Communicable (infectious) diseases
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Communicable (infectious) diseases - several diseases
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Burma Major infectious diseases |
| Description/subject: | | Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high ...
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever ...
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria ...
water contact disease: leptospirosis ...
animal contact disease: rabies ...
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009) ...
Definition: This entry lists major infectious diseases likely to be encountered in countries where the risk of such diseases is assessed to be very high as compared to the United States. These infectious diseases represent risks to US government personnel traveling to the specified country for a period of less than three years. The degree of risk is assessed by considering the foreign nature of these infectious diseases, their severity, and the probability of being affected by the diseases present. The diseases listed do not necessarily represent the total disease burden experienced by the local population. |
| Source/publisher: | | Index Mundi |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 29 October 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Communicable disease risk assessment and interventions |
| Date of publication: | | December 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | Cyclone Nargis: Myanmar (May 2008):
Contents_
Acknowledgements ...
1. Background and risk factors ...
2. Priority communicable diseases ...
3. Immediate interventions for communicable disease control ...
4. Relevant publications … 5. WHO-recommended case definitions ... |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | World Health Organization |
| Format/size: | | pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 27 October 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Responding to AIDS, TB, Malaria and Emerging Infectious Diseases in Burma: Dilemmas of Policy and Practice |
| Date of publication: | | March 2006 |
| Description/subject: | | "...This report seeks to synthesize what is known about HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB and other
disease threats including Avian influenza (H5N1 virus) in Burma; assess the regional health and
security concerns associated with these epidemics; and to suggest policy options for responding
to these threats in the context of tightening restrictions imposed by the junta..." ...I. Introduction [p. 9-13]
II. SPDC Health Expenditures and Policies [p.14-18]
III. Public Health Status [p.19-42]
a. HIV/AIDS
b. TB
c. Malaria
d. Other health threats: Avian Flu, Filaria, Cholera
IV. SPDC Policies Towards the Three "Priority Diseases" [p. 43-45]
and Humanitarian Assistance
V. Health Threats and Regional Security Issues [p. 46-51]
a. HIV
b. TB
c. Malaria
VI. Policy and Program Options [p. 52-56]
VII. References [p. 57-68]
Appendix A: Official translation of guidelines
Appendix B: Statement by Bureau of Public Affairs
Appendix C: Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Avian Flu notification. |
| Author/creator: | | Chris Beyrer, MD, MPH; Luke Mullany, PhD; Adam Richards, MD, MPH; Aaron Samuals, MHS; Voravit Suwanvanichkij, MD, MPH; om Lee, MD, MHS; Nicole Franck, MHS |
| Language: | | English, Burmese, Chinese |
| Source/publisher: | | Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |
| Format/size: | | pdf (1.6MB) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs6/respondingburmese-ES-bu.pdf (Executive Summary, Burmese, 83K)
http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs6/respondingburmese-ES-ch.pdf (Executive Summary, Chinese, 144K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 20 April 2006 |
|
| Title: | | Responding to AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, and Emerging Infectious Diseases in Burma: Dilemmas of Policy and Practice |
| Date of publication: | | 10 October 2006 |
| Description/subject: | | In 2004 the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (“Global Fund”) awarded program grants to Burma (Myanmar) totaling US$98.4 million over five years—recognizing the severity of Burma’s HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) epidemics, and noting that malaria was the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and the leading killer of children under five years old [1]. For those individuals working in health in Burma, these grants were welcome, indeed [2]. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | PLoS Medicine |
| Format/size: | | html,pdf (293.64 KB) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1592343/
