member
UNLD
(154) Patriotic Democracy Party (PDP) -
Member DAL, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(155) Progressive New Burma Party (PNBP) -
Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(156) Union's Genuine Democracy Party (Burma)
- Registration cancelled at request of Party
(157) Coalition League for Democratic Party Unity,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(158) Union DANU League for Democracy
(159) Pa-O National Development Organization
- Registration cancelled at request of Party
(160) League for Democracy Alliance - Member
UBDF, Dissolved
(161) National Ethnic Reformation Party (Headquarters)
- Member UBDF and NDF
(162) People's Pioneer Party (PPP) - Member
UBDF and LSNRC
(163) Kamans National League for Democracy -
Member UNLD
(164) Kuki Chin National Unity Party (KCNUP) -
Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(165) Democratic Organization for Kayan National
Unity (DOKNU)
(166) Mara People's Party (MPP)
(167) Union Nationals Democracy Party (UNDP)
(168) Democratic People and Retired Personnel
Organization (DPRPO) - Member ULDP,
Dissolved May 20, 1989; deregistered
(169) Burma People's Welfare Party (Sinbyugyun)
- Registration cancelled at request of Party
(170) Mro or Khami National Solidarity
Organization (MKNSO) - Member UNLD
(171) People's Potential Democratic Youth League
- Member UBDF, Dissolved and deregistered
(172) Real, Peace [Open], Just-Democratic Party
(Union of Burma) - Member NSF
(173) Democracy New Building Social Milieu Party
(Bassein-Irrawaddy Division) - Registration cancelled at request of Party
(174) New Strength Democratic Allied Party -
Dissolved and deregistered
(175) Southern Chin Democracy Party (SCDP),
Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(176) Youth and Students Democracy Forces -
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(177) Amyothar Party (AP)
(178) Patriotic People's Parliamentary Party,
Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(179) National League for Democracy Justice
(NLDJ)
(180) All Burma Liberated Women's Organization,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(181) (Main) AFPFL Youth Hqs - Registration
cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(182) Asho-Chin National Development League
(ANDL) - Registration cancelled for failure to nominate at least three
candidates,
(183) The Might of New Generation Youth Front
(Burma)
(184) Non-Aligned People's Democracy Party -
Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(185) Wa National Development Party
(186) Mikhin Bama Pyi Aphwe - Member UBDF,
Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(187) Lisu National Solidarity (LNS)
(188) National Economic League for Trade,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(189) Karen National Congress for Democracy
(KNCD)
(190) National Progressive Socialist League
(NPSL), Registration cancelled for failure to nominate at least three
candidates,
(191) Matured Democratic Party (MDP),
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(192) Inn-Tha National Organization
(193) The Rakhine National Humanitarian
Development Organization
(194) Indigenous Race Collaboration Party
(195) People's Party - Member ULDP,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(196) Union Party (UP) - Registration
cancelled at request of Party
(197) Federal Democratic Party (FDP),
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(198) Union People's Future and Democracy Party
(199) United League of Democratic Parties
Alliance of following
8 parties:
Democratic Labour Party (Burma), Party for Unity and Peace, Union Youth Party,
Independent Democratic Union Party, Liberal People's Party, League for Mother
Democracy, Democratic People and Retired Personnel Organization, and People's
Party [ also a Member of Union of Burma
Democratic Front; also a Member of
Leading Strength of National Realism Central;
also a Member of Democratic Allies' League (DAL) ]
(200) Anti-Communist, Anti-Socialist,
Anti-Totalitarian Free Democracy League
(201) Conservative Party Burma
(202) National Politics Women Force (NPWF) -
Member NSF, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(203) National Economic Development Force (NEDF)
- Member NSF, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(204) National Politics Peasant Force (NPPF)
- Member NSF, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(205) National Politics Labour Force (NPLF) -
Member NSF, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(206) National Politics Front (Youth) -
Member NSF …. Election Commission Announcement No. 909 of 6 February 1991
cancelled the registration of the National Politics Front (Youth).The statement
said, “ There is firm evidence that the National Politics Front (Youth) has
been carrying out activities as an organization above-ground, maintaining
contacts with BCP UGs and accepting their guidance.
(207) Lahu National Development Party (LNDP)
(208) National Democracy Establishment Party
(Central) (NDEP) - Member LSNRC, Registration cancelled at request of
party,
(209) Patriotic Indigenous Physicians League
- Registration cancelled at request of Party
(210) Esprit de Corps Restoration Party,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(211) Peoples' Reporters Association (Burma)
(PRA), Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(212) Party for National Democracy
(213) National Solidarity Front
Alliance of following
12 Parties:
National Politics Front (NPF); The Union of All Burma United Nationalities;
National Democratic Peace and Solidarity Party; Democratic Action Party of
Burma (DAP); Ever Green Young Men's Association; Shan National Development
Democratic Party (Union of Burma); Real, Peace, Just Democratic Party (Union of
Burma); National Politics Labour Force; National Economic Development Force
(NEDF); National Politics Peasant Force (NPPF); National Politics Front
(Youth); National Politics Women Force (NPWF)
[ also a Member of League of Democratic Allies ]
(214) United Nationalities League for Democracy
Alliance of following
18 parties:
Arakan League for Democracy; Mon National Democratic Front; Zomi National
Congress; Chin National League for Democracy; Democratic League for the
National Races of the Shan State; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy;
Kayah State All Nationalities League for Democracy; Karen State National
Organization; Union PAOH National Organization; Highlander's Democratic Party;
Arakanese Peace and Human Rights Party; Ta-ang (Palaung) National League for
Democracy; Kachin National Congress (KNC); Shan State Kachin Democratic Party;
Kamans National League for Democracy; Union Karen League; Arakan People's
United Organization; Mro or Khami National Solidarity Organization (MKNSO) [ also a Member of Arakan People's Democratic
Front ]
(215) Union of Burma Democratic Front ...
SLORC Order No. 1/92 of 8 January 1992, on the recommendation of the Election
Commission, abolished effective 8 January 1992, this political party “whose
representatives has not been elected and which have not even been able to
present the organizational standings of this party”.
Alliance of following
40 parties:
Union Progress and Justice Action Party, Democratic Party for New Society;
Burma Democratic Party; Democracy Development Organization; Democratic Labour
Party (Burma); United National Congress; Democracy and Human Rights
Organization (DHO); Peace and Economic Development Party of the Union of Burma;
Liberal Democratic Party; All Burma National Progressive Democracy Party;
National Party; Democratic People's League; Organization of Peace and Welfare
for Democracy (Union of Burma); Union Stability Party; Faithful Democratic
Federation; Liberal People's Party; League for New State Democracy; Party for
National Development; National Democratic Party for Human Rights; People's
Peace Organization of Union of Burma; [United] Democratic Youth League; Rule of
People's Democracy League; Democracy Reformation League (DRL); Rakhine Races
United Democracy Party (RRUDP); Justice Party; National Fitness and Peace
Party; National Republican Federation (NRF); United Democratic Front; Farmer,
Gadu, Ganan, Shan National Unity Democratic Headquarters; Union National League
(Burma); Peasants and Workers Development Democracy League (PWDDL); People's
Front for Democracy Construction; League for Democracy Alliance; National
Ethnic Reformation Party (Headquarters); People's Pioneer Party; People's
Potential Democratic Youth League; Mikhin Bama Pyi Aphwe; Democratic Republic
Front (Burma); Patriotic Democratic Youth Front (Burma); All Burma Youth League
(Headquarters) (ABYL) [ also a Member of
League of Democratic Allies; also a
Member of United League of Democratic Parties;
also a Member of Leading Strength of National Realism Centre; also a Member of Democratic Allies' League
(DAL); also a Member of National
Democratic Foundation ]
(216) League of Democratic Allies …. SLORC
Order No. 1/92 of 8 January 1992, on the recommendation of the Election
Commission, abolishes effective 8 January 1992, this political party “ whose
representatives has not been elected and which has not even been able to
present the organizational standings of this party “.
Alliance of following
11 parties:
People's Democratic Party; Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League; Democratic
Front for New Society; People's Volunteer Organization (Burma); People's
Progressive and Freedom Democracy Front; People's Solidarity and Action Party;
Democratic Republican Front (Burma); Society for International Friendship
(Union of Burma); People's Progressive Party; National Politics Front (NPF);
League for New Generation (Union of Burma)
[ also a Member of National Solidarity Front (NSF); also a Member of Union of Burma Democratic Front
]
(217) Arakan People's Democratic Front
Alliance of following
4 parties:
Arakan People's United Organization; Rakhine Unity and Democracy Association;
Arakan League for Democracy; Mro or Khami National Solidarity Organization
(MKNSO) [ also a Member of United
Nationalities League for Democracy ]
(218) Organization of Democratic Youth for
National Politics, Registration cancelled at request of Party
(219) People's Peasants Union (Union of Burma)
(220) Patriotic Youth Party, Registration
cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(221) The Party of the Nationalities,
Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(222) Patriotic Force Party - Registration
cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(223) Chin National Unity Party, Dissolved
and deregistered
(224) Union for Revival and Development of
Democracy (URDD), Registration cancelled at request of Party
(225) National Unity and New Youth Party,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(226) Unification and Reinforcement Front,
Registration cancelled at request of Party
(227) People's Revolution Party, Registration
cancelled at request of Party
(228) Union of Burma (Main) Peasant Organization
(Headquarters), Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any
candidates,
(229) Union of Burma (Main) Labour Organization (Headquarters) (also called
Union of Burma Workers Central
Headquarters), Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any
candidates,
(230) Chin National Young Men's Organization,
Registration cancelled for failure to nominate any candidates,
(231) Congress (D) Party (Burma) (also called
Nagani Party (Burma), Registration cancelled at request of Party
(232) Leading Strength of National Realism
Central
Alliance of following
8 parties:
People's Democratic Party for Stability of Freedom and Development; Republican
Party; All Burma National Progressive Democracy Party; National Democracy
Establishment Party (Central) (NDEP); People's Pioneer Party (PPP); League for
Human Rights and Peace (LDP); League for Mother Democracy; National Fitness and
Peace Party [ also a Member of Union of
Burma Democratic Front; also a Member of
United League of Democratic Parties ]
(233) Democratic Allies' League (DAL)
Alliance of the
following 6 parties:
Democratic People's League (DPL); Patriotic Democracy Party; People's Youth
Federation (Burma); Democratic Labour Party (Burma); National Peace and Comfort
Party; All Burma National Progressive Democracy Party [ also a Member of Union of Burma Democratic
Front; also a Member of United League of
Democratic Parties; also a Member of
Leading Strength of National Realism Central ]
(234) Union Democracy Unity Organization,
Dissolved and deregistered
(235) National Democratic Foundation
Alliance of
following 4 parties: United
National Congress, National Democratic Party for Human Rights, Free People
League of Burma, National Ethnic Reformation Party [ also a Member of Union of
Burma Democratic Front ]
Many Political Parties were
illegally banned by the junta in 1992 and some party members and MPs were
imprisoned en masse and some were tortured to death and many fled to
neighboring countries such as India, Thailand and Bangladesh to get rid of the
atrocities committed by the military junta.The total of 235 registered
political parties, 225 parties were deregistered and there remained only ten
political parties.
(1) National League
for Democracy (NLD)
(2) Shan
Nationalities League for Democracy (SNLD)
(3) National Unity
Party (NUP)
(4) Union Karen
League (UKL)
(5) Union Paoh
National Organization (UPNO)
(6) Shan State
Kokang Democratic Party (SSKDP)
(7) Mro or Khami
National Solidarity Organization (MKNSO)
(8) Kokang
Democracy and Unity Party (KDUP)
(9) Lahu National
Development Party (LNDP)
(10) Wa National
Development Party (WNDP)
“ OTHER RELATED
TOPICS ”
SLORC Policy Declaration
The SLORC in anticipation of the NLD’s Gandhi Hall meeting, issued Declaration No. 1/90 on 27 July 1990, which stated that the SLORC ‘ is not an organization that observes any constitution, it is an organization that is governing the nation by martial law ‘.
State Law and Order Restoration Council
Declaration No. 1/90 of
1. Myanmar Naing-Ngan became an independent and sovereign nation on 4th January, 1948.
2. The situation in the whole of the country deteriorated because of the disturbances during 1988. The Tatmadaw took over State Power in order to correct the deteriorating situation in time and in the interests of the people. The Tatmadaw abolished all the Organs of State Power including the Pyithu Hluttaw, formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council [SLORC], declared that it would carry out the four main tasks and undertook the responsibility of all the affairs of the State.
3. The [SLORC] issued laws, notifications, declarations and orders which have the force of law, required for effectively ensuring prevalence of law and order, the rule of law and peace and tranquillity throughout the country.
4. In order to ease the food, clothing and shelter problems of the people and to enable private, co-operative and joint venture businesses to be undertaken, the [SLORC] has repealed the restrictive laws and has issued necessary laws, orders, directives and orders which have the force of law. Moreover, it is carrying out measures which should be undertaken with a view to serving the long-term interests of the State.
5. The [SLORC] is carrying out measures which should be undertaken in order to ensure safe and smooth transportation and communications and to improve the same.
6. The [SLORC] (Tatmadaw) is not an organization that observes any constitution; it is an organization that is governing the nation by Martial Law. It is common knowledge that the [SLORC] is governing the nation as a military government and that it is a government that has been accepted as such by the United Nations and the respective nations of the world.
7. As regards international relations, the [SLORC] has declared that it will pursue an independent and active foreign policy and has friendly relations with the respective nations of the world. With a view to promoting better diplomatic relations with the respective nations the Government has not closed down any embassy in Myanmar Naing-Ngan but has allowed them to continue to operate; neither has it withdrawn Myanmar embassies from foreign countries, but has continued to keep them open and maintains normal relations with the respective nations. Furthermore, the Government has even opened an embassy in a country in which there was no Myanmar embassy previously.
