BURMA PRESS SUMMARY

BURMA PRESS SUMMARY
From the Rangoon "Working People's Daily"
Compiled for the Burma Studies Group by Hugh C. MacDougall
Published by the Center for East Asian and Pacific Studies,
University of Illinois
Volume VII, No. 2, February 1993

NATIONAL CONVENTION

National Convention Reconvenes
Administrative Matters
Specific Delegates
U Aung Toe's Speech
Panels of Chairmen
Panels Discuss Chapter Headings
Plenary Session on Chapter Headings

NATIONAL CONVENTION

National Convention Reconvenes

Feb. 1: The National Convention reconvened in Yangon, with a welcoming greeting [see below] from National Convention Convening Work Committee Chairman U Aung Toe. Present were 695 out of 700 delegates. Also present were 12 foreign journalists from the Times of London, ABC (Australia), Reuter, Yomiuri Shimbun, NHK, and the Boston Globe. (WPD 2/2)

[Throughout the renewed session, the WPD published pages of photographs of speakers and groups of participants.]

Administrative Matters

Feb. 1: Travelling and daily allowances were paid the delegates, supervised by Deputy Minister for Planning & Finance Brig-Gen. Win Tin. Numerous donations of cash were made to the National Convention, and donations in kind made to various institutions to "hail" it. Voluntary labour was also contributed to civic projects in honor of the Convention. (WPD 2/2)

Feb. 8: Daily allowances for delegates were disbursed at Kyaikkasan Grounds. "For the delegates who are receiving treatment at Yangon General Hospital," officials "handed over the daily allowances at the hospital. They also spoke words of comfort to them." (WPD 2/9)

Feb. 15: Seven days' allowances for delegates were disbursed; one delegate receiving medical treatment at Yangon General Hospital received his allowance there. (WPD 2/16)

Specific Delegates

Feb. 1: Officials visited National Convention delegate U Hkun Weiza, who has been in Yangon General Hospital since Jan. 31. Two delegates lost their status. Sagaing Division delegate Dr. Maung Maung had his status revoked when he was caught smuggling jade stones on Jan. 25 [see below, under Crime]. U Aung Htoo, a representative of the National League for Democracy from Gangaw Constituency [Magway], was removed as a delegate "according to a submission made by the National League for Democracy." (WPD 2/2)

U Aung Toe's Speech

Feb. 1: National Convention Convening Work Committee Chairman U Aung Toe greeted the reassembly delegates with a "clarification regarding the programme" [full text]:

Distinguished Delegates to the National Convention.

First of all, I would like to express my delight at meeting all of you again in good health and I heartily greet you and welcome you.

We have all congregated at this meeting hall today so as to greet and welcome all the Distinguished Delegates to the National Convention and also for the purpose of giving a few explanations regarding the programmes for the National Convention which lies before us to be carried out collectively and in harmony.

Programme

Beginning today, 1st February, 1993, the National Convention is to be continued according to the following programme.

(1) Election of the Panel of Chairmen.

(2) To first discuss and coordinate matter so as to decide on the chapter headings for the panel discussions so that systematic and comprehensive discussions may be made leading to the framing of the National Constitution.

(3) The Distinguished Delegates will have to discuss at length among themselves so as to decide upon the specific chapter headings for discussions; when that is done, further discussions are to be made to arrive at the fundamental principles for each of the respective chapters in the panel discussions.

- These are the three main inherent stages in the nature of the work to be carried out.

Distinguished Delegates,

I shall clarify a bit about the election of the Panel of Chairman, the first task to be carried out.

Rights & responsibilities of Panel of Chairmen

According to Paragraph 9 of the National Convention Procedures, each category of delegates are to elect five chairmen respectively. The Panel of Chairmen thus chosen will be responsible for supervising the meetings of the respective panel meetings. In addition, they will also be responsible for supervising the plenary meeting of the National Convention as and when the occasion arises. The Chairman and Panel of Chairmen and their rights and responsibilities have been appropriately prescribed in Paragraphs 15 and 16 of the National Convention Procedures. I am sure the Distinguished Delegates have already read these.

Hence, coordinations are to be made of your own free will to elect five members each for the Panel of Chairmen who would supervise, in accordance with the National Convention Procedures, panel discussions and the plenary sessions of the National Convention.