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=BBE6B472713F9A20EA12750... |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 October 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Response of falciparum malaria to different antimalarials in Myanmar |
| Date of publication: | | 1999 |
| Description/subject: | | The purpose of the study was to ascertain the therapeutic efficacy of different treatments for uncomplicated falciparum
malaria in the hospitals in Sagaing, northern and eastern Shan, to facilitate updating the existing national antimalarial
drug policy. The proposed 14-day trial for monitoring the efficacy of treatments of uncomplicated falciparum malaria is
an efficient method for identifying treatment failure patterns at the intermediate level (township hospital) in the Union
of Myanmar. Minimal clinical and parasitological data for days 0±14 were required to classify treatment failure and
success. Clinical and parasitological responses on day 3 and days 4±14 were used as clear examples of early and late
treatment failure, respectively. Mefloquine is five times more likely to be effective than chloroquine and sulfadoxine-
pyrimethamine (S-P), whereas chloroquine and S-P treatments have nearly identical failure patterns. The alarming
frequency of clinical and parasitological failure (failure rate >50%) following chloroquine treatment was reported in
Sagaing and following S-P treatment in Sagaing and eastern Shan. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | World Health Organization |
| Format/size: | | html, pdf |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:EesOglB2a_cJ:scholar.google.com/+myanmar+health&hl=en&... |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 October 2010 |
|
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Cross-border health issues
Individual Documents
| Title: | | An assessment of vulnerability to HIV infection of boatmen in Teknaf, Bangladesh |
| Date of publication: | | 14 March 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | Conclusion: "Boatmen in Teknaf are an integral part of a high-risk sexual behaviour
network between Myanmar and Bangladesh. They are at risk of obtaining HIV infection
due to cross border mobility and unsafe sexual practices. There is an urgent need for
designing interventions targeting boatmen in Teknaf to combat an impending epidemic of
HIV among this group. They could be included in the serological surveillance as a
vulnerable group. Interventions need to address issues on both sides of the border, other
vulnerable groups, and refugees. Strong political will and cross border collaboration is
mandatory for such interventions." |
| Author/creator: | | Rukhsana Gazi, Alec Mercer, Tanyaporn Wansom, Humayun Kabir, Nirod Chandra Saha, Tasnim Azim |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Conflict and Health 2008, 2:5 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (154K) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.conflictandhealth.com/content/2/1/5 |
| Date of entry/update: | | 09 April 2008 |
|
| Title: | | Border Health (Thailand - Myanmar) |
| Date of publication: | | 19 March 2004 |
| Description/subject: | | The Meeting on Development of Health Collaboration along Thailand-Myanmar Border areas:
Five Presentations on Situation on Migrants and Six Report on Selected Health Problems/Activities along the border |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | World Health Organization /Thailand |
| Format/size: | | MS Office |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 October 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Displacement and disease: the Shan exodus and infectious disease implications for Thailand |
| Date of publication: | | 14 March 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | Abstract:
"Decades of neglect and abuses by the Burmese government have decimated the health of the
peoples of Burma, particularly along her eastern frontiers, overwhelmingly populated by
ethnic minorities such as the Shan. Vast areas of traditional Shan homelands have been
systematically depopulated by the Burmese military regime as part of its counter-insurgency
policy, which also employs widespread abuses of civilians by Burmese soldiers, including
rape, torture, and extrajudicial executions. These abuses, coupled with Burmese government
economic mismanagement which has further entrenched already pervasive poverty in rural
Burma, have spawned a humanitarian catastrophe, forcing hundreds of thousands of ethnic
Shan villagers to flee their homes for Thailand. In Thailand, they are denied refugee status
and its legal protections, living at constant risk for arrest and deportation. Classified as
“economic migrants,” many are forced to work in exploitative conditions, including in the
Thai sex industry, and Shan migrants often lack access to basic health services in Thailand.