8. Myanmar Naing-Ngan being a member of the United Nations, the Myanmar Embassy to the United Nations strictly pursues the foreign policy of Myanmar Naing-Ngan in international matters and in performing its duties concerning the United Nations, Myanmar Naing-Ngan abides by the principles of peaceful co-existence in its relations with other nations. Moreover, Myanmar Naing-Ngan defends and safeguards its independence and deals with other nations' interference in its internal affairs in accorance with the provisions of the United Nations Charter.
9. In order to avoid disruption and severence of relations between Myanmar Naing-Ngan and other nations, the Government magnanimously has time and again told some diplomats who have violated their diplomatic code of conduct not to interfere in its internal affairs without mentioning their names and the nations to which they belong. Furthermore, it has informed the matters to the embassies concerned through diplomatic channels. As it has been able to avoid matters that may cause disruption of relations between nations and governments by doing so, there has not arisen any problem. Misunderstandings due to the activities of some diplomats have been cleared with magnanimity, through diplomatic channels.
10. The [SLORC] (Tatmadaw) has been persistently carrying out the three main tasks--that of preventing disintegration of the Union, preventing disintegration of national solidarity and that of ensuring perpetuity of the sovereignty of the State from the time it has assumed the duties and responsibilities of the State. Everybody is aware that on the other hand it has launched major offensives and crushed all sorts of armed insurgents, sacrificing the lives, blood and sweat of many members of the Tatmadaw. Since the Tatmadaw is not a political organization, it did not hold negotiations with the insurgents by political means. However, it welcomes all those who have renounced the programme of armed struggle and returned to the legal fold and a body formed by it is carrying out resettlement work for them. Since the [SLORC] is not a political government, it has no reason at all to negotiate by political means with any armed insurgent organization.
11. In order to enable the Multi-Party Democracy General Election to be held, the [SLORC] enacted the Multi-Party Democracy General Election Commission and formed the Multi-Party Democracy General Election Commission. It also enacted the Political Parties Registration law to enable political parties wishing to stand for the election to get themselves registered. Moreover, in order to hold a free and fair multi-party democracy general election, it enacted the Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law.
12. Section 3 of the Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law provides that--"The Hluttaw shall be constituted with the representatives elected from the constituencies in accordance with this law." The [SLORC] will take measures for summoning the Hluttaw in accordance with this provision. The Information Committee has, from time to time explained that the Multi-Party Democracy General Election Commission, the parties which won seats in the election and the elected representatives should carry out measures which should be carried out in accordance with the law and rules.
13. Today, after the Multi-Party Democracy General Election has been held, matters relating to summoning the Hluttaw and transfer of power are being discussed in bulletins and pamphlets published; guidelines in respect thereof are being given and incitements and instigations are being undertaken by foreign broadcasting stations and illegal pamphlets and leaflets are being distributed.
14. The matter of summoning the Hluttaw has been explained earlier. The Chairman of the [SLORC] has explained matters relating to transfer of power in the addresses he has made from time to time in his meeting with the Command Commanders, Commanders of Light Infantry Divisions and Chairmen of the State/ Division Law and Order Restoration Councils. The Secretary-1 of the [SLORC] explicitly dealt with this matter at the 100th Press Conference held on 13th July, 1990.
15. There will be no necessity to clarify the fact that a political party cannot automatically get the three aspects of State Power--the legislative power, the executive power and the judicial power--just because a Pyithu Hluttaw has come into being and that they can only be obtained on the basis of a constitution. The Constitution of 1947 was accepted and approved by the Constituent Assembly on 24th September, 1947. However, it can clearly be seen from the legal aspect that that constitution came into force only on 4th January 1948 when Myanmar Naing-Ngan was declared an independent and sovereign State. There are two types of constitutions for a nation--one drawn up before the nation becomes independent and the other drawn up after the nation has become independent. The tradition followed by the respective nations which have attained independence is that they held constituent assemblies and drew up the constitutions only after they have acquired sovereign power. However, in Myanmar Naing-Ngan independence was declared only after the Constituent Assembly had drawn up the constitution. It is clear that this was due to the fact that the leaders of the nation in those days wanted to obtain independence from the British by peaceful means as early as possible.
16. The Constitution of 1974 was drawn up after the nation's independence had been gained and no one can deny the fact that it was a constitution promulgated through a national referendum.
17. It is necessary to note particularly the difference in that the Constitution of 1947 was drawn up before the independence of the nation was attained and that the Constitution of 1974 was drawn up after the independence of the nation had been attained.
18. It can be seen from the statements issued that the desire of the majority of the political parties which contested in the Multi-Party Democracy General Election is to draw up a new constitution. It will be seen that when the Constitution of 1947 was drawn up, matters concerning the national races were discussed only with the Shan, Kachin and Chin nationals at the Panglong Conference and that they were not discussed with the Mon and Rakhine nationals. Today, in Myanmar Naing-Ngan there are many national races who have awakened politically and it is obvious that it is especially necessary to draw up a firm constitution after soliciting their wishes and views.
19. As the [SLORC] is a military government, it exercises Martial Law. As such is exercises the following three aspects of State Power in governing Myanmar Naing-Ngan:
(a) Legislative power: Only the [SLORC] has the right to exercise it.
(b) Executive power: The [SLORC] has the right to exercise it. However, it has delegated this power to the Government, State/Division, Township Zone, Township and Ward/Village-tract Law and Order Restoration Councils at different levels and has caused administrative work to be carried out through collective leadership. This is a form of giving training to the service personnel so that they will be able to perform, by keeping themselves free from party politics their departmental work under the government that will come into being according to the constitution.
(c) Judicial power: The [SLORC] has the right to exercise it. However, the Government has formed courts at various levels to adjudicate on ordinary criminal and civil cases so that they will have practical training when a constitution comes into being.
20. Consequently under the present circumstances, the representatives elected by the people are those who have the responsibility to draw up the constitution of the future democratic State.
21. It is hereby declared that the [SLORC] will in no way accept the drawing up of a temporary constitution for forming a government to take over State Power and that it will take effective action if it is done so, and that in the interim period before a government is formed in accordance with a new firm constitution drawn up according to the desires and aspirations of the people, the [SLORC] (Tatmadaw) will defend and safeguard--
(a) the three main causes--such as the non-disintegration of the Union, non-disintegration of national solidarity and ensuring perpetuity of the sovereignty;
(b) of the four main tasks mentioned in the [SLORC] Declaration No 1/88 such as the prevalence of law and order, the rule of law, regional peace and tranquillity, ensuring safe and smooth transportation and communication, easing the food, clothing and shelter problems of the people and holding Multi-Party Democracy General Election, the first three main tasks (with the exception of the task of holding the multi-party democracy general election) and
(c) the task of bringing about the development of the national races of Myanmar Naing-Ngan.
By order,
Sd. Khin Nyunt
Secretary-1
The State Law and Order Restoration Council
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
When elected NLD representatives met at Gandhi Hall on 28
and 29 July 1990, they issued the “
Gandhi Hall Declaration” in which
they called upon the SLORC to transfer power to the NLD in accordance with a
revised version of the 1947 constitution, to convene the parliament (Hluttaw)
before 30 September 1990, to permit freedom of expression, and to release NLD
members and leaders from prison and house arrest.
National League for
Democracy
GANDHI
HALL DECLARATION
8th Waxing Day of Wagaung BE 1352
29 July 1990
1. We, the
National League for Democracy Pyithu Hluttaw members, after assembling here at
the Mahattama Gandhi Hall in Kyauktada township, Rangoon, on the seventh and
eighth waxing days of Wagaung BE 1352, 28 and 29 July 1990, and after consulting
and discussing the matters concerning the well being of the nation, State
affairs and convening of the Pyithu Hluttaw, unanimously adopt this Gandhi Hall
Declaration.
2. In the first Multi Party General
Election held in 30 years on 27 May 1990, the National League for Democracy
enjoying the overwhelming support of the nation, won 392 seats out of 485
seats. Thus, not only has the National League for Democracy won over half of
the Pyithu Hluttaw (People’s Assembly) seats but has a total majority of over
eighty per cent to lead the Pyithu Hluttaw and to form a strong government in
accordance with the practice of democratic countries.
3. Now the Multi-Party Democracy
General Elections have been successfully held. It is only natural that the
Pyithu Hluttaw be convened shortly after the elections. This is also the
expectation of the people. However sixty days have gone passed since the
elections, and the Pyithu Hluttaw has not been convened.
The National League for Democracy, which has won an
overwhelming majority in the elections, basing on short-term and long-term
interests of the State, has proposed to the State Law and Order Restoration Council
(SLORC) to hold frank and sincere discussions with good faith and with the
object of national reconciliation. However, the State Law and Order Restoration
Council has not given a reply to our proposal in any way.
4. The entire nation including Sanghas(monks),
people, peasants, workers, students, youth and service personnel all aspire a
speedy transformation into a democratic administrative system so as to be free
from current economic hardships, fear and anxieties that have arisen out of
restrictions on democratic rights.
5. In every civilized society and
country that practices democracy the Pyithu Hluttaw is regarded as the highest
body and the dignity of a country is promoted by the respect shown by the
people to the Pyithu Hluttaw. We firmly believe that only when the democratic
Pyithu Hluttaw functions in Myanmar Naing-Ngan, will the country gain honour in
the international community.
6. Only the Pyithu Hluttaw constituted
of Pyithu Hluttaw representatives who have been elected with the confidence of
the people will be able to solve, in accordance with the wishes of the people,
the political, economic and social crises faced by the people today.
Therefore, in accordance with Article (3), chapter (2) of
the Pyithu Hluttaw Elections Law, which states: “ The Pyithu Hluttaw shall be
formed with the Hluttaw representatives who have been elected according to this
law from the constituencies “, it is of vital importance to convene the Pyithu
Hluttaw expeditiously.
7. We believe that, according to the
law and ethnic, it is not only impossible for those who are responsible to fail
in the task of convening the Pyithu Hluttaw, but will not be proper and right
not to carry out such a task if there is any compassion and thoughts for the
aspiration of the people and various crises of the nation.
Therefore giving birth to the Pyithu Hluttaw is an
inevitable task. In accordance with Article 2 (a), Chapter (1) of the Pyithu
Hluttaw Election Law which states: “ Hluttaw means the Pyithu Hluttaw, we fully
understand that Pyithu Hluttaw to be formed is not a constituent assembly “.
8. We are glad to learn that the National League for Democracy has already
drafted a constitution in connection with power prescribed by the law or
transfer of power prescribed by the law.We also support the proposal of the
National League for Democracy to hold consultations with other parties on “ the
1990 Provisional Constitution (Draft) “.
It is our conscious opinion that this provisional
constitution will bring about the transfer of power in accordance with the law.
9. Only the Pyithu Hluttaw represented
by us has the responsibility to adopt the new constitution which aims at
building a new democratic union. We on our part shall hold constitutions widely
in carrying out the task.
However a constitution drawn up at any time at any other
place than the Pyithu Hluttaw, without power being bestowed, without the
executive power, facilities and glory of the Pyithu Hluttaw, and without the
ratification and adoption of the Pyithu Hluttaw, will not have an executive
power. A constitution drawn up in such a way will not have any honour, either.
Therefore it is clear that it is of vital importance to
convince the Pyithu Hluttaw expeditiously so as to draw up a new constitution
which aims at building a new democratic union aspired by the people.
10. We understand that until a
democratic government is formed, problems concerning democratic rights which
will inevitably arise will have to be tackled with prudence.
It is not desirable that democratic rights should be
restored only after the formation of a democratic government and that such
rights be prohibited until the formation of such a government.
We believe that a democratic environment must be created
before a democratic government is formed.Only then a new democratic union can
take shape smoothly and peacefully.Only in a democratic environment, will the
people be free from fear and anxieties and will be able to live with physical
and spiritual happiness and join hands to conscientiously build a new
democratic union.
During this period the people shall, as a minimum, enjoy
the freedom of publication and expression. It is against political freedom of
publication and expression.It is against political nature that the National
League for Democracy, which has overwhelmingly won enough seats in the Pyithu Hluttaw
to form a government, itself has been prohibited from the minimum democratic
rights. It is shameful in the eyes of the people and the international
community.
As we have accepted the verdict of the voters through the
elections we deserve to be conferred with a decent standard accordingly. We
should at be free from harassment and intimidation.
11. Under the present circumstances, we
are fully aware of the crises, hardships and problems which must be solved
during the transitionary period from one-party system to multi-party democratic
system in the country. We hope that solutions will be found by a frank and
sincere discussion with good faith and with the object of national reconciliation based on mutual
respect between the National League for Democracy and the State Law and Order
Restoration Council.
Today the intricate problem of a nuclear war which can
devastate the whole mankind has been prevented up to now by means of
consultations. In the same way, we believe that all problems between one
another in our country will smoothly be solved by face to face dialogue. In
holding such talks:
(a) frankness, sincerity and natural
respect,
(b) national reconciliation,
(c) practice of peaceful means, and
(d) general harmony without hard
feelings are essential policies which must be observed.
12. Calling for the convening of the
Pyithu Hluttaw constituted of people’s representatives is the most basic legal
right of the people. We, the people’s representatives, have the duty to call
for that right on behalf of the people.
In accordance with the wishes of the people, Article (3)
Chapter (2) of the Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, the essence of the democratic
system and international procedures, we, the National League for Democracy
Pyithu Hluttaw members, unanimously call on the State Law and Order Restoration
Council on this day to convene the Pyithu Hluttaw during September, 1990.
Pyithu
Hluttaw Members
National
League for Democracy
Mahattama Gandhi Hall
Bo Aung Gyaw Street
Rangoon
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
"ELECTION TRIBUNALS"
The
SLORC has formed Election Tribunals to hear specific election complaints:
Tribunal No. (1)
Chairman
- U Tin Ohn, Director (Retd.), Central Law Office
Members - U Khin Maung, Director (Retd.),
Central Law Office
And U Myint Tun, Deputy Director
(Retd.)