Election of Chairmen

I believe that everything will go smoothly and successfully as our National Convention Convening Work Committee will send three Committee members each to each category of delegates (group) to help supervise in the election of the members of the Panel of Chairmen. Panel-wise selection of five members each for the National Convention Panel of Chairmen will begin this morning in the respective halls. If these elections cannot be completed this morning throughout the afternoon [sic], it will continue tomorrow.

Distinguished Delegates,

What we have to carry out after the elections for the Panel of Chairmen of the National Convention is for the panels to discuss headings for each chapter. It is believed that the Distinguished Delegates may have arrived at specific chapters essential to be included in the new Constitution as they have had enough time to study. If I am to reiterate, for you to remember, the point regarding the allocation of chapters to be included in the new Constitution, which I presented at the (11-1-93) session of the National Convention. I said thus-

"It is found that the difference in the headings contained in the constitutions can be seen not only among different countries but also whenever another Constitution is drawn in the same country. However, even though there may be certain variations in the usage and nomenclature, there are similarities in the concept. Basically, such matters as State structure, fundamental principles of the State, citizenship, rights and responsibilities of the citizens, the Head of State, legislation, administration, judicial matters, the Attorney-General, the Auditor-General, system of election, and constitutional amendment are common to practically all constitutions. Either under one name or another, all these matters are found to be in one way or another, part and parcel of the constitutions of all nations. Invariably, the details of such matters are incorporated into the respective constitutions to be in harmony with the natural condition, historical experience and prevailing conditions in politics, economy, social structure, culture and traditional heritage."

I also presented some headings suitable for discussions which are to be made in accordance with the six guidelines at this National Convention. The headings in my presentation are:

- State structure;

- Fundamental principles for the State;

- The Head of State;

- Legislation;

- Administration of Justice;

- The Tatmadaw;

- The Attorney-General and the Auditor-General;

- Local government;

- Citizens and their fundamental rights and duties;

- State employees;

- Elections;

- Political parties; and

- Constitutional amendment.

But as I have said on (11-1-93) regarding the allocation of the chapters, the Distinguished Delegates are free to propose any other additional chapters which may be relevant and also those chapters which ought to be excluded may also be excluded.

No time limit

Distinguished Delegates,

After deciding upon the chapter headings to be discussed in the panel discussions, suggestions and proposals made are to be compiled and presented according to procedures already explained. This being a very vital and crucial stage, it is very important that every attention be given to be as systematic as possible, in accordance with the saying that a good beginning presages a successful conclusion. That is why no time limit has been set on how many days will have to be taken for deciding on the chapter headings for the panel discussions. The Distinguished Delegates are to make proposals and suggestions and discuss to their hearts' content.

Plenary session

We will arrange the plenary meeting of the National Convention only when all the eight groups of delegates have compiled their proposals regarding the chapter headings to be discussed.

When the plenary session of the National Convention is held, representatives of each of the respective groups will have the opportunity to present the proposals which have been compiled by each group. That is when all the delegates attending the National Convention will be able to hear the proposals put up by the respective groups. The proposals made by the different groups may not be the same. Just as some of the chapter headings may be identical, there may also be differences. Those headings which are common will be selected while those which are mnot common will be further discussed at length until agreement is reached.

Exhaustive discussions

In conducting further discussions to arrive at those headings to be accepted at the plenary session, the respective groups will have to submit all valid reasons as to why the chapter proposed should be included.

Such discussions may or may not be completed at the plenary session of the National Convention in one day or at one sitting. There may be cases where some groups may wish to take note of proposals made by other groups and consult and discuss these matters within their own groups so as to compare them with their own proposals and engage in comprehensive discussions.

The point is to discuss and coordinate at length so that those chapter headings which the eight panel groups have satisfactorily discussed may be accepted by all present at the plenary session of the National Convention in accordance with the six guidelines (of the National Convention).

In this way, we will get the list of chapter headings decided unanimously. When the list of chapter headings has been confirmed the panel discussions will deal with the first chapter given in the list so as to arrive at the fundamental principles regarding that particular chapter.

Patience, tolerance and magnanimity

All possible arrangements will be made so as to provide the Distinguished Delegates with sufficient time for comprehensive discussions and to effect appropriate modifications as required so as to arrive at fundamental principles regarding each of the chapters.

Political parties will also be able, if they wish, to consult their respective party organizations for conducting these comprehensive discussions.