Available health data on Shan migrants in Thailand already indicates that this population
bears a disproportionately high burden of infectious diseases, particularly HIV, tuberculosis,
lymphatic filariasis, and some vaccine-preventable illnesses, undermining progress made by
Thailand’s public health system in controlling such entities. The ongoing failure to address
the root political causes of migration and poor health in eastern Burma, coupled with the
many barriers to accessing health programs in Thailand by undocumented migrants,
particularly the Shan, virtually guarantees Thailand’s inability to sustainably control many
infectious disease entities, especially along her borders with Burma." |
| Author/creator: | | Voravit Suwanvanichkij |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Conflict and Health 2008, 2:4 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (170K) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.conflictandhealth.com/content/2/1/4 |
| Date of entry/update: | | 09 April 2008 |
|
| Title: | | In vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Myanmar to antimalarial drugs |
| Date of publication: | | 2001 |
| Description/subject: | | In vitro drug susceptibility profiles were assessed in 75 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from 4 sites in Myanmar. Except at Mawlamyine, the site closest to the Thai border, prevalence and degree of resistance to mefloquine were lower among the Myanmar isolates as compared with those from Thailand. Geometric mean concentration that inhibits 50% (IC50) and 90% (IC90) of Mawlamyine isolates were 51 nM (95% confidence interval [CI], 40-65) and 124 nM (95% CI, 104-149), respectively. At the nearest Thai site, Maesod, known for high-level multidrug resistance, the corresponding values for mefloquine IC50 and IC90 were 92 nM (95% CI, 71-121) and 172 nM (95% CI, 140-211). Mefloquine susceptibility of P. falciparum in Myanmar, except for Mawlamyine, was consistent with clinical-parasitological efficacy in semi-immune people. High sensitivity to artemisinin compounds was observed in this geographical region. The data suggest that highly mefloquine-resistant P. falciparum is concentrated in a part of the Thai-Myanmar border region. |
| Author/creator: | | C Wongsrichanalai, K Lin, LW Pang, MA Faiz, H Noedl, T Wimonwattrawatee, A Laoboonchai, and F Kawamoto |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
| Format/size: | | html, pdf |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/65/5/450 |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 October 2010 |
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| Title: | | Karenni refugees living in Thai–Burmese border camps: traumatic experiences, mental health outcomes, and social functioning |
| Date of publication: | | 2004 |
| Description/subject: | | Abstract
In June 2001, we assessed mental health problems among Karenni refugees residing in camps in Mae Hong Son,
Thailand, to determine the prevalence of mental illness, identify risk factors, and develop a culturally appropriate
intervention program. A systematic random sample was used with stratification for the three camps; 495 people aged 15
years or older from 317 households participated. We constructed a questionnaire that included demographic
characteristics, culture-specific symptoms of mental illness, the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25, the Harvard Trauma
Questionnaire, and selected questions from the SF-36 Health Survey. Mental health outcome scores indicated elevated
levels of depression and anxiety symptoms; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scores were comparable to scores in
other communities affected by war and persecution. Psychosocial risk factors for poorer mental health and social
functioning outcomes were insufficient food, higher number of trauma events, previous mental illness, and landmine
injuries. Modifications in refugee policy may improve social functioning, and innovative mental health and psychosocial
programs need to be implemented, monitored, and evaluated for efficacy.
Published by Elsevier Ltd. |
| Author/creator: | | Barbara Lopes Cardozoa, Leisel Talleya, Ann Burtonb, Carol Crawford |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Social Science & Medicine _58 (2004) 2637–2644 |
| Format/size: | | pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 October 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Meeting at the crossroads: Myanmar migrants and their use of Thai health care services |
| Date of publication: | | 2004 |
| Description/subject: | | This study assesses the use of health services among cross-border migrants from Myanmar who are now living in Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand. The migrants comprise three main ethnic groups, namely the Burmese, Karen and Mon, most of whom have no formal education and are agricultural workers. Results indicate that although the migrants can access government health facilities, they are still more likely to buy drugs or use herbal medicines for treating themselves when they have minor illnesses, while the Thais are more likely to seek medical care from government facilities. The main difficulties for migrants in accessing health services are their legal status, financial constraints, and an inability to speak Thai. Moreover, health beliefs also determine the health-seeking behaviors of migrants, particularly among the Karen who believe in spirits and herbal medicine, while very few of the Burmese and the Mon do so. This leads to the conclusion that ethnicity is an important determinant of the utilization of health services by migrants from Myanmar in Kanchanaburi. |
| Author/creator: | | Pimonpan Isarabhakdi |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Asian and Pacific migration journal via Mahidol University, THAILANDE |
| Format/size: | | pdf (2.44 MB) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16017346 |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 October 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Report of Cases and Deaths in CampsAreas of Work Border Health (Thailand-Myanmar) |
| Description/subject: | | Border Health Information, Border Health Meeting 2004
* Border Health Meeting 2005
* Overview of Thai/Myanmar Border Health Situation 2005 with map of Population of the Provinces in Thailand Bordering Myanmar |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | World Health Organization /Thailand |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 October 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Responding to infectious diseases in Burma and her border regions |
| Date of publication: | | 14 March 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | Overview of the January 2007 conference, “Responding to Infectious
Diseases in the Border Regions of South and Southeast Asia” hosted by the Faculty of Tropical Medicine of Mahidol University in
Bangkok, Thailand. |
| Author/creator: | | Chris Beyrer, Thomas J Lee |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Conflict and Health 2008, 2:2 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (91K) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.conflictandhealth.com/content/2/1/2 |
| Date of entry/update: | | 09 April 2008 |
|
| Title: | | Thailand Under Threat |
| Date of publication: | | June 2005 |
| Description/subject: | | How Burma’s dams project could spread disease...