[
It heard the complaint of U Tin Ngwe
against Nai Khin Maung and four persons in Kyaikmaraw (2) constituency, Mon
State and the complaint of U Thein Tun against Dr. Sann Aung and two
persons, in Ingapu (2) constituency, Irrawady Division. ]
Tribunal No. (2)
Chairman - U Than Tin, Consultant (Retd.),
Central Court
Members - U Tun
Shein, Deputy Director (Retd.), Central Court
And
U Soe Maung, Director (Retd.), Public Services Affairs Department [ It heard the complaint
of U Raw Bon against U G Bawng Hlan
and one other in Chipwe constituency, Kachin State; the complaint of U Mya Han against U Win Kyaing in Bogale (1) constituency
and the complaint of U Tin Hsan against
Dr. Sein Myint in Bogale (2)
constituency, Irrawady Division. ]
Tribunal No. (3)
Chairman - U Ba Than, Supreme Court Judge
(Retd.)
Members
- U Sein Tun, Divisional Law Officer (Retd.)
And
U Ohn Than, Director (Retd.), Public Services Selection and Training
Board
Office
[
It heard the complaint of Col Maung
Maung (Retd.) against U Peter Limbin and six others in Pyin-Oo-Lwin (2)
constituency, Mandalay Division and the complaint of Dr. Kyaw Naing Tun against U Win Shein and three others in Myaung
(1) constituency, Sagaing Division. ]
Tribunal No. (4)
Chairman - U Hla Thaung, Law Officer (Retd.)
Members - U Khin Maung Oo, Law Officer
(Retd.)
And U Chit Hsaung, Director
(Retd.), Supreme Court
[
It heard the complaint of U Saw Philip @
U Philip Sam against U Hkun Tun Lu @ U Tun Lu in Hopang constituency,
Shan State and the complaint of U Maung
Tha Zan against U Shwe Ya and six persons in Akyab (1) constituency, Arakan
State. ]
Tribunal No. (5)
Chairman - U Than Maung, Ministry of Defence
(Retd.)
Members
- U Aung Kyi, Legal Adviser (Retd.), Supreme Court
And U Pe Thein, Judicial Officer
(Retd.), Central Court
[
It heard the complaint of U Num Uk
against Dr. Hmu Thang and three persons in Thantlang constituency, Chin
State and the complaint of U Maung Thwin against U Hla Thein and three
persons in Homalin (2) constituency, Sagaing Division. ]
|
CASE No. |
CONSTITUENCY |
PALINTIFF |
DEFENDANT |
TRIBUNAL No. |
|
1/90 |
Kyaikmaraw (2),
Mon State |
U Tin Ngwe |
Nai Khin Maung and
4 others |
(1) |
|
2/90 |
Chipwe, Kachin
State |
U Raw Bon |
UG. Bawn Hlan and
person |
(2) |
|
3/90 |
Myaung (1),
Saging Division |
Dr. Kyaw Naing
Tun |
U Win Shein and 3
others |
(3) |
|
4/90 |
Pyin-Oo-Lwin (2)
Mandalay Division |
Col. Maung Maung (Retd.) |
U Peter Lin Pin
and 6 others |
(3) |
|
5/90 |
Hopang,Shan State |
U Saw Philip (a)U
PhilipSam |
U Hkun Tun Lu (a)
U Tun Lu |
(4) |
|
6/90 |
Thantlang,Chin
State |
U Nun Uk |
Dr. Hmu Thang and
3 persons |
(5) |
|
7/90 |
Ingapu
(2),Irrawaddy Division |
U Thein Tun |
Dr. Sann Aung and
2 persons |
(1) |
|
8/90 |
Sittway
(1),Arakan State |
U Maung Tha Zan |
U Shwe Ya and 6
persons |
(4) |
|
9/90 |
Bogale
(2),Irrawaddy Division |
U Tin San |
Dr. Sein Myint |
(2) |
|
10/90 |
Bogale (1),
Irrawaddy Division |
U Mya Han |
U Win Kyaing |
(2) |
|
11/90 |
Homalin (2),
Sagaing Division |
U Maung Thwin |
U Hla Thein and 3
persons |
(5) |
The
SLORC approved the decisions and overturned the election victories of three
representatives.
|
Sr. |
Name and
Constituency |
Division |
Date
Overturned |
Legally Elected |
|
1. |
U Win Shein,
Myaung (1) |
Sagaing |
4 May 1992 |
Vacant |
|
2. |
Dr. Sann Aung, Ingapu (2) |
Irrawaddy |
14 May 1992 |
U Thein Tun |
|
3. |
U Peter Linbin, Pyin-Oo-Lwin
(2) |
Mandalay |
14 May 1992 |
Col Maung Maung
( Retd.) |
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Election
Law Amended
The State Law and Order Restoration Council enacted a retroactive law, and implementing arrangements, prohibiting Pyithu Hluttaw representatives or candidates involved in certain offences from running in future elections, either permanently or for a period of 5 or 10 years.
Law No. 10/91 of 10 July 1991 reads as follows:-
1. This Law shall be called the Law Amending the Pyithu Hluttaw
Election Law.
2. This Law shall be deemed to have come into force with effect from 31st May
1989, the date on which the Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law was enacted.
3. The following shall be inserted as sub-sections (j) and (k) in section 11 of
the Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law:--
(j) being convicted of an offence relating to law and order or an offence relating to moral turpitude as determined and declared from time to time by the State Law and Order Restoration Council.
(k) if convicted of any offence not included in the declaration under sub-section (j), such offence being decided by the State Law and Order Restoration Council as an offence relating to law and order or an offence relating to moral turpitude.
4. The following shall be inserted as sections 80-A, 80-B, 80-C and 80-D in the
Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law:--
80-A. A person who, having been convicted of high treason or an offence liable to a sentence of death or transportation for life has been declared by the Commission as having no right to continue to be a Hluttaw representative shall have no right to stand for election as a Hluttaw candidate in elections to be held in future.
80-B. A person who, having been convicted of any other offence with the exception of offences under section 80-A has been declared by the Commission as having no right to continue to be a Hluttaw representative shall have no right to stand for election as a Hluttaw candidate in elections to be held within 10 years from the date of being so declared.
80-C. A person whose election as a Hluttaw representative has been decided by the Election Tribunal to be void and who has been notified by the Government, or any Hluttaw representative who, having failed to submit election expenses as prescribed has been decided by the Election Commission as disqualified and who has been declared as such by the Commission, or an election agent shall have not right to stand for election as a Hluttaw candidate in elections to be held within 10 years from the date of being so declared.
80-D. A Hluttaw candidate who, having failed to get elected has been declared by the Commission as disqualified under this Law or under Rules made hereunder, or an election agent shall have no right to stand for election as a Hluttaw candidate in elections to be held within 5 years from the date of being so declared.
.....................................................................
Implementing the above is [SLORC] Order No. 4/91 of 10 July 1991, the Order
Determining Offences Relating to Law and Order and Offences relating to Moral
Turpitude contained in the Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, specifying the
following:
(a) Offences relating to law and
order:
(1) High Treason;
(2) Sedition;
(3) Misprision of High Treason;
(4) Offences under the Emergency Provisions Act, 1950;
(5) Offences under the Officials Secrets Act;
(6) Offences relating to arms;
(7) Offence of emigrating illegally to a foreign country;
(8) Offence of immigrating illegally from a foreign country.
(b) Offences relating to moral
turpitude:
(1) Theft;
(2) Robbery;
(3) Dacoitery;
(4) Cheating;
(5) Misappropriation;
(6) Adultery;
(7) Rape;
(8) Kidnapping, Abduction, Slavery and Forced Labour;
(9) Assault of Criminal Force to a woman with intent to outrage her modesty;
(10) Offences relating to Pregnancy;
(11) Offences under the Suppression of Prostitution Act;
(12) Offences under the Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Law, 1974;
(13) Offences under the Gambling Law:
(14) Offence of Bribery and Corruption;
(15) Offences under the Public Property Protection Act;
(16) Offences under the Public Property Protection Law:
(17) Offences relating to Foreign Exchange;
(18) Offences under the State Flag Law;
(19) Offences under the Printers and Publishers Law;
(20) Offences under the Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law.
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" THE SO-CALLED NATIONAL
CONVENTION "
Co-ordination Meeting Called
State Law and Orser Restoration Council Order No. 9/92 of 28 May 1992, Holding
of the Co-ordination Meeting for the Convening of the National Convention,
provides:
1. The State Law and Order Restoration Council has determined as follows to
hold the Co-ordination Meeting for the Convening of the National Convention in
accordance with the Declaration made, by issue of Declaration No 11/92 of 24th
April, 1992 in respect to Convening of the National Convention to meet and
coordinate, within two months, with the leaders of the elected Representatives
of political parties existing lawfully and elected individual
Representatives:
(a)
Date of Commencement of meeting: 23rd June, 1992
(b) Time of meeting: 0800 hours
(c) Place of meeting: Meeting Hall Compound of the President's Residence Ahlone
Road.
2. In this Order
(a) the expression "Co-ordination Meeting" means the Co-ordination
Meeting for the Convening of the National Convention;
(b) the expression "Steering Committee" means the Steering Committee
to steer the holding of the Co-ordination Meeting for the Convening of the
National Convention.
3. The main objective of the Co-ordination Meeting is for the Convening of the National Convention.
4. The Steering Committee formed and assigned responsibility under the State Law and Order Restoration Council Notification No 35/92 of 28th May, 1992 [see text below] is to carry out duties as may be necessary, with a view to the success of the Co-ordination Meeting in accordance with the stipulations mentioned in above paragraph.
5. The leaders of the elected Representatives of political parties existing lawfully are to attend the Co-ordination Meeting in the numbers stipulated as follows:-
Political Party Stipulated
number of representatives
(a) National League for Democracy: (15) members
(b) Shan Nationalities League for Democracy: (6) members
(c) National Unity Party: (3) members
(d) Union Paoh National Organization: (1) member
(e) Mro or Khami National Solidarity Organization: (1) member
(f) Shan State Kokang Democratic Party: (1) member
(g) Lahu National Development Party: (1) member
6. The political parties existing lawfully are to select the leaders of representatives in the numbers stipulated in paragraph 5 to represent their parties and attend the Co-ordination Meeting and send the nomination list to the Steering Committee not later than 12th June, 1992. On receipt of the nomination list, the Steering Committee shall invite the persons included in the nomination list to attend the Co-ordination Meeting.
7. The Steering Committee shall invite those elected individual Representatives standing lawfully on the day this order is issued, from among the elected individual Representatives who have been intimated in writing that the State Law and Order Restoration Council would meet and co-ordinate with them, to attend the Co-ordination Meeting.
8. The Steering Committee shall:
(a) determine the programmes relating to the holding of the Co-ordination
Meeting;
(b) lay down the topics to be discussed mainly at the Co-ordination Meeting;
(c) determine the procedures relating to the Co-ordination Meeting;
(d) determine as may be necessary the daily allowance and travelling allowance
for the elected Representatives attending the Co-ordination Meeting;
(e) at the conclusion of the Co-ordination Meeting submit a report in respect
of the convening of the National Convention to the State Law and Order
Restoration Council within one month.
9. The staff of the Office of the Pyithu Hluttaw shall be responsible for carrying out administrative functions contributing to the successful holding of the Co-ordination Meeting.
10. The expenses incurred for holding the Co-ordination Meeting shall be borne out of the funds of the Office of the Pyithu Hluttaw.
By Order,
(Sd) Khin Nyunt
Major-General
Secretary-1
The State Law and Order Restoration Council.
Steering Committee Named
SLORC Notification No. 35/92 of 28 May 1992, Formation of the Steering Committee for Holding Co-ordination Meeting for the Convening of the National Convention:
1. The State Law and Order Restoration Council has already declared by issue of Declaration No 11/92 of 24th April, 1992 that it will, in respect of the Convening of the National Convention, meet and co-ordinate, within two months with the leaders of the elected Representatives of political parties existing lawfully and elected individual Representatives.
2. In accordance with the above-mentioned Declaration, the State Law and Order Restoration Council has formed a committee to steer the holding of the Co-ordination Meeting for the Convening of the National Convention, with the following persons and has assigned responsibility thereto:-
Steering Committee
(a) Major-General Myo Nyunt,
Member, The State Law and Order Restoration Council:
Chairman
(b) Brigadier-General Myo Thant,
Minister, Ministry of Information:
Deputy Chairman
(c) U Aung Toe , Chief Justice:
Member
(d) U Tha Tun , Attorney-General:
Member
(e) Brigadier-General Than Oo ,
Judge Advocate-General:
Member
(f) Brigadier-General Tin Aye,
Inspector-General of Defence Services:
Member
(g) Colonel Than Tun,
Deputy Director of Defence Services Intelligence:
Member
(h) Colonel Ye Htut,
Director, Defence Services Museum and Historical Research Institute:
Member
(i) Lt-Colonel Than Tun,
General Staff Officer (I), Directorate of Defence Services Intelligence:
Member
(j) U Aye Maung,
Director-General, Office of the Multi-party Democracy General Election
Commission:
Member
(k) U Aung Khin Tint,
Legal Adviser, The State Law and Order Restoration Council:
Member
(l) U Thein Sein,
Officer on Special Duty, The State Law and Order Restoration Council:
Member
(m) Colonel Aung Thein,
Director, Directorate of Public Relations and Psychological Warfare:
Secretary
(n) U Myo Nyunt,
Director-General, Office of the Pyithu Hluttaw:
Joint Secretary-1
(o) U Aung Nyunt,
Deputy Director-General, Office of the Pyithu Hluttaw:
Joint Secretary-1
3. The Steering Committee shall, at the end of the Co-ordination Meeting,
submit a report mentioning the suggestions, proposals and recommendations in
respect of the convening of the National Convention to the State Law and Order
Restoration Council within one month.