In order to carry out such consultations and discussions the Distinguished Delegates may do so while residing at the hostels in the Kyaikkasan Grounds or if they wish to return to their respective areas they may do so according to their own arrangements.

It is essential that the Distinguished Delegates engage in these discussions with patience, tolerance and a mutual sense of magnanimity so that the fundamental principles for each of the respective chapters may be agreed on with unanimity.

Step by step

Only when all the Distinguished Delegates have agreed upon the fundamental principles for the first chapter, will discussions go on to the second chapter on the list. In the same way, the remaining chapters on the list will be dealt with.

The National Convention Work Committee has on its part made all arrangements according to the guidelines of the National Convention Convening Commission to expedite comprehensive discussions by Distinguished Delegates for the formulation of the fundamental principles for framing the Constitution which is of overwhelming importance to the State. We will do everything within our power to satisfy all the needs of the Distinguished Delegates regarding management matters.

Distinguished Delegates,

Chairman of the National Convention Convening Commission Maj-Gen Myo Nyunt on 9 January remarked in his address that the framing and emergence of the State Constitution is, from the point of view of the nation which includes the entire human society, a most delicate and arduous task of the greatest importance which will not tolerate any kind of error. Hence, all of us here will have to place these responsibilities in the fore as the top priority national duty and attend to it in all seriousness. In conclusion, I wish to urge one and all to assume this auspicious national duty with feelings of honour and gladness and carry out all tasks for full success with mutual understanding and close consultations unitedly. (WPD 2/2)

Panels of Chairmen

Feb. 1: The eight different categories of delegates met in separate rooms at 10 am, and chose the following members of the panel of chairmen:

(1) Political Parties

U Tun Yin Law (National Unity Party)

Daw May Than Lwin (Shan Nationalities League for Democracy)

U Philip Sam (Wa National Development Party);

U Li Kwe Chin (Shan State Kokang Democratic Party

U Tha Zan Hla (National League for Democracy)

(2) Representatives-elect

U James Bond (Kokang Democracy and Unity Party)

U San Tha Aung (Mro or Khamti National Solidarity Organization)

U Daniel Aung (Lahu National Development Party)

U Maung Gyi (Union Pa-Oh National Organization)

U Mahn Tin Aung Than (Union Karen League)

(3) National races

U Kyi Nyunt (Yangon)

U Khin Maung Si (Ayeyarwady)

U Naing San Shein (Mon)

U Mya Sein (Mandalay)

U Mahn Ohn Maung (Kayin)

(4) Peasants

U Kan Nyunt (Hkamti, Sagaing)

U Sai Tint Aung (Hsenwi, Shan)

U Maung Maung Thein (Myingyan, Mandalay)

U Thein Lwin (Myaungmya, Ayeyarwady)

U Tin Maung Kyaw (Yesagyo, Magway)

(5) Workers

U San Tin (Pathein West, Ayeyarwady)

U Soe Maung (Chauk, Magway)

U Shwe Than (Dala, Yangon)

U Bo Myint (Monywa, Sagaing)

U Tin Oo (Meiktila, Mandalay)

(6) Intelligentsia and technocrats

U Khin Zaw (film director)

U Hla Myint (Head of Office)

U Ba Han (Director)

U Tin Maung (Director-General)

U Aung Than (Rector)

(7) State service personnel

U Kyi Aye (Ministry of Planning & Finance)

U Khin Maung Htoo (Ministry of Transport)

Lt-Col. Thike Tun (Ministry of Defence)

U Tun Shwe (Ministry of Labour)

U Arnt Maung (Ministry of Religious Affairs)

(8) Other invitees

U Ko (retired Ambassador)

U Za Khung Ting Ring (Kachin State Special Region)

U Sai Aung Tun (retired headmaster)

Dr. Maung Maung Sein (Adviser at the Ministry of Health)

U Wan Tin (retired Commissioner)

In addition, the National Convention Convening Work Committee assigned the following as members of the Panel of Chairmen:

U Tin Tun

U Myo Thant

Dr. Thaung Myint

Dr. Than Nyunt

U Aye Thwin

(WPD 2/2, corrected 2/3)

Panels Discuss Chapter Headings

Feb. 2: Following a meeting at which Work Committee Chairman U Aung Toe briefed members of the Panel of Chairmen, the Panel discussions on chapter headings got under way. [The WPD gave the names of persons participating in discussions at each of the eight panels, but no further details.] (WPD 2/3)