By Order
(Sd.) Kyin Nyunt
Major-General
Secretary-1
The State Law and Order Restoration Council
The principal duty of the National Convention is to discuss,
co-ordinate and present matters according to six objectives for the formulation
of a firm State Constitution as stipulated in the State Law and Order
Restoration Council Order No 13/92.
The six objectives are:
(1)Non-disintegration of the Union;
(2) Non-disintegration of national solidarity;
(3) Perpetuation of sovereignty;
(4) For a genuine multiparty democracy system to flourish;
(5) For the further burgeoning of the noblest and worthiest of worthy values
such as justice, liberty and equality; and
(6) For the Tatmadaw to be able to participate in the national political
leadership role of the future State.
The eight different categories of delegates.
(1) Political Parties
(2) Representatives-elect
(3) National races
(4) Peasants
(5) Workers
(6) Intelligentsia and Technocrats
(7) State Service Personnel
(8) Other Invitees
Constitutional Convention Called
State Law and Order Restoration Council Declaration No. 11/92 of 24 April 1992.
Convening of the National
Convention, reads:
1. It is hereby declared that the State Law and Order Restoration Council , depending on the general situation of the country, will presently carry out the following measures:
(a) Of the persons arrested and detained politically, those for whom there are no reasons to endanger the security of the State, will be released promptly;
(b) It accordance with the State Law and Order Restoration Council Declaration No 1/90, dated the 27th July 1990, the State Law and Order Restoration Council will, in respect of the convening of the National Convention, meet and co-ordinate, within two months, with the leaders of the Hluttaw Representatives of political parties existing lawfully and individual Hluttaw Representatives;
(c) The State Law and Order Restoration Council will convene the National Convention within six months in order to lay down the basic principles for the drafting of a firm and stable Constitution, after meeting and co-ordinating as mentioned in sub-clause (b) above;
2. The State Law and Order Restoration Council will declare further future programmes in accordance with the basic principles laid down at the National Convention.
By Order,
(Sd) Khin Nyunt,
Secretary (1),
The State Law and Order Restoration Council
New Year Amnesty
State Law and Order Restoration Council Order No. 1/93 of 1st January
1993 provides that death sentences and sentences of over 10 years
ordered by civil and military courts and tribunals between 18 September 1988
and 31st December 1992 are reduced as follows:
(a) Death sentence to transportation for life;
(b) Transportation for life to 10 years;
(c) Sentences of more than 10 years to 10 years.
"The commutation and remission of sentences under this Order shall not affect the period which the prisoner concerned is ordinarily entitled ."
The National Convention
Delegates of National League for Democracy
(1) Leader – U Aung Shwe (Mayangon – 1)
(2) Deputy Leader – U Lwin (Thongwa – 1)
Members
(3) U Nyunt Wai (Taungoo
– 2)
(4) U Than Tun (Taungtha
– 2)
(5) U Lun Tin (Moulmein
– 1)
(6) U Hla Pe (Mawlamyinegyun
– 1)
(7) U Saw Oo Reh (Phruhso)
(8) U Kyaw Tun (Paletwa
– 1)
(9) U Saw Aung (Monywa
– 2)
(10) U Hla Min (Kawthoung)
(11) Dr. U Nyunt Sein (Chauk
– 2)
(12) U Tun Yi (Sandoway)
(13) Duwa U Zaw Aung (Waingmaw)
(14) Daw Nan Khin Htwe Myint (Pa-an
– 3)
(15) U Sai Yi Tip (Kengtung
– 2)
The National Convention, which commenced on 9 January 1993 and has met
sporadically ever since, resumed on 28 November 1995. Elected representatives
of the people constitute only 15.24 % of the delegates. Other delegates are
hand-picked by the SLORC.
On 22 November 1995, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi issued a press statement that
criticized the National Convention for being undemocratic in its composition
and work procedure. Only 15 % of the 677 delegates were actually elected.
On 28 November 1995, all 86 of the NLD delegates briefly attended the
Convention and then walked out.
On 29 November 1995, they were officially expelled from the Convention for
being absent without permission.
Following are some of the features of the National Convention mentioned in the
statement delivered by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi at her press conference on 22
November 1995.
- The elected representatives of the people constitute only 15.24 percent of the delegates and thus are permanently in the minority.
- Neither objective of the Convention nor its working procedures were drawn up in the consultation with delegates.
- Papers to be represented at the Convention are censored and have to be corrected in accordance with the wishes of the authorities.
- Decisions are laid down before an issue has been fully discussed.
- The Convention is making decisions not only on broad principles for the proposed constitution but also on its details.
Instead of transferring power, the SLORC convened a “ National Canvention
“ in 1993 to draft a new constitution.
The SLORC chose all the representatives for the Convention, but no more than 15
% of them were people elected in 1990 General Elections.
The representatives to the National Convention are subject to severe
restrictions on debate and discussion of the Convention’s business. In 1995,
the NLD representatives abandoned the National Convention to protest these
restrictions.The National Convention has concluded very little business beyond
a set of “ guiding principles “ for the new Constitution.These principles
guarantee that 25 % of the seats in the new legislative assembly will be
reserved for the military.
The National Convention is tightly controlled by the ruling military junta to
ensure its acquiescence to a constitution drafted entirely by the military. The
National Convention has met only intermittently since then, and it has not been
convened at all since March 1996.
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Committee Representing the
PEOPLE’S PARLIAMENT,
for a true democratic UNION of BURMA
(CRPP)
U Saw
Mra Aung
People's
Parliament Speaker
Dr U Saw Mra Aung is a member of a
Buddhist ethnic minority group from western Myanmar near the Bangladesh border
and is the Chair of the political party Arakan League for Democracy. Dr U Saw
Mra Aung was appointed by the NLD as Head of the symbolic Peoples
Parliament in Myanmar in mid-September 1998 while he was already in detention.
He was released from detention on 14 June 2001.
U Saw
Mra Aung has been detained without charge by the Burmese junta (State Peace and
Development Council), since September 1998. He is the chairman of the Arakan
League for Democracy (ALD), which was founded after the 1988 nationwide
democracy uprising. ALD won 11 seats in the general election on May 27, 1990 in
which U Saw Mra Aung was also elected as a Member of Parliament from Mrauk-U
Constituency (1), Arakan State. The military regime had no intention of
transferring power to the elected representatives, and ALD was banned by the
military controlled Election Commission on March 6, 1992.
On June
9, 1998, the 4 elected ethnic leaders, including U Saw Mra Aung, appealed to
the regime to convene parliament based on the 1990 poll results. On June 23 the
National League for Democracy (NLD), which won a landslide victory in the
election, also called for the regime to convene the parliament within 60 days.
As the regime neglected their demand, the NLD and 4 other ethnic minorities
parties founded the Committee Representing the People's Parliament (CRPP) on
September 16, 1998.
On
September 1998, the military authorities detained hundreds of activists and MPs
including U Saw Mra Aung. The junta said that the activists were invited to the
government guesthouses for dialogue. In reality, they were put in a detention
center (so-called guest house). Every 1 or 2 months, the junta allowed some MPs
and Saw Mra Aung to return home for a one night stay.
He was
made the chairperson of the People's Parliament on September 17, 1999, when the
first statement of the CRPP was issued. Because he was under detention at the
time, he wasn't aware of his appointment as chairperson until a few weeks later
when was allowed to visit his family. He informed the CRPP that he accepted
this position heartily and he would serve this office until his death.
U Saw
Mya Aung studied medicine in Burma until 1942, when the Japanese occupied
Burma, and later continued his studies in Bombay, India where he received his
medical degree in 1947. He served as a government worker for two years and then
went to Britain for four years where he received further medical degrees.
From
1955-1963 he was the head of Mandalay Hospital and the head of the Medical
Education Department of Mandalay Medical College. Dr. U Saw Mra Aung retired
from government service in 1978 and worked for two hospitals in Hong Kong from
1979-1982. He came back to Burma in 1982 and worked as a volunteer specialist
at the Sanga (monk) Contribution Hospital and the Nun's Hospital in Rangoon
until he was arrested. Saw Mra Aung, the son of Saw Hla Aung and Than San, was
born on April 23, 1908 in Mrauk-U, Arakan State.
Chairperson of CRPP
U Aung Shwe
Constituency: Mayangone I, Rangoon Division.
Chairperson of the NLD
U Aung Shwe graduated in Arts from Rangoon University in 1940. He served in the
BIA, BDA and PBF from 1942 to 1945. In 1961 he was forced to retire from the
Army while serving as the Commander of the Southern Military Command due to
accusations that he was partial towards elections. He was appointed as the ambassador
to Australia, Egypt, France, Spain and New Zealand from 1961 to 1975. During
the 1990 election, he was the Chairperson of the POOL before the SLORC banned
the party. While Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and U Tin Oo were placed under house
arrest he became the Chairperson of the NLD. He was among the NLD
representatives who boycotted the National Convention on 28 December 1995.
Secretaries of CRPP
U Than Tun
Constituency: Taungtha 2, Mandalay Division
Year of birth: 1921
NLD Central Executive Committee member
U Than Tun was a member of the Myingyan Student Union during 1937 to 1941.
From 1942 to 1946 he worked for the BIA. He was also the Secretary of Myingyan
District AFPFL from 1946 to 1953. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly in
1947 and later became a Member of Parliament and Parliamentary Secretary. From
1953 to 1962, he was Secretary of the Trade Union Confederation of Burma. In
1964, he became a member ofBSPP. U Than Tun was among the NLD representatives
who boycotted the National Convention in December 1995.
U Aye Thar Aung
U Aye
Tha Aung is serving a 21-year sentence for his activities in democracy and
human rights. He was born in Myaebon Township, Arakan State. He served as a
Sergeant Major and worked in Ka-Pa-Sa, the Heavy (Military) Industry
Corporation. He was dismissed and imprisoned in Mandalay jail due to his
underground political activities and released under amnesty in 1974. After the
1988 democracy uprising, he became a member of ALD and United National League
for Democracy (UNLD) Secretariats. As the military authorities refuse to accept
the 1990 elections, the political parties founded the Committee Representing
the People's Parliament (CRPP) and he became one of the secretaries in CRPP. In
CRPP, he represents the 4 ethnic political parties, Shan National League for
Democracy (SNLD), Arakan League for Democracy (ALD), Mon National Democratic
Front (MNDF), and Zomi National Congress (ZNC). In 2000, he met some ethnic
minorities for the future dialogue which includes activists and military
authorities. In CRPP bulletins, he wrote some articles on ethnic minorities
issues. After he was arrested on April 24, 2000, he was given three consecutive
7 year prison terms for violating publication and emergency laws. He had been
denied any legal defense.
U Aye Tha Aung is a general secretary of Arakan League for Democracy (ALD), the winner party in Arakan in the May 1990 general election in Burma. ALD was illegally banned by the junta in 1992 and its leader were imprisoned en masse and some were tortured to death and many fled to neighboring countries such as India,Thailand and Bangladesh to get rid of the atrocities committed by the military junta.
The National League for Democracy (NLD) demanded to convene Parliament following the party congress held on 27 May 1998. Military junta of Burma self-proclaimed as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) ignored the call for Parliament and detained many elected MPs. The Committee Representing the People Parliament (CRPP) was established on 16 September 1998 representing the Parliament elected in Burma on 27 May 1990 in response to the military junta’s failure to meet a legal demand to convene Parliament. Nine of the members are from NLD and the 11th member is U Aye Tha Aung, who represents four election wining non-Burman nationalities’Parties: Arakan League for Democracy, Mon National Democratic Front, Shan National League for Democracy and Zomi National Congress. U Aye Tha Aung became a member of secretaries of CRPP because he has a strong support from non-Burman nationalities in Burma.
On 23
October 2002, the CRPP was extended as: -
- U
Naing Tun Thein joined the CRPP as a representative of Mon National Democratic
Front (MNDF).
- U Khun
Htun Oo joined the CRPP as a representative of Shan Nationalities League for
Democracy (SNLD).
- U Fu
Cin Shing Htan joined the CRPP as a preventative of Zomi National Congress
(ZNC).
Members of CRPP
U Tin Oo (a) General Tin Oo (Retd.)
Deputy Chairperson, National League for Democracy
U Tin Oo was born in 1927 in Bassein, Irrawaddy
Division. He was a general and the Defense Minister from 1974 to 1976. He was
highly respected by the soldiers and the people, but was dismissed and imprisoned
due to an accusation that he was involved in a coup attempt. He was released
under amnesty in 1980 after which he studied and received a law degree. On 2
September 1988, he became the Vice-Chairperson of the NLD and on 20 December,
the Chairperson of NLD. From 20 July 1989 he was put under house arrest and
from 22 December 1989, he was imprisoned for three years.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi
General Secretary, National League for Democracy
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was born in Rangoon. She was
two when her father, considered the father of Burmese independence, was
assassinated. She moved to India when her mother was appointed to be the
Ambassador, and later continued her studies in the United Kingdom. After living
abroad for many years, she returned to Burma in 1988 and became the figurehead
of the Burmese democracy movement. She was one the co-founders of the NLD and
became Secretary-General. She was placed under house arrest from 19 July '89 to
10 July '95. She has been awarded numerous prestigious prizes including Nobel
Peace Price in 1991.
U Lwin (a) Colonel Maung Lwin (Retd.)
Treasurer, National League for Democracy
Constituency: Thongwa I, Rangoon Division
U Lwin was the former Deputy Prime Minister and a
member of the BSPP State Council. He served in the BIA, BDA and PBF from 1942
to 1945. He completed military officers' training at the Japanese Royal
Military Academy and he studied at the British Royal Military Academy from 1952
to 1954. He also served as the Military Attache to the USA.
U Hla Pe
Central Executive Committee, National League for
Democracy
Constituency: Moulmeingyun I, Irrawaddy Division
U Hia Pe is a member of the Central Executive
Committee of the NLD and is in charge of Irrawaddy Division. During the
Parliamentary Democracy period, he was an elected Representative from
Mawlamyine Gyunn Township from 1951 to 1961. He was the Secretary of the
Township and Divisional AFPFL. In 1967, he worked as an officer at the Ministry
of Transportation and Communications and retired in 1986.
U Soe Myint (a) Thakin Soe Myint
Central Executive Committee, National League for
Democracy
Constituency: South Okkalapa Township I, Rangoon Division
U Soe Myint is a member of the NLD Central
Executive Committee. He was one of the founders of the People's Revolutionary Party
(PRP), which was one of the active organizations before Independence. He was
the Secretary of Myaungmya Township Dobama Asiayone (We Burma Association)
which was also a pro-independence, anti-Japanese organization. He was the
Regiment Commander of BDA and the Chairperson of Myaungmya District Socialist
Party.
U Lun Tin (a) Colonel Lun Tin (Retrd.)
Central Executive Committee, National League for
Democracy
Constituency: Moulmein Township I,
U Lun Tin is a POOL Central Executive Committee
member. On 9 October 96, he became a member of the NLD Central Executive
Committee and was in charge of Mon State. He served in the BIA, BDA and PBF
from 1953 to 1956. He was Regimental Commander of Brigade 7 and the Northwest
Military Command. He was dismissed and imprisoned from 1965 to 1967 because of
his involvement in the Monks' Strike. He served as Director-General of the
Ministry of Industry I from 1978 to 1983.
U Nyunt Wai
Central Executive Committee, National League for
Democracy
Constituency: Taungoo Township, Pegu Division
U Nyunt Wai graduated from Rangoon Institute of
Economics and got a Master of Arts in Administration from Harvard University.
Between 1952 and 1986, he worked as the chief manager at the Bank of Industry
and the Bank of Agriculture, and as a Supervisor at the Insurance Corporation.
On 26 March 1991 following the arrests of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and U Tin Oo, he
was appointed treasurer of the Central Executive Committee of the NLD. U Nyunt
Wai was part of the NLD boycott of the National Convention in December 1995.
Nai Tun Thein
Constituency: Thanbyuzayat 2
Date of Birth: 30 November 1917
Place of Birth: Kado Village, Moulmein
Parents:
Nai
Aung Doon and Mi Nain Shwe
Nai Tun Thein, who devotes his whole life for the
Mon people, is the principle founder of the MNDF. He led MNDF as party chairman
in the 1990 General Election, and was unanimously elected as an MP from the
Thanphyuzayat Constituency No2. However his party was annulled by the then
SLORC in March 19, 1992.
Nai Tun Thein passed primary school in Kado Village and continued middle and
high school in Moulmein. In 1938, he passed High School with honor for several
subjects, so he won the award of Collegiate Scholarship for five years. In 1940
he passed the first year of university examination with honor in chemistry. In
the same year the World War II started and resulted to close the university
until 1944. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1945. He was elected
for scholarship at Chicago University, USA to continue his study in chemistry,
but because of some reasons he could not attend.
From 1947 to 1949, he was the director of Kyeikhame Provision Education that
comprised of eight districts. At the same time he was elected as Secretary of
All Ramanya Mon Association for Kyeikhame province. From1949 to 1958 he was an
Executive Committee Member of Mon National Defence Organization (MNDO), at the
same time served as Mon and Karen Special Representative for eight years based
at Thai Burma border. After MNDO entered into so called legal fold, changed
arms for democracy in 1958, he continued his political activities under the
constitution until the military coup led by Gen Ne Win in 1962. He was
immediately arrested and put in jail for 6 years.
After he was released from the jail he voluntarly tought for stone inscription
to the monks and university students. In 1985 he was appointed as the
chairperson in the Higher Examination for the Buddhist monks. He has been
extremely trying to preserve Mon culture and literature throughout his life.
Nai Tun Thein was elected as the Chairman of the Mon National Democratic Front
in 1988 and to run in election in 1990. In 1992, he was arrested by SLORC and
released in 1994 but have to report to the authorities regularly. Since the mid
of 1998, he was detained at the military guest house for several times. At the
moment he is released from confinement in military guest house for the reason
of his health.
Fu
Cin Shing Thang
Fu Cin
Shing Thang, 63, has been detained since September 1998. He became a member of
the Group for Solidarity among those that were formed by the states for the
drafting of the new constitution. He gave advice to the military authorities'
constitution drafting committee in 1972 and was subsequently detained by the
authorities for 2 years. He is a High Court Advocate and has a Bachelor of Arts
(Law) degree and a Bachelor of Law degree from Rangoon University. He was
elected from Tiddim Constituency (2) in the 1990 general elections that were
sponsored by the military regime. He is the Chairman of the Zomi National
Congress (ZNC). Although the authorities banned the party on March 11, 1992,
the party's activities reappeared in mid 1998. On June 6, 1998, Cin Shing
Thang, together with 3 other ethnic leaders of powerful parties, asked the
military to have a dialogue with democratic activists for the sake of the
country's future. Three months later, he was detained but authorities announced
that he (and hundreds of activists, including MPs-elect) were invited for
dialogue. He is currently in the Ye Mon military camp, a place which is not
suitable for living because of poisonous reptiles and various sorts of insects.
(Fu is Mr. in Chin.)
The Zomi National Congress won two
parliamentary seats in Chin State in the 1990 elections. The military junta
overruled the party registration in 1992.
Acronyms:
AFPFL = Anti-Fascist People's
Freedom League
ALD = Arakan League for Democracy
BIA = Burma Independence Army
BDA = Burma Defense Army
BSPP = Burma Socialist Program Party
MNDF = Mon National Democratic
Front
NLD = National League for
Democracy
PBF = Patriotic Burmese Force
POCL = Patriotic Old Comrades League
SNLD = Shan Nationalities League for
Democracy
UNLD = United Nationalities League
for Democracy
ZNC = Zomi National Congress
OVERVIEW:
The Committee Representing the People's Parliament (CRPP) was announced on 1st September 1998 in response to the Burmese military junta's failure to meet a legal demand to convene parliament. The demand was initiated by the National League for Democracy (NLD) following a party congress held on 27 May 1998. While the junta's backlash against the CRPP has been harsh and swift, the CRPP has gained much support from many ethnic nationality groups and from international bodies, including the European Union and the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
In calling for parliament to be convened, the NLD acted in accordance with the currently valid 1989 Pyitthu Hluttaw (People's Parliament) Election Law. Two hundred and fifty-one (or 54.6%) of the elected MPs empowered the NLD to act on their behalf, thus enabling the party to requisition a session of Parliament. This exceeds the legally required number.
The Burmese junta, now calling itself the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), ignored the call for parliament and detained many parliamentarians. It also issued restraning orders against others, effectively preventing them from participating in any centrally organized political activity. These actions led the NLD to establish the CRPP and convene its first meeting on 16 September 1998. The Committee's key role is to function on behalf of Parliament only until Parliament is actually convened.
Despite the severe backlash from the junta, the CRPP enjoy wide support, gaining endorsement from ethnic nationality groups. MPs in exile have shown their support, and the Committee has also received significant backing from international bodies. The SPDC is not pleased with this turn of events, and is now holding arrested MPs hostage to the CRPP, claiming they will be released if the CRPP is dissolved. In addition, the military regime has begun orchestrating no-confidence motions against pro-democracy MPs.
The backlash is significant for two reasons. It indicates that the junta sees the CRPP as a serious threat because it is a constant reminder of the junta's illegitimacy. The orchestrated no-confidence motions also provide inadvertent recognition by the SPDC that the MPs elected in 1990 were indeed elected as MPs. The regime has often denied this fact, stating instead that the democratic elections were only to establish a national convention to draft a new constitution.
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE CRPP:
CRPP OPERATIONS
I. Committee for Ethnic Nationalities
Affairs: U Aye Thar Aung (Chairperson), Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (Secretary)
II. Committee for
Finance/Economy/Commerce: U Nyunt Wei (Chairperson)
III. Committee for Legal Affairs: U Tin
Oo(Chairperson)
IV. Committee for Education: Daw Aung
San Suu Kyi (Chairperson)
V. Committee for Health and Social
Affairs: U Lwin (Chairperson)
VI. Committee for Foreign Affairs: U
Aung Shwe (Chairperson)
VII. Committee for Cultivators and
Peasants Affairs: U Soe Myint(Chairperson)
VIII. Committee for Workers Affairs: U Than Tun(Chairperson), U Lun Tin(Secretary)
IX. Committee for Parliamentary
Affairs: U Hla Pe (Chairperson)
X. Committee for Defence: U Tin Oo
(chairperson).
ENDORSEMENT BY ETHNIC NATIONALITY GROUPS:
SPDC'S REACTION TO CRPP:
INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR CRPP:
The CRPP is a 10-member committee representing the parliament elect in Burma on
27 May 1990. Nine CRPP members are from the NLD, and the 10th
repersent four ethnic nationality parties. These parties are the Arakan League
for Democracy (ALD), the Mon National Democratic Front (MNDF), the Shan
Nationalities League for Democracy
(SNLD) and the Zomi National Congress (ZNC).
The parties represented by the CRPP hold 433 or 89 % out of the total 485
parliamentary seats.
(1.) National League for Democracy 392 seats.
(2.) Shan Nationalities League for Democracy 23
seats.
(3.) Arakan League for Democracy 11 seats.
(4.) Mon National Democratic Front 5 seats.
(5.) Zomi National Congress 2 seats.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Anti-Subversion Law
State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 5/96 of 7 June 1996
The Law Protecting the Peaceful and Systematic Transfer of State Responsibility
and the Successful Performance of the Functions of the National Convention
against Disturbances and Oppositions: -
The Tatmadaw has protected the interests of the State and the people whenever disturbances which undermine national unity in the State and Sovereignty of the State occur. Likewise from the time it took over the responsibility of the State after making a timely prevention of the dangers which could cause the destruction of the State, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (Tatmadaw) has established stability of the State, community peace and tranquillity, prevalence of law and order and national reconsolidation. It has also laid down the foundations with a view to the development of a genuine multi-party democracy system and the peaceful and systematic transfer of the responsibility of the State.
The State Law and Order Restoration Council together with the people is striving its utmost to build a peaceful and modern developed State, after laying down the political objectives, economic objectives and social objectives.
At the same time, in order to draft a firm and enduring Constitution, the State Law and Order Restoration Council formed the National Convention Convening Commission and assigned responsibility to lay down the fundamental principles and the detailed principles to be based upon and is successfully convening the National Convention with an extensive participation of representatives from the entire State.
However, it is found that people who are against the development and progress of the State with reliance on external elements are conducting acts which undermine the stability of the State, community peace and tranquillity, prevalence of law and order and national reconsolidation.
Furthermore, it is also found that disturbance of the functions of the National Convention and acts such as incitement, delivering speeches, making oral and written statements and disseminating in various ways to belittle the National Convention and to make the people misunderstand are being conducted. Such acts amount to obstruction, disturbance and oppression to the development of a genuine multi-party democracy system and the peaceful and systematic transfer of the responsibility of the State.
Consequently, as it has become necessary to prevent the obstruction, disturbance and opposition to the peaceful and systematic transfer of responsibility of the State, successful performance of the functions of the National Convention, building of a peaceful and modern development State, the State Law and Order Restoration Council hereby enacts the following Law:--
Chapter I - Title and Definition
1. This Law shall be called The Law Protecting the Peaceful and Systematic Transfer of State Responsibility and the Successful Performance of the Functions of the National Convention against Disturbances and Oppositions.
2. The following expressions contained in this Law shall have the meanings given hereunder:--
(a) "National Convention" means the National Convention being convened by the National Convention Convening Commission formed by the State Law and Order Restoration Council under Order No. 13/92 Dated 2 October, 1992;
(b) "Functions of the National Convention" means the functions being carried out by the National Convention.
(c) "Organization" means an organization and its subordinate organizations formed with the participation of a large number of persons. This expression also includes a political party registered in accordance with the Political Parties Registration Law.
Chapter II - Prohibitions
3. No one and no organization shall violate either directly or indirectly any of the following prohibitions:--
(a) inciting, demonstrating, delivering speeches, making oral or written statements and disseminating in order to undermine the stability of the State, community peace and tranquillity and prevalence of law and order;
(b) inciting, delivering speeches, making oral or written statements and disseminating in order to undermine national reconsolidation;
(c) disturbing, destroying, obstructing, inciting, delivering speeches, making oral or written statements and disseminating in order to undermine, belittle and make people misunderstand the functions being carried out by the National Convention for the emergence of a firm and enduring Constitution;
(d) carrying out the functions of the National Convention or drafting and disseminating the Constitution of the State without lawful authorization;
(e) attempting or abetting the violation of any of the prohibitions.
Chapter III - Penalties
4. Whoever violates any prohibition contained in section 3 shall, on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term of a minimum of (5) years to a maximum of (20) years and may also be liable to fine.
5. If any organization or any person on the arrangement or abetment of any organization violates any prohibition contained in section 3, such organization may be--
(a) suspended for a period to be specified;
(b) abolished; or
(c) declared as an unlawful association under the Unlawful Associations' Law.
6. All funds and property of an organization against which action is taken under section 5 may also be confiscated.
Chapter IV - Miscellaneous
7. In prosecuting under section 3 of this Law prior sanction of the Government shall be obtained.
8. Action taken under sections 5 and 6 of this Law shall be carried out by the Ministry of Home Affairs with the consent of the Government shall be obtained.
8. Action taken under sections 5 and 6 of this Law shall be carried out by the Ministry of Home Affairs with the consent of the Government.
9. Such orders and directives as may be required under this Law shall be issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs with the approval of the Government.
(Sd.) Than Shwe
Senior General
Chairman
The State Law and Order Restoration Council
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Burmese Government Statement
The following is a statement released by Burma's military leaders on May 6,
2002, the day of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi's release.