Feb. 3: The discussions continued [participants named]. (WPD 2/4)

Feb. 4: The discussions continued [participants named]. (WPD 2/5)

Feb. 5: The discussions continued [participants named]. Delegates of peasants, intelligentsia and technocrats, State service personnel, and invited delegates, "who have not yet presented compiled suggestions and proposals for the chapter headings to be included in framing the State Constitution," continued discussion. "They decided on fixing the dates to put forward compiled suggestions and proposals." (WPD 2/6)

Feb. 8: Four categories of delegates (political parties, workers, State service personnel, and other invited) continued to discuss on compiling suggestions and proposals for chapter headings ...." [participants named]. State service personnel continued discussions, and then "selected ten delegates to compile the suggestions and proposals on chapter headings" [names]. (WPD 2/9)

Feb. 9: Five categories of delegates (political parties, representatives-elect, peasants, State service personnel, and other invited) continued discussions [participants named]. The representatives-elect adopted a draft without amendments. (WPD 2/10)

Feb. 10: Three categories of delegates (national races, State service personnel, and other invited) continued discussions [participants named]. (WPD 2/11)

Feb. 11: The political parties delegates continued their discussions [participants named]. (WPD 2/12)

Feb. 15: The Panel of Chairmen of State service personnel delegates "held discussions in connection with chapter headings," and named representatives [named] to submit proposals to the plenary session. On Feb. 8, the workers delegates named representatives [named] to submit proposals to the plenary session. (WPD 2/16)

Feb. 16: National Convention Convening Work Committee Chairman U Aung Toe met with the Panel of Chairmen, and "explained the compiling of proposals regarding the chapter headings in framing the constitution." (WPD 2/17)

Feb. 19: The National Convention Convening Management Committee met. (WPD 2/20)

Feb. 22: The Convening Work Committee met "to fix dates for convening the plenary sessions of the National Convention, to draw up the agenda for the plenary session days and to elect members of the panel of chairmen to serve as alternate chairmen." (WPD 2/23)

Plenary Session on Chapter Headings

Feb. 24: The National Convention Plenary Session opened in the Central Meeting Hall of the President's Residence on Ahlon Road, presided over by Alternate Chairman U Tha Zan Hla (National League of Democracy), and attended by Convening Commission Chairman Maj-Gen. Myo Nyunt, U Aung Toe, and other officials. 686 delegates attended. U Tha Zan Hla said that suggestions and proposals made by the panels would be presented, and then "overall assessment on these submitted proposals and suggestions of the delegates will be made to be able to allocate chapter headings suitable to be included in the Constitution." Then, "each of the categories of delegates groups submitted its compiled suggestions and proposals."

Political Parties Delegates

(1) U Aung Shwe, Chairman of the National League for Democracy (NLD) and Hluttaw representative for Mayangonn-1, proposed 22 chapter headings on behalf of the NLD. [WPD, for each proposer, lists many or all of the proposed chapter headings, with summaries of the proposer's comments on only a few of them. We will not seek to repeat the lists, which vary little in anything but order, but will report portions of the comments that seem of more than routine significance--HCMacD.] On Chapter 2, State Structure, he said that all the national races have to continue to live united, and "the power of unity must be preserved not to let it disintegrate." On Chapter 6, Government, he said that government "must also be an organ in which the public can have faith and confidence." Once security of life is achieved, "wide and extensive coordinations, based on democratic principles in conformity with multiparty democracy system" are to be made. On Chapter 10, The Tatmadaw, he said that "it is still needed for the Tatmadaw to be involved, in a way, in the national politics and under the prevailing conditions, it has to continue shouldering the duties of the State...."

(2) U Sai Ai Paung, General Secretary of the Shan Nationalities League for Democracy proposed 15 chapter headings and an Introduction. On Chapter 1, State Structure, he said "the State to be built up must be the Pyidaungsu (Union) State, not any other kind, and that is why the heading of Chapter 1 is entitled 'Structure of Union State.'" On Chapter 10, Members States of the Government, "he stated matters on states' constitutions which will not be contrary to the Constitution in each member state; relationships among member states; relationships between the State and each member state; rights and duties of each member state; and duties of each member state for the State. And he also stated that under that chapter heading, with regards to the roles of member states, formation of each member state, Autonomous Region of a particular national race, National Area of the nationalities will be discussed." Under Chapter 11, General Provisions, he noted "a coat of arms for each national group." Also "discussions will also lead to formulation of Right to Recall when a person elected by the people, who misuses his rights and authorities and acts only for his selfish gains, is not desired by the people; formulation of Popular Initiative rights and for holding Referendum."