Turning of a New Page
State Peace and Development Council,
Information Sheet,
NO. C-2200 (I/L)
Today marks a new page for the people of Myanmar and the international
community. As we look forward to a better future, we will work toward greater
international stability and improving the social welfare of our diverse people.
We celebrate today the security
and unity of Myanmar. Since World War II, and under the adversity of the legacy
of colonialism, the people of Myanmar have relentlessly struggle to achieve
national unity and cohesion. Today with more than 50 million people and
135 ethnic groups, we stand humbly before the international community with a
sense of accomplishment in maintaining our national identity and security for
all the people of Myanmar.
To mark this day of national
unity, we have taken and are taking series of steps-
First, we have released nearly
600 detainees in recent months and shall continue to release those who will
cause no harm to the community nor threaten the existing peace, stability and
unity of the nation.
Second, we shall continue to work
together with countries near and far in the fight against terrorism, the total
eradication of narcotic drugs, and also in the fight against the spread of
HIV/AIDS which are threatening mankind.
Third, we shall recommit ourselves to allowing all of our
citizens to participate freely in the life of our political process, while
giving priority to national unity, peace and stability of the country as well
as the region
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The NLD’s 21-Point Resolution
Burma opposition party, the
National League for Democracy (NLD), will reject holding of any new future
election in the country while the result of the 1990 general election is
ignored.
In a 21-point
resolution adopted at a meeting at its headquarters on 27 May 2002 marking the 12th anniversary of the 1990
election, the NLD said it will not accept a state constitution "drawn up
non-democratically and not in accordance with the wishes of the people."
The resolution
reiterated that until such time as parliament, elected in the 1990 general
election, is convened, the Committee Representing the People's Parliament
(CRPP), an alliance of the NLD, the Shan NLD, the Arakan Democracy League, the
Mon Democracy Party, the Zomi National Congress and individual elected
representatives, will remain in place.
The resolution
decided that all political parties should be able to exercise their full rights
to function freely.
The NLD won a
landslide victory in the government-sponsored 1990 general election with 396
parliamentary seats out of 485. Despite the end of the election, the government
has not yet transferred to the winning party, the NLD complains.
In
September 1998, the NLD unilaterally formed the CRPP to workfor the convening
of the parliament.
National League for Democracy
No. (97/B), west Shwegondine Road
Bahan Township,
Passed
the resolutions on 27 May 2002 to mark
the Twelfth Anniversary of Multi-party Democracy General Elections
RESOLUTIONS
1. It is resolved that whereas the General Elections were held on the 27th May 1990, in accordance with the provisions of Part 2 (Formation of the Parliament) Section 3, of the Multi-party General Elections Law 14/89 dated 30 May 1989, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), now known as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), the authorities have a duty to convene the People’s Hluttaw comprising all the elected representatives of the people as soon as possible.
2. It is resolved that the Parliament is the highest authority in the state empowered to act in the interest of the people and vested with legislative, administrative and judicial powers, which can be delegated to central and regional bodies.It is also vested with powers to frame a Constitution.
3. It is resolved that Burma being a member of the United Nations, the authorities are bound by the many unanimous resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly declaring that the people of Burma have by their vote in the General Elections of 1990 expressed their desire for democracy.
4. It is resolved that the Committee representing the People’s Parliament which comprises the elected representatives from the National League for Democracy, Shan National League for Democracy, Arakan League for Democracy, Mon National Democratic Front and the Zomi National Congress remains valid until such time as a legally constituted People’s Parliament is convened..
5. It is resolved that the language and terms such as ‘ parliament, political party, election, multiparty, democracy ‘ embodied in the Multi-party Democracy General Elections Law and the Political Parties Registration Law 14/88 dated 27 September 1988 (both are closely associated) indicate clearly that the ultimate goal is to establish a democratic Union of Burma.
6. It is resolved to reiterate and place on record the fact that the confidence-building stage between the NLD and the SPDC has ended with the release of the General Secretary of the National League for Democracy.
7. It is resolved that it is now necessary to move on from confidence building talks to a higher level of meaningful talks.
8. It is resolved that until such time as the inevitable significant and meaningful talks for the solution of political problems transpire, the National League for Democracy’s original policies remain constant on the following issues:
(a) Any constitution that is drawn up without the consent of the people in whom sovereign power lies which is a democratic principle is not acceptable.
(b) The holding of new elections while flouting the results of the 1990 general elections is not acceptable.
(c) Our stated policies on matters of policies, foreign relations, social reforms, health, foreign investments and tourism remain unchanged.
9. It is resolved that we will strive our utmost to bring about quickly the tripartite dialogue including ethnic groups as recommended by the United Nations General Assembly.
10. It is resolved to reiterate our support for the understanding and complete trust placed by the nationalities in the NLD in its talks with the SPDC for the opening up of meaningful dialogue on political issues.
11. It is resolved that the NLD will cooperate and join hands with all ethnic political groups and nationalities to attain democracy, a Parliament and national reconciliation.
12. It is resolved that a genuine democratic Union can only be achieved with the participation of ethnic nationalities.
13. It is resolved that the National League for Democracy will always bear in mind and take into consideration the aspirations of the ethnic groups.
14. It is resolved that it is our firm brlief that in future the ethnic groups will unite again as was done in 1989 (prior to the elections) when 18 ethnic groups formed the United Nationalities League for democracy (UNLD).
15. It is resolved to place on record our great joy because our General Secretary Daw Aung San Suu Kyi obtained unconditional release from house arrest on the 6th of May 2002 which enables her to perform her political tasks without hindrance.
16. It is resolved that all political parties deserve the same freedom as the NLD.
17. It is resolved that all political prisoners whether they be held on political grounds, or for their political activities or under any other section of the law be unconditionally and immediately released.
18. It is resolved to thank the constituents who demonstrated their trust in the NLD by voting overwhelmingly for the NLD candidates during the 27th May 1990 general elections.This event will be given special place of importance in our records.
19. It is resolved that for the achievement of democracy, human rights and national reconciliation it is necessary that we bear in mind our fundamental policy giving priority to the national cause and for all NLD members from ward/village level to work in unity and solidarity.
20. It is resolved to place on record our gratitude to Mr. Kofi Annan, General Secretary of the United Nations and his special representatives Mr. Razali for all their efforts in acting as mediator between the NLD and the SPDC in the confidence building talks.
21. It is resolved to place on record how honoured we are because of the congratulatory messages received from world leaders, foreign ministers, international organizations including the UN, and coverage of news by magazines, newspapers, journals, radio and TV on the occasion of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s release from house arrest.
Central Executive Committee
National League for Democracy
27 May 2002
1st Waning of Kason 1364 ME
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BACK TO THE PAST TODAY
Burma regained its independence.
(At independence from the United Kingdom, a government was democratically
elected, and served under Prime Minister U Nu from 1948 until 1958.In October
1958, political differences within the government, and the difficulties of a
communist insurgency led General Ne Win to take power and form a military
government.Democracy returned in elections held in February 1960, in which U Nu
was again elected Prime Minister.)
19 July
1948
Burma became a member of United Nations, more than six months after it regained
independence on 4th
January that year and was the 58th
member of it then.
General Ne Win, the Commander-in chief of Burma's armed
forces, overthrew U Nu's democratically elected government and set up a
military dictatorship. The military regime annulled the 1947 Constitution.
The Revolutionary Council, led by General Ne Win composed
with high level military official declared the policy of Burma Socialist
Programme Party (BSPP).
Rangoon University students were the first ones to defy
the General Ne Win's military government. When a protest broke out at Rangoon University,
General Ne Win sent troops to shoot the unarmed protesters. The storming of the
University took place on 7 July 1962, and more than 100 students were killed.
General Ne Win and his Revolutionary Council demolished
Rangoon University Students Union building by dynamites.
General Ne Win announced on the air that, "If it was
done purposely to oppose us, I have nothing more to say except that we will face them with sword to sword, and spear to spear,
that is the only solution."
U Thant, former third United Nations Secretary- General
(He held the post of UN Secretary-General
during the period from 1961 to 1971), died after a long illness. He was
65 years old.
The Extraordinary Session of the Burma Socialist
Programme Party Congress held at the Saya San Hall, Kyaikkasan Grounds, Rangoon
U Ne Win, the head of Burma's brutal socialist government, resigned from his
post of the BSPP chairman, his last official post and he said that, "In
continuing to maintain control, I want the entire nation, the people, to know
that if in future there are mob disturbances, if the
army shoots, it hits there is no firing into the air to scare. So,
if in future there are such disturbances and if the
army is used, lit it be known that
those creating disturbances will not get off lightly."
U Sein Lwin, a former army officer, the most feared and
brutal leader, known to be brutally authoritarian, also known as the ‘ butcher
of Rangoon ‘ became chairman of the BSPP, as well as president of Burma.
The famous 8-8-88 mass uprising starts in Rangoon and
spreads to the entire country, drawing millions of people to protest against
the BSPP government. The nationwide pro-democracy uprising was brutally crushed
by the military.
U Sein Lwin, who had served as Burma's president for only
18 days (July 26-August 12), resigned. U Sein Lwin was replaced by Dr. Maung
Maung, a former judge and U Ne Win's official biographer as BSPP chariman and
Burma's president.
The military led by the Chief of Staff General Saw Maung
announced that the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) had formed
and the military had assumed power, after the series of brutal suppression in
which thousands of unarmed demonstrators were killed. The "take
coup," which the SLORC called a necessary "policing effort," was
widely believed to have been orchestrated by U Ne Win. When the SLORC took
power, it suspended the 1974 Constitution, which enacted by the army with the
sole intention of legitimizing and prolonging their power.
The SLORC chairman Gen. Saw Maung announced. "We have formed a government with a small group of
individuals with many responsibilities to carry out the main functions that
have to be performed by the government and for the continuance of diplomatic
relations, so it is obvious that we have no intention to govern for a long
time.We respectfully make this
promise to the monks and the people of the nation with sincerity and good
faith."
The National league for Democracy (NLD) was formed
officially. U Aung Gyi, a
retired brigadier general of the Burma Army, was chairman, U Tin Oo, an
ex-general and erstwhile Chief of
Staff who had been ousted and jailed by U Ne Win in 1976, was elected the NLD's
vice-chairman. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, the daughter of Burma's national hero
Bogyoke Aung San, was general secretary.
The aims and
objectives of the NLD are:
-To work for the establishment of a genuine
democratic government that will guarantee basic human rights in accordance with
the wishes of the people.
-To lay the foundation for the continuation of
a strong and firm democratic system that fulfills the wishes of the people and
the establishment of a firm and lasfting UNION of BURMA.
-To strive for the abolishment of autocracy so
that despotism can never raise its head again.
U Aung Gyi left the NLD to establish his own party,
alleging communist infitration of the NLD. He formed Union Nationals Democracy
Party (UNDP) on 16 Decmber 1988. Only one candidate from his UNDP was elected
in the general elections that were held in May 1990.
Maha Thiri Thudhamma Daw Khin Kyi, 77,
daughter of (U Pho Hmyin – Daw Phwa Su), widow of National Leader and Father of
the Tatmadaw Bogyoke Aung San, mother of U Aung San Oo – Daw Le Le New Thein,
(Ko Aung San Lin) and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi – Dr. Michael Aris and grandmother
of Maung Myint San Aung and Maung Htein Lin, passed away on 27 December 1988 at
her residence at No. 54/56 University Avenue, Rangoon.Daw Khin Kyi was entombed
at a mausoleum on Shwedagon Pagoda Road, between those of Sayagyi Thakin Kodaw
Hmaing and Queen Supayalat, Queen of King Thibaw.
The anniversary of the first student death of Maung Phone
Maw, who was shot to death by the riot police was declared "Burma Human Rights Day" by the NLD and
other political parties.
The Chief of Staff of the Defence Services General Saw
Maung specifically explained the role of the army and that of the new
government that would govern after the elections. His words were:
"We anticipate that the new government
will do its utmost to develop the economy of the country as a matter, we
will return to our barracks and our former tasks. Our most important duty
is to see that the Union does not disintegrate, and to preserve and strengthen
the sovereignty of the nation."
31 May
1989
The SLORC promulgated Law No. 14/89 of 31 May 1989 (the
Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law).
The definitions given in the above law are unique vocally
stated as:-
- Section 2 (a) - "Hluttaw means the Pyithu Hluttaw (People's
Parliament)."
- Section 2 (d)
- "Elections mean that multi-party democracy
general election."
- Section 2 (f) - "Hluttaw
Representatives means a person who has been elected to the Hluttaw." - Section 3 - "The
Hluttaw shall be formed with the Hluttaw representatives who have been elected
in accordance with this law from the Htuttaw constituencies."
20 July 1989
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under a very strict form
of house arrest without charge, under Section 10, Subsection B and 14 of the
1975 Law to Safeguard the State Against the Dangers of Those Desiring to Cause
Subversive Acts, which allows for detention without charge or trial for
three years.
27 May
1990
The multi-party democracy general elections were held in
Burma. People were given the chance to freely elect their own representatives
for the first time since the initial military takeover in 1962, on overwhelming
majority voted for the NLD. The NLD had won 392 of the 485 contested seats in
Parliament. The military's own National Unity Party (NUP) failed to win any
seats in Rangoon. Even in some military townships the vote had gone against the
SLORC-backed the NUP candidate and the soldiers themselves had supported the
NLD.
The SLORC issued its Declaration No. (1/90), stating that
only the SLORC has the right to exercise legislative, executive and judicial
powers and that it will not accept a government formed under on interim
Constitution.
In the above SLORC policy declaration, clearly stated
that,
Paragraph (12) Section (3) of the Pyithu
Hlutlaw Election Law provides that "The Hluttaw Shall be constituted with
the representatives elected from the constituencies in accordance with this
law."
Paragraph (20) Consequently under
the present circumstances, the representatives elected by the people are
those who have the responsibility to draw up the constitution of the future
democratic State.
28/29
July 1990
Members of the NLD and sister parties (Party for National
Democracy and Patriotic Old Comrades League), who had been elected to the
Parliament, met at the Gandhi Hall in Rangoon and adopted a resolution calling
on the SLORC to stand down and hand over power to a democratically elected
government. The NLD released its "Gandhi Hall Declaration", a demand for
Parliament to be convened by September 1990 and its also called for "frank
and sincere discussions with good faith and with the object of national
reconciliation."
On July 28, 1990, 500 members of the NLD, including 379 MPs, concluded their
first congress at Gandhi Hall and declared the party’s intention to convene
Parliament in September. As the Gandhi Hall Resolution was read out to a crowd
of about 10,000 people, its calls for a transition of power and the release of
NLD leaders were greeted with enthusiastic applause. Heavily armed security
forces maintained a threatening presence, but no interference was reported. On
the eve of the NLD congress, the SLORC issued Order No 1/90, which stated that
the junta would retain its powers under martial law until it had ensured that a
sufficiently strong constitution was in place. The order further stated that
elected representatives had merely been given the duty of drafting a new
constitution, a process that the regime would initiate at its own discretion.
This pre-emptive strike against the opposition’s anticipated demands was soon
followed by a fresh crackdown on NLD MPs and party members.
The NLD and Union Nationalities League for Democracy
(UNLD) jointly called on the government by the Bo Aung Gyaw
Street Declaration No. (1), to convene Parliament, to release
chairman U Tin Oo, general secretary Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and all political
prisoners.
The military regime retroactively amended the law under
which Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was held to extend her detention for up to five
years without charge or trial.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the 1991 Nobel Peace
Prize for her outstanding non-violent and unyielding struggle for freedom,
democracy and human dignity.
The SLORC dismissed its first chairman General Saw Maung
(1988-1992). General Than Shwe took over as SLORC chairman, prime minister,and
minister of defense.
The National Convention commenced on 9 January 1993, to
produce a new constitution, with hand-picked delegates. The SLORC selected a
National Convention to start drafting a new constitution and told the
Convention to give the military a major government role. the Convention has
been in recess since 31 March 1996.
On 9
January 1993, the SLORC convened the National Convention to lay down
the basic principles for the elaboration of a
constitution.
The eight different categories of deligates were:
(1) Delegates
from Political Parties,
(2) Delegates
elected in the 1990 Elections,
(3) Delegates
of National Races,
(4) Delegates
of Peasants,
(5) Delegates
of Workers,
(6) Delegates
of Intelligentsia and Technocrats,
(7) Delegates
of State service personnel, and
(8) Other
invitees.
Of the 702 National Convention delegates from eight
categories, 49 were selected by the 10 political parties remaining after the
1990 elections, 106 were elected representatives and the remainder of the
delegates from the six other categories were chosen by SLORC.In the elected
representatives group, where 89 of the remaining 106 delegates were from
National League for Democracy.In fact, members of National League for
Democracy, despite winning a little more than 80 per cent of the seats in the
1990 general elections, comprise only about 15 per cent of the 702 delegates
and are thus permanently in a minority.
15
September 1993 The
Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) was formed on 15 September
1993, under patronage of the regime's chairman Senior General Than Shew. It
replaced the Burma Socialist Programme Party, which collapsed in 1988.
The military junta announced Daw Aung San Suu Kyi can be
detained for up to six years under the marlial law. Whilst the regime as a
whole can choose to detain a person for five years, the regime said an extra
year can be added by the decision of a three-member committee comprising the
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Home Affairs and Defense.
SLORC chairman Senior Gen Than Shwe and Secretary (1) Lt.
Gen Khin Nyunt met Daw Aung San Suu Kyi for the first time since her house
arrest.
A second meeting was held at the State Guest House
between military intelligence Chief Lt. Gen Khin Nyunt and Daw Aung San Suu
Kyi.
U Nu (Thakin Nu), Burma’s first
post-independence Prime Minister, husband of the late Daw Mya Yi, passed away
at his residence at 42 Pyidaungsu Lane, Saya San Avenue, Bahan Township,
Rangoon, aged 88. In 1952, he served as the leading sponsor in building the
Kaba Aye Pagoda and organized the Sixth Buddhist Synod. He sponsored the
translation of the Pitakat scriptures into English till the time of his demise.
Born in 1907 in Wakema, Myaungmya District, U Nu graduated from Rangoon
University in 1929. He returned toread Law and was elected President of the RU
Students Union in 1935. After the assassination of General Aung San in 1946, U
Nu took over the leadership of the Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League. Prime
Minister from 1948-1958 and 1960-62, he was deposed in a military coup led by
then Army Chief General Ne Win. He was imprisoned until 1966 and in 1969
travelled to Thailand to lead the Parliamentary Democracy Party against Ne Win.
After his efforts on the Thai-Burmese border failed, U Nu went into exile in
1973 in India.He returned to Burma under a 1980 amnesty. During the 1980's he
avoided politics and spent much of his time quietly but emerged again in 1988
when democracy demonstrations swept Burma. In September 1988, just before the
formation of SLORC, he declared himself Prime Minister of a parallelgovernment.
He was placed under house arrest by the SLORC from December 1988 to April 1992.
Present at his death were his son, U Aung, and daughters, Daw ThanThan Nu and
Dr Cho Cho Nu.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was released from unlawful house
arrest and was permitted to stay in Rangoon.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was named as General Secretary again
after the NLD in defiance of the junta ban on charges in party leadership
positions reappointed her.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi announced that the NLD did not
believe the National convention being held by the junta would lead the country
to democracy and that the NLD was withdrawing from the convention.
Consisting of 702 delegates representing political parties, ethnic minorities
and professional groups, the Convention adjourned after just two days. It met
again on February 1, but talks soon ground to a halt after even members
hand-picked by the SLORC opposed the military’s demands for a leading role in
national politics. In an 8-page statement, the NLD asked how “the idea of
developing genuine democracy (can) be in harmony with the principle of
permitting the military to play a leadership role of the nation.” There was
also dissent among ethnic delegates, whose demands for a federal system were
rejected by the regime. On January 24, fourteen people were arrested for
distributing leaflets opposing the Convention.By September, however, the
official press announced that most delegates had agreed that the military the
military should remain a key player in Burmese politics. The NLD finally
withdrew from the Convention in November 1995.
29
November 1995
The NLD formally declared its boycott of the sham National Convention, and Daw
Aung San Suu Kyi repeatedly call for establishing “ Dialogue “ for the purpose
of national reconciliation in order to solve the political problems by
political means.The SLORC has ignored Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s call and continues
its drive to use the sham National Convention for the purpose of prolonging its
power.
26/28
May 1996
The NLD announced during the NLD's conference
that held on the sixth anniversary of elections between May 26-28 that the NLD
would also draft a future constitution of Burma.
U Hla Than, 49, a lawyer and an NLD Member of Parliament
(Coco Island) elected in 1990 General
Elections, died of internal injuries due to torture in prison, at Rangoon
General Hospital. He was transferred from the prison to the hospital on 9 July
1996.He was arrested by SLORC on 21 October 1990 and sentenced under Section
122 (1) to 25 years in prison for ‘ attending secret meetings to establish a
parallel government ‘.
Monywa U Tin Shwe, 67, NLD Central Committee
member and in-charge of the Mandalay Division NLD Organizing Committee,died at
the Rangoon General Hospital of heart disease.U Tin Shwe was arrested for
planning a meeting to commemorate the 1988 uprising and sentenced by a military
court in November 1990 to imprisonment in Insein.U Tin Shwe leaves behind a
wife and three sons.
Senior General Saw Maung, 65, died of a heart attack.He
was the first Chairman of SLORC when it was established on 18 September
1988.Senior General Than Shwe replaced him in 1993 after he suffered a nervous
breakdown.
The nine year-old SLORC was disbanded and replaced with
the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC).
27/ 28
May 1998
The conference held by the NLD on 27 and 28 May,
commemorating the 8th anniversary of the 1990 General Elections, it was
resolved that, "This conference authorities its
Central Executive Committee to set a date for the convening of the People's
Parliament and to nolify the authorities accordingly."
U Hkiun Htee, a signatory of "The Panglong Agreement
1947", died.
The NLD demanded that Parliament be convened in
line with 1990 election result, on or before the 21st August 1998.
The NLD announced the formation of the
Committee Representing the PEOPLE'S PARLIAMENT (CRPP) for a genuine democratic
UNION of BURMA.
The CRPP held its first meeting. The CRPP was established
due to the junta's refusal to comply with 1990 election results, its refusal to
allow Parliament to convene for nine years, and for failing to comply with a
demand which requires state authorities to convene Parliament.
On September 16, 1998, the NLD
formed the 10-member Committee Representing the People‘s Parliament
(CRPP) after the SPDC failed to respond to renewed calls to
recognize the results of the 1990 elections. Headed by NLD chairman U Aung Shwe
and with the backing of 251 parliament members, including MPs from other
parties, the CRPP annulled all laws promulgated since September 18, 1988 and
called for the release of all political prisoners.
The SPDC immediately responded by
arresting 110 NLD MPs and officials, including CRPP speaker Saw Mra Aung,
83.
By the end of
the year, the SPDC had shut down 43 NLD offices, and has since insisted on the
dissolution of the CRPP as a pre-condition for the resumption of talks with the
opposition.
The military arrested U Aye Tha Aung, the secretary of
CRPP and the chairperson of the CRPP's Committee on Ethnic Nationalities'
Affairs.When the Arakan League for Democracy (ALD)was founded he become Joint
General Secretary.He is a member of Central Executive Committee of ALD.He
represents the Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (SNLD), Mon National
Democratic Front (MNDF), Arakan League for Democracy (ALD), and Zomi National
Congress (ZNC).
Security forces raided the NLD headquarters in
Rangoon, and conficated numerous documents, and sealed off the league's
headquarters.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under virtual house
arrest again, after she defied government restrictions on her movement and
tried to travel by train to the northern city of Mandalay to visit members of
her embattled NLD.
October
2000
The military regime began holding closed-door
talks with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi in October 2000. The confidence building talks
have been kept secret by both sides and have shown no sign of a major
breakthraough.
The NLD held its 13th anniversary of the founding of the
party at its headquarters in Rangoon. Resolutions taken on the-
(1) To achieve the goals that have been set, all members
and elected MPs of the NLD will from this day on strive harder, unitedly and
with greater fervour.
(2) The spirit of patriotism, persistence and
perseverance of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, our General Secretary, constantly
encompasses and overshadows us. We therefore desire her unconditional and
immediate release and the release of all political prisoners.
(3) We remember always that our President U Aung Shwe and
General Secretary Daw Aung San Suu Kyi have been given a mandate to act on our
behalf. We will not let our enthusiasm diminish in anyway but will continue
steadfastly in our task.
The 10th anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Peace
Prize to Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. She is the only Nobel Peace laureate currently
under detention for her commitment to human rights and democracy.
At a ceremony at the NLD's headquarters in central
Rangoon, marking Independence Day, the NLD issued a list of seven demands,
urging the creation of a democratic state and the unconditional release of all
political prisoners, including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, who has been under house
arrest since September 2000.
The NLD vice-chairman U Tin Oo told the gathering,
reading the party's Independence Day Declaration that "We
would like to urge the government to sincerely and speedily faster the
emergence of a democratic nation through politically meaningful talks."
The current regime took power after a bloody crackdown on
nationwide protests for democracy in 1988.
The military regime dubbed the SLORC/SPDC had refused to
recognize the results of the polls won overwhelmingly by the NLD held on May
27, 1990.
This year, as in the past years, UN resolutions have
stood behind the 1990 General Election result, demanded the immediate transfer
of power to the elected representatives and even noted the formation of the
Committee Representing the People's Parliament (CRPP).
Burma is a member of the United Nations and as a
signatory to the Declarations that have been made the authorities are legally
bound to abide by its decisions.
The talks between Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the SPDC,
brokered by UN special envoy to Burma Razali Ismail, have showed no sign of
bringing an end to Burma's political deadlock.
The people of Burma have lived under a repressive
military regime.
6 May
2002
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, who has been under house arrest
since 22 September 2000, was freed unconditionally, after 20 months of house
arrest.
Burma's military junta freed secretary of the Committee
Representing the People’s Parliament (CRPP),U Aye Tha Aung.He was a general
secretary of the Arakan League for Democracy (ALD).He was arrested by the
military junta on 24 April 2000 and sentenced to 21 years’ imprisonment by the
military court on 21 June 2000 for alleged violating publication and emergency
law.
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“ A BRIEF HISTORY OF POLITICAL ACTIVISM IN BURMA “
Student Protest of 1962
On July 7th, 1962 the Rangoon University Students' Union organize a protest against the newly formed military junta. Ne Win sends a lot of troops with newly imported G-3 automatic rifles and gives orders to shoot into the crowd. Over 100 students were killed, many more wounded. The next day he ordered the destruction of the Students' Union building. It was blasted away by heavy explosives. There is no trace left. The Union building is a historic site for student activism in Burma where the fateful student strike of 1936 has spurred the independence movement.
Arkan Demonstrations
On August 13th, 1967, about 5,000 Arkanese people demonstrated because there was already a rice shortage. Troops were sent who fired into them, killing over 100 men, women, and children, and wounding hundreds more.
SEA Games Protest
On December 1, 1969 students from Rangoon, Mandalay and Moulmein take advantage of the Southeast Asian Games in Rangoon to protest the Revolutionary Council. The protest is crushed down, many students are expelled from their universities and Burma stops hosting SEA games since then.
The Labour Strike of 1974
In May of 1974, oil field workers from Chauk in central Burma organize a strike, demanding higher wages. The strike soon spreads to some 42 state enterprises and a nation-wide riot follows; at least 22 persons are killed by police.