The meeting then recessed for lunch. After lunch, presentations continued.

(3) U Tun Yi, General Secretary of the National Unity Party, proposed 19 chapter headings including an Introduction. "He emphasized that all delegates must essentially pay attention to avoid copying foreign constitutions, not to be under pressure or under control of external forces," and quoted U Aung Toe on the need for a constitution "'which would be in harmony... with the country's natural habitat, historical background, politics, economy, social conditions as well as cultural and traditional heritage.'" On Chapter 6, "Government," he "cited the abilities of a good and firm Government that would pass any test and recalling the Government from its rights when the people do not accept it any more." By including a Commission for Inspecting Public Services in Chapter 9, he said, "interests of the State and the Citizens can be protected...and at the same time wastages, briberies and corruptive acts in State and Cooperative-owned economic organizations can be prevented." On Chapter 10, Member States, he said "there will be member states or states in the main State." On Chapter 13, Tatmadaw's Role, "he objectively pointed out that Tatmadaw is essential for the interest of the nation and national economy.... He considered deeply that the Tatmadaw should be able to participate in the national political leadership role."

(4) U Maung Maung Ngwe, Chairman of the Union Pa-Oh National Organization, proposed presented 19 chapter headings and an Introduction. On the Introduction, he said "there should be expressed the nationalities living together through thick and thin, the fighting of imperialist and anti-fascism and in the struggle for independence...." On Chapter 14, The Tatmadaw, he said that Tatmadaw is used to build to be strong and modernized according to finance in the developed and developing countries and formed systematically in order that independence and sovereignty would not be lost." He called for discussions "on the role of the Tatmadaw, a national organization, to enable it to shoulder a national duty...."

The meeting then recessed for 20 minutes.

(5) U Anthony Su, Chairman of the Shan State Kokang Democratic Party, proposed 18 chapter headings. He said that Chapter 8, The Rights of Nationalities, "has been included to protect and to promote the literature, culture and traditions of the nationalities." Chapter 18, Ministry of Nationalities, "has been selected with intent to settle the issue of nationalities. The emergence of this heading would greatly contribute towards strengthening national sovereignty." He concluded by wishing, "through metta, for solidarity of our national brethren, 135 kinds of nationalities ...."

(6) U Maung Pein (a) U Khin Maung Pein, General Secretary of the Mro (a) Hkami National Solidarity Organization, proposed 18 chapter headings. On Chapter 1, The State, "since the State is made up of 135 national races it should be a Federal Republic." On Chapter 4, Supreme Body {to lead the country}, he said "whether it should be elected from the two chambers of Hluttaw or be made up of leaders of nationalities and leaders of the State who are highly respected by the people is to be discussed...." He concluded by saying that "the country suffered whenever the Hluttaw disrupted. Therefore the forthcoming Constitution should be a firm one that can be accepted by all the people and which will last till our future generations to come."

(7) U Yaw Aye Hla, of the Lahu National Development Party, proposed 19 chapters including a Preamble. On Chapter 3, Fundamental Principles, he said the Constitution should "be based upon the genuine Union; to fully protect the cause of democracy and human rights; to ensure equality for the nationalities of the country in rights relating to political, economic and social matters; to form states of the Union not on the basis of geographical conditions but on that of the people; to grant full autonomy to the States and formation of the Union Government through equal co-operation between States." On Chapter 12, The Tatmadaw, he said "the nation will be strong only if the Tatmadaw is strong and the Tatmadaw is a vital organization under the Ministry of Defence."

(8) U Saw Daniel, General Secretary of the Union Kayin League, proposed 30 chapter headings including a Preamble. On Chapter 13, Ministry of Nationalities, he said the "Kayin nationals cherish a peaceful life and they also want to live peacefully with other national races in weal and woe .... They are willing to work for the good of the country not in words but in deeds .... He then proposed a Chapter 14, Division of Kayin National Affairs. On Chapter 15, State Advisory Body, "he said it was aimed at bringing about respect to and abidance of the Constitution and giving counsels in cases that would arrive when harmony is lacking in the distribution of power among various States and the Union Government, when there is no equality and justice in the Government's tackling of the nationalities issues, and when the Government needs advice in international relations." On Chapter 30, Bicameral Hluttaw, he pointed out "the need for adopting bicameral system in this Constitution and said the chapter had been submitted to enable the delegates to discuss how Upper Chamber and Lower Chamber of the Hluttaw would be designated, the tenure of each Chamber, how the Chamber of Nationalities would be designated, and how Hluttaw rules and procedures would be practiced."

The first day of the plenary session concluded at 2.35 pm. [numerous photos of speakers and delegates] (WPD 2/25)

Feb. 25: The second day of the Plenary Session opened with 689 delegates present, presided over by Alternate Chairman U Mahn Tin Aung Than of the Union Karen League.

(9) U Yang Kyin Kan of the Kokang Democracy and Unity Party proposed 15 chapter headings, including a Preamble. On Chapter 8, Citizens and their Rights and Duties, he proposed a citizenship law in which "rights, obligations and duties were to be provided to have equality among citizens, human strata and nationalities." On Chapter 13, The Tatmadaw, he cited two reasons for including the Tatmadaw role in the Constitution, "the historical records which showed how the Tatmadaw played a role in the affairs of the State in the course of the history, and for unsteady political situations, not like those that are taking place in other countries."

(10) U Marcos (a) U Sai Lon of the Wa National Development Party proposed 22 chapters and 23 headings, including a Preamble. On Chapter 8, States and Organization of New States, he said it was suggested "to be able to make considerations over whether it was needed to reorganize the states of the Union suited to the objective conditions, significant aspects and the wishes of the respective national races." On Chapter 12, Tatmadaw's Role, he said "there were times when Tatmadaw had to take over the power of the State due to unavoidable circumstances," and "he presented that forming and organizing of regional security regiment or armed forces in each local government or member state in order to be able to join hands with the Tatmadaw in crushing internal and external dangers should be considered."

Hluttaw Representatives-elect Delegates

(11) Dr. Hmu Thang, representative-elect for Thangtlan [Chin State] proposed 16 chapter headings including a Preamble. He said he represented the elected representatives-elect and 7 independent representatives-elect of the Shan Nationalities League for Democracy, National Unity Party, Union Pa-Oh National Organization, Shan State Kokang Democratic Party, and Mro or Khami National Solidarity Organization. On Chapter 6, Head of State, he said "that as Myanmar Naing-Ngan is going to be built up as a Republic, not as Capitalist or Feudalist [corrected to "Monarchist or Dictatorship"- 2/27], the President is the Head of State." He submitted two systems of electing the President: to be elected by Hluttaw in Parliamentary Government or Cabinet Government and to be elected by the people of the country in Republic Government. He also presented variants of having Executive Power exercised by the President alone or by one or two Vice-Presidents under the President. He also submitted "defining qualifications of the would-be President, duties and authorities of the President, criticisms that can be made towards the President, whether or not to exercise the system of electing Alternate President, gaining confirmation of the member states on the post of President elected by the Hluttaw." On Chapter 12, The Tatmadaw, he said that the Tatmadaw "was essential or necessary for national well-being" and "stands firmly on the side of people and national interests." Thus its "significant role" should be acknowledged. Under Chapter 15, Transitional Period, he said that during the transitional period between the coming into effect of the new Constitution and the election of a new President and government, the present SLORC "which is taking charge of the three State powers will have to continue to do so."

The session then adjourned for lunch, resuming in the afternoon.