U Thant Uprising of 1974
In December 1974, students from Rangoon University together with Buddhist monks stage demonstrations over what they perceive is the government's refusal to give appropriate honors to the death of U Thant, former Secretary General of the United Nations. The following demonstrations are directed more toward the larger problems of socialist government and students call for the overthrow of "one party dictatorship." Martial law is declared; at least nine people dies during the crackdown; and some 1800 students and activists are arrested.
Hmaing Centennial Revolt of 1976
On March 23, 1976, students
publish an underground chronicle on the centennial celebrations of the birthday
of the famous war-time writer, Thakin Ko Daw Hmaing, criticizing the Socialist
educational system and calling for a strike. Over two hundred and thirty
students are detained.
Demonetization Boycott of 1987
On September 6, 1987, hundreds of students went on brief demonstration marches across the university campus around Rangoon protesting the government's action to demonetize Kyats 25, 35, 75 banknotes without compensation. Thus wiping out 80% of the country's money in circulation.
Phone Maw's Event: Bloody White Bridge Killings of 1988
On March 13, 1988, some Rangoon Institute of Technology students protest against the local party authorities for their perceived injustice. The brutal suppression by the riot police, Lon Htein results in the death of Maung Phone Maw, a student from the Institute. In days later, more student protesters from Rangoon University are blocked and killed near Inya Lake. Thousands of students march down to central Rangoon on March 18 where army units open fires on demonstrators and many protesters are arrested.
Myaynigone Killings of 1988
On June 21, 1988, thousands of students stage a peaceful protest that starting on the Rangoon University campus and moving towards central Rangoon. The students shouted slogans calling for the end of military dictatorship. The column of marching protesters is stopped at Myaynigone where Lon Htein units fire teargas and rifles. 80 civilians and 20 Lon Hteins are killed.
On August, 8th, 1988, the largest demonstrations the people have ever dared to stage took place. Organized by students, news spread fast. On the declared day many more than expected turned out. People assembled throughout all the major cities in Burma. Over 200,000 people assembled for non-violent demonstration and took turns giving speeches. About midnight troops fired into the masses killing hundreds on the spot. They even shot monks.
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
The Special Rapporteur (SR)
of the Commission on Human Rights on the situation of human rights in Myanmar
(1) Mr. Yozo Yokota (Japan) - 1992-1996
(2) Mr. Rajsoomer Lallah (Mauritius) - 1996-2000 (Resigned on
02/11/2000)
(3) Mr. Paulo Sergio Pinheiro
(Brazil) - Since December 2000
Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro
CURRICULUM VITAE [abridged]
EDUCATION
Law
Degree, Law School, Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, PUC-RJ, (1966)
Licence
en sociologie à l'Université de Paris, Vincennes (1969-1970)
Doctorat
ès études politiques à la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques (1971).
Livre
Docência em Ciência Política, Universidade de São Paulo, USP (1987)
UNIVERSITY POSITIONS
In
Assistant
professor of political science (1971- 1985), State University of Campinas, Sào
Paulo, UNICAMP
Chair
of the department of social sciences (1977-1978), UNICAMP, (1971-1985),
Professor
of Political Science, Department of Political Science, USP, since 1985
Advisor
to the Rector of the Universidade de São Paulo (1987-1988)
Director
of the Center for the Study of Violence [Núcleo de Estudos da Violência], NEV
(since 1987)
Chairperson
of UNESCO chair on education, peace, human rights, democracy and tolerance,
Institute of Advanced Studies, IEA (1998-2000.), USP.
Abroad
(after 1995)
Visiting
Associate Professor of International Relations, Watson Institute and
Center for Latin American Studies, Brown University, USA (Spring Term
2001; 1997).
Visiting
Researcher, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Paris, France (Jan. 1998; Feb.
2000).
Titulaire
pro tempore de la chaire d'études en sciences sociales "Sérgio Buarque de
Hollanda", Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Paris, France (April-July
1999).
Senior
Member at Saint Antony's College and Fellow at the Center for Brazilian
Studies, Oxford University, UK (Hilary Term, Jan.- March 1999)
Directeur
d'études associé, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris,
France(Jan. 1998; Jan.- March 1996);
Visiting
Faculty Fellow, Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame, USA, (Spring Term,
1995);
MAJOR
RECENT PUBLICATIONS
MÉNDEZ,
Juan E, O'DONNELL, Guillermo and PINHEIRO Paulo Sérgio,(Org.). The (Un) Rule of
Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America. Notre Dame, Indiana, Notre
Dame University,Press, 1999. 357p.
-----------------
Democracia, Violência e Injustiça. [O Não- Estado de Direito na América Latina.
São Paulo, Paz e Terra, 2000, 385 p
PINHEIRO,
Paulo Sérgio, GUIMARÃES, Samuel Pinheiro. (Org.). Direitos Humanos no Séc. XXI.
Brasília: IPRI/FUNAG, 1998. Vol. 1 / vol. 2. 1053p.
PINHEIRO,
Paulo Sérgio, São Paulo Sem Medo, Um diagnóstico da violência urbana,Rio de
Janeiro: Garamond, 1998. 254p.
GOVERNMENT POSITIONS
Special
Counsel [with the status of Secretary of State] to the Governor of São Paulo
State, Brazil (1983-1987)
Rapporteur
of the Brazilian National Human Rights Plan (1995-1996), launched by the
Brazilian Government in May 1996.
Rapporteur
of the São Paulo State Human Rights Plan, Brazil (1997- 1998).
MEMBERSHIP IN CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS
Board
of the Comunidade Solidária, a consortium of NGOS in partnership with the
Brazilian Federal Government, Brasília, chaired by Ms. Ruth Cardoso, (since
1999)
Justice
and Peace Commission of São Paulo (since 1984)
Teotonio
Villela Commission on Human Rights, São Paulo (since 1983)
Vice-
president of the board of the São Paulo Institute against Violence, (since
1997), an association organized by major business federations in São
Paulo.
Federal
Commission on Human Rights, Brazilian bar Association, OAB (1988)
Chair
of the Human Rights Commission, Brazilian Bar Association,OAB- São
Paulo (1985-1989).
Abroad
Board
of the Center for Justice and International Law, CEJIL, Washington, DC
(since1990).
Board
of the Human Relations Initiative, Beyond Racism, Altanta, USA, 1998-2000
HUMAN RIGHTS MISSIONS
Several
human rights monitoring missions in several states of Brazil, Argentina, Chili,
Peru, Paraguay, Haiti, Burundi and Togo.
POSITIONS IN INTERNATIONAL BODIES
Special
Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar (2001....)
Member
of the UN International Commission of Inquiry on Alleged Human Rights
Violation in Togo, appointed by the UN Secretary-General (2000).
Consultant
for the Human Development Report 2000 on Human Rights, United Nation
Development Program, UNDP 2000.
Member
of the Civil Society Organizations Committee, UNDP, New York (2000-2002).
Vice-
president of the International Humanitarian Fact-finding Commission, Bern,
Switzerland (since 1998) Member of that Commission since 1995.
United
Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Burundi (1995-
1999)
Chairperson
of the group of UN Commission on Human Rights Special Rapporteurs,
Special Representatives and Experts of the UN Commission on Human Rights,
Geneva (May 1997- May 1998).
Member
of the UN Sub-commission for the protection and promotion of human rights
(1998- 2001)
Rapporteur
of the meeting of the UN Sub-commission for the protection and promotion of human
rights, (August 1999)
AWARDS
Pinheiro
was made Chevalier of the Ordre National du Mérite, France (1998).
"Special
Prize" for his work on human rights, Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso
da Ciência [Brazilian Society for the Advancement of Science], SBPC, 1988.
American
Sociological Association ("Distinguished Latin American
Criminologist", 1979).
Paulo
Sérgio Pinheiro was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1944 and he lives in São Paulo,
Brazil, with his wife Ana Luiza and children André and Marina.
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
The United Nations Special Envoy for Burma
(1) Mr.
Alvaro de Soto
In UNGA Resolution 54/186 (17 December 1999) on the situation in Burma, the
General Assembly requested the Secretary-General (SG) to continue discussions
with the government in order to assist in the implementation of that resolution
and to submit additional reports to the 2000 sessions of the Commission on
Human Rights (CHR) and of the General Assembly (GA).As noted in the report to
the GA (A/54/499), the SG’s Special Envoy, Alvaro de Soto, Assistant SG for
Political Affairs, visited Myanmar from 14 to 18 October 1999 and held
consultations with high-level officials of the government, including
Secretary-1 of the State Peace and Development Council, Lieutenant-General Khin
Nyunt and the Minister for Foreign Affairs, U Win Aung.Consultations were also
held with the members of the Central Executive Committee of the National League
for Democracy, including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and representatives of various
ethnic political parties and groups (e.g., New Mon State Party, the Kachin Independence
Organization).
The report to the 2000 Commission
(E/CN.4/2000/29, 24 March 2000) simply notes that the Special Envoy assumed new
responsibilities following the October 1999 mission and the SG was in the
process of appointing a new Special Envoy.
[ Alvaro de Soto, an under-secretary-general of the United Nations, has
seen conflict in a way that few others ever will, having served as good officer
for the United Nations in the peace negotiations on El Salvador and currently
on Cyprus.As Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar’s personal
representative for the Central American Peace Process, Mr. de Soto helped
transform a raging civil war between the Government of El Salvador and the FMLN
(Frente Farabundo Marti para la Libiration
Nacional) into a durable peace --- a feat often viewed as the prototype
for United Nations peace making efforts.In his 20 years at the United Nations, Mr.
de Soto has worked under three successive secretaries-general, holding a
variety of posts throughout his career.Today, he serves as Secretary General
Kofi Annan’s special adviser on Cyprus, a position he has held since late 1999.
]
(2) Mr.Razali Ismail
The United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan has chosen the Malaysian
diplomat, Razali Ismail, as his envoy to Burma in April 2000.
Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Myanmar
Razali Ismail (Malaysia)
Date of appointment: 4 April 2000
Press Release
SG/A/729
SECRETARY-GENERAL APPOINTS RAZALI ISMAIL SPECIAL
ENVOY FOR MYANMAR
The
Secretary-General has appointed Razali Ismail as his Special Envoy for Myanmar.
The Secretary-General hopes that Mr. Razali will be able to visit Myanmar
shortly to carry out the Secretary-General’s good offices efforts to facilitate
the implementation of General Assembly resolution 54/186.
Mr.
Razali has been serving as the Special Adviser to the Prime Minister of
Malaysia. He was Permanent Representative of Malaysia to the United Nations in
New York from 1988 to 1998 and is remembered for his many contributions to the
work of the United Nations during his tenure. Mr. Razali was active in a
variety of areas and distinguished himself by taking an active role in the
preparation of the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development
(1992), by being a prominent voice in the United Nations reform process, and by
playing an exemplary leadership role as the President of the fifty-first
session of the General Assembly (1996-1997).
RAZALI
ISMAIL (MALAYSIA)
Razali
Ismail, who was chosen UN Secretary-General’s special envoy to Burma , has been
Malaysia's Permanent Representative to the
United Nations since June 1988. He is also his country's ambassador to
Cuba and its High Commissioner to
Barbados, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, and Trinidad
and Tobago.
As
Malaysia's Permanent Representative, the new special envoy of UNSG has served
in various capacities in the United Nations. From 1989 to 1990, he headed
Malaysia's delegation to the Security Council, where he was President in June
1989 and July 1990. In 1990, he chaired the Security Council Committee on the
South African arms embargo, and in 1991 he served as Vice- President of the
Economic and Social Council.
In
1992, Mr. Razali headed Malaysia's delegation to the United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development (UNCED), and in 1993 he was elected Chairman of
the Commission on Sustainable Development. He also served as Vice-Chairman,
representing Asia, of the Preparatory Committee for the Fiftieth Anniversary of
the United Nations. In 1989, Mr. Razali was Chairman of the "Group of
77" developing countries.
Mr.
Razali, a career diplomat, joined his country's foreign service in 1962. Prior
to his current assignment, he had served, from 1985, as Deputy
Secretary-General in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in charge of political
affairs. He was Malaysia's Ambassador to India (1982-1985) and, before that, to
Poland (1978-1982), concurrently accredited to Hungary, the German Democratic Republic
and Czechoslovakia.
His
other assignments were as follows: Chargé d'affaires in Vientiane, Lao People's
Democratic Republic (1974-1976); Counsellor in the Malaysian High Commission in
London (1970-1972); and Second Secretary of Malaysia's Embassy in Paris
(1966-1968). From 1964 to 1966, he was Malaysia's Assistant High Commissioner
in Madras. He also served in his country's High Commission in New Delhi from
1963 to 1964.
Mr.
Razali has been a member of Malaysia's delegations to meetings of the
Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Non-Aligned Movement, the
Commonwealth and the Organization of the Islamic Conference. He was Adviser to
the Prime Minister of Malaysia when he chaired the United Nations International
Conference on Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking, held in Vienna in 1987. From
1989 to 1990, he was member of the Board of Directors of the International
Peace Academy.
Mr. Razali
was conferred the title of Dato' Setia Diraja Kedah in 1985, and the Panglima
Setia Mahkota in 1991. In 1992, he received the Langkawi Environment Award from
his Government.
Mr.
Razali holds a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in the humanities and literature,
has received an Honorary Doctorate from the National University ofMalaysia, and
from 1993 to 1995 was Adjunct Professor of International Studies at Michigan
State University. He is a member of the International Advisory Panel of the
International World Trust, Malaysia; a fellow of the Institute for Environment
and Development, National University ofMalaysia; and a member of the Board of
Advisers of Wetlands International Asia-Pacific,Malaysia.
Born
in Kedah, Malaysia in 1939, Mr. Razali is married and has three children.
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REFERENCES:
- “ Working People’s
Daily “ and “ New Light of Myanmar “ Newspapers.
- “ To Stand and Be Counted:
The Suppression of Burma’s Members of Parliament “ (All Burma Students’
Democratic Front, Documentation and Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand – June 1998).
- “ Letter from Burma “ No. (18) (19) (37) and
(38) by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Mainichi
Daily News
v