(12) U Maung Maung, National League for Democracy representative-elect for Bilin-2, proposed 22 chapter headings including a Preamble, compiled by the NLD delegates in the representatives-elect category. He spoke of "the establishment of a future democratic State," and of "democratic affairs in the future and the principles to be followed without fail in framing the constitution," so that the "personality of constitution would become complete." He also spoke of "the concept and objectives of the entire national people" and "what guarantees were given to the people." Under Chapter 4, The Hluttaw, he said "that Hluttaw means the place where Sovereignty of the People rest as all the people entrust it to the State; the uniformity and unity of Hluttaw both in body and mind, not misusing the sovereign power, giving priority to the needs of the people are the most essential; all have to select the kind of Hluttaw that will be most appropriate to the real situations of the country; characteristics of all nationalities, cultural mores, geographical situations and environment, internal and external subversions and communications etc; selecting one Hluttaw or two Hluttaws...." Under Chapter 10, The Tatmadaw, he said "it is still needed for the Tatmadaw to be involved, in a way, in the national politics and under the prevailing conditions, it has to continue shouldering the tasks of the State." On Chapter 11, Nationalities' Affairs, he said that the spirit of Panglong "has been still vigorous, and this contributed to smooth accomplishment of all matters," and thus the chapter was needed. On Chapter 12, the Economic System, he said economic policy was important "at this time when the change-over from one system to another has taken place," and that "'Political democracy and economic democracy must go hand-in-hand.'" On Chapter 14, Masses and Classes, he said that peasants, workers, and all strata "are contributory to the benefits of the State," and their affairs should not be neglected. He concluded by saying that this was only "brief clarification" on why the chapters should be included, and "would present detailed discussions made by the National League for Democracy."

Nationalities Delegates

(13) U Maung Maung of Yangon Division and U Sai Hkam Kmat of Shan State (North), on behalf of the nationalities delegates, presented 17 chapter headings and a Preamble. On Chapter 2, Fundamental Principles of the State, U Maung Maung said there should be included "the objective of the State, the political, economic and social systems to be adopted, cultural mores, religious belief, foreign policy, tne noblest and worthiest of worldly values such as justice, liberty and equality, the affairs of peasants and workers and the equality of rights for the senior citizens and minors and women as well as non-disintegration of the Union; non-disintegration of national unity; and perpetuity of sovereignty." On Chapter 7, The Tatmadaw, he said that though not included in former Myanmar Constitutions, "it was needed for the Tatmadaw to invariably take part in the national political leadership of the future State, under the objective conditions of the State and historical background and under prevailing political, economic and social conditions." He reviewed Tatmadaw history, and its saving of the country after independence, in 1962, and in 1988, saying that it "had never held on to power for a long time," and that "it played a leading role in the issues which the government had not been able to handle." "Therefore, the role of the Tatmadaw should be mentioned in the Constitution to enable it to carry out its tasks specifically, in accordance with law, in the leadership role of national politics in the future state." U Sai Hkam Hmat then said, on Chapter 13, Political Parties, that Myanmar history shows how parties "accused and attacked one another due to their prejudices and this resulted in disintegration of national unity." Therefore, "a multi-party democracy gives no full assurances that it could settle the issues on national unity as well as on economic, administrative and social matters." Thus the heading should be included "for the role of the parties, their formations and points that would make null and void the elections to be discussed." On Chapter 16, Transitory Period, he said a provision was needed "that requires the government which will come into being under the new Constitution to accept the activities, laws, rules, orders, notifications, announcements, policies, guidelines, duties and rights of the State Law and Order Restoration Council, performed, enacted and passed before the emergence of the Constitution." The SLORC "shall continue to hold State power after the enactment of the new Constitution and before the emergence of a government under the Constitution."

Peasants Delegates

(14) U Sam Daung Di (Putao, Kachin State) and U Phone Kyaw (Ayeyarwady Division), on behalf of the peasants delegates, proposed 24 chapter headings. U Sam Daung Di said, on Chapter 9, the Tatmadaw, that "it will also be necessary for the Tatmadaw to take part in the national political leadership role of the future state." On Chapter 10, National Defence Council, he reviewed the repeated salvation of the State by the Tatmadaw which "has strictly followed the orders of the governments and it is made up of sons and daughters of the Union." Therefore, "a supreme body made up of the delegates and the leaders of the Tatmadaw will be necessary to stand as a political force which safeguards the national interests - unity among political forces and building up national unity - in the future Myanmar," which should be formed under the title "'national defence council.'" On Chapter 17, Rights and Duties of Peasants, he said that 85% of the population are engaged in agriculture, producing half the national income, and one quarter of the GNP. "The country will need foreign exchange to turn it into an agro-based industrialized country." Therefore, he said, "duties and rights of the peasants...should be allocated in the Constitution as the peasants constitute a majority of the total population and are the main productive forces in the cause of gaining national income and foreign exchange and form the basis for development of the foundation of national economy."

The second day of the Plenary Session adjourned at 3 pm. (WPD 2/26)

Feb. 26: The third day of the Plenary Session opened with 690 delegates, presided over by Alternate Chairman U Nai San Shein (Mon State) of the nationalities delegates group.

Workers Delegates

(15) Dr. Myo Thant Tin (Ahlon Township) and U Sum Lut Naw (Myitkyina Township) on behalf of the workers' delegates proposed 19 chapter headings. Under Chapter 3, Fundamental Principles of the State, they said they included a political system "that fully complies with the life and wishes of nationalities in entirety," preservation of unity and the Union, nurturing of youths and students, "how national tasks will be assigned to the Tatmadaw and how stipulations will be provided so as to make the Tatmadaw...into a solidified, sole Tatmadaw," "how genuine democratic rights and duties to be enjoyed by the nationals, compatible with the traditions and customs of the nation, would be protected," how "regional government" would be provided, and "which foreign policy would be practiced." On Chapter 9, the Tatmadaw, they "expounded 'a concrete force' is essential for constructing human society which is blessed with physical and mental well-being and for that people wish to live in [sic]. The force, they said, can be found only within and so as to rally the internal strength, Pyithu Tatmadaw, that permanently remains loyal both to the public and to the Constitution will be needed." On Chapter 13, State Employees, they said that "only when the chapter on them is included in the Constitution, would they, clear of party politics, be able to perform their assigned duties with consciousness of duty and loyalty in a new democratic State...." On Chapter 18, Transitory Provisions, they said that "for the period from coming into effect of the new Constitution to the time of first Hluttaw session, it will be needful for the State Law and Order Restoration Council to continue to safeguard the sovereignty of the State in accordance with provisions already approved...."

Intelligentsia and Technocrat Delegates

(16) U Thein Naing (Professor of History at Pathein Degree College) on behalf of the intelligentsia and technocrat delegates, proposed 25 chapter headings including a Preamble. These delegates are "made up of artistes and intellects in the fields of medical science, literature, technology, statistics, economics, law and arts and science subjects." He said the discussions sought "chapter headings that will ensure the long-lasting of the Union of Myanmar as long as the world exists...." On Chapter J, Tatmadaw's Role, he said that "deserving national political leadership role should be entrusted to the Tatmadaw," and this role "should be allocated in the Constitution...to enable it to participate in the national political leadership role."

State Service Personnel Delegates

(17) U Kyaw Win (Ministry of Culture) on behalf of State service personnel delegates, proposed 17 chapter headings. On Chapter 2, Fundamental Principles, he "mentioned about putting emphases on the Three Main National Causes...; including political, economic, cultural and national defence matters keeping up with the times and for the benefit of the people...." Under Chapter 7, the Tatmadaw, "he spoke of the need to include provisions on how the Tatmadaw shall participate in the national political leadership role...; in safeguarding the Constitution, in promoting the worldly values of justice, liberty and equality; in making the genuine multi-party democracy flourish and in dealing with the international issues ...." Under Chapter 12, Public Servants, he "stressed the need to include provisions... for turning out qualified public servants and for the smooth running of the State machinery."

Other Invited Delegates

(18) U Chan Lan (Kachin State special region 1), on behalf of the other invited delegates category, proposed 24 chapter headings and a Preamble. On Chapter 4, Fundamental Principles of the State, he dealt with "the goal of the State; the flourishing of worldly values...based on genuine democracy; promotion of genuine democratic practice;...ownership of land and natural resources by the State;...freedom in the practice of nationalities literature and culture and mores; State support for promotion of literature and culture of nationalities; religious freedom;...." On Chapter 9, The Executive, he said "that the sharing of power between the Union Government, local government, and special regional governments if they are to be formed must be discussed." On Chapter 11, the Tatmadaw, he said "there should be provisions...for enabling the Tatmadaw to participate in the national political leadership role of the future State. The future of organizations which are carrying out activities for peace in cooperation with the Tatmadaw should be discussed under the heading...." On Chapter 20, Development of Border Areas and National Races, he said that "to bring about development of border areas and national races is an important matter. This will help bring about harmonious development of all the national races and strengthen national unity." Under Chapter 23, State Flag, State Seal, National Anthem, Capital of the State, National Flower, National Bird and Official Language, he said that "The capital of the State is to be designated and a language which is common to all the national races is to be prescribed as the official language.... We would like to discuss whether we would like to designate national flower and national bird...."

The Plenary Session then adjourned until March 3. The meeting was covered by Mr. Sonny Lim from Singapore Broadcasting Corporation, who interviewed the delegates. (WPD 2/27)