"When Nang A Cha, a Shan migrant, consulted a doctor in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand, complaining of a fever and a swollen leg, the physician initially suspected malaria. A blood test ruled that out, but the young laboratory technician was still puzzled by what he saw under the microscope and sent the blood smear to his supervisor, a semi-retired man who had been trained in parasitology about 40 years previously.
He was astounded by what he saw: for the first time in 30 years, he gazed at an old nemesis, an entity believed eradicated from urban Thailand. There was no mistaking the threadlike shadows in the blood smear: Wuchereria bancrofti, the parasite responsible for lymphatic filariasis, more colloquially known as elephantiasis, a term conjuring up images of grotesquely swollen limbs and severe disability.
Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito. Once inside the human host, the parasite resides in the lymphatic system, producing larvae which then migrate back to the blood and are subsequently picked up by mosquitoes to continue the infection cycle. Over time, progressive damage to the lymphatics causes obstructions and subsequent swelling from accumulation of lymph..." |
| Author/creator: | | Withaya Huanok, MD |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 13, No. 6 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 April 2006 |
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Hepatitis
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Control of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Myanmar: Public Health Issues |
| Date of publication: | | 2002 |
| Description/subject: | | Abstract:
"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is considered an important health problem in Myanmar as surveys carried out among different population groups revealed HBsAg carrier rate of 10-12%. Health authorities have taken various steps to reduce the incidence of hepatitis B and hepatitis B-associated chronic liver disease in Myanmar. In that context, interruption of its route of transmission and immunization of the susceptible host are the two main approaches. Research studies indicate that the vertical route of transmission might be the commonest route in Myanmar, although the possibility of horizontal transmission through sharing of razors and toothbrushes, or local customs leading to iatrogenic transmission of HBV infection could exist. In view of that, public education on transmission of HBV and means of interrupting it should be carried out especially focusing on specific high-risk groups. Moreover, to interrupt mother-to-infant transmission of HBV infection, hepatitis B vaccination should be promoted. As Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) is a successful public health measure in Myanmar, incorporation of hepatitis B vaccine into the EPI programme will eventually lead to the control of hepatitis B infection in Myanmar." |
| Author/creator: | | Myo Khin |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | World Health Organisation -- Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia Region (Volume 6, Number 2) |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 18 April 2008 |
|
| Title: | | Molecular Characteristic-Based Epidemiology of Hepatitis B, C, and E Viruses and GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus in Myanmar |
| Date of publication: | | April 2001 |
| Description/subject: | | Abstract: We carried out a molecular characteristic-based epidemiological survey of various hepatitis
viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), and
GB virus C (GBV-C)/hepatitis G virus (HGV), in Myanmar. The study population of 403 subjects
consisted of 213 healthy individuals residing in the city of Yangon, Myanmar, and the surrounding
suburbs and 190 liver disease patients (155 virus-related liver disease patients and 35 nonviral
disease patients). The infection rates of the viruses among the 213 healthy subjects were as follows: 8% for HBV (16 patients),
2% for HCV (4 patients), and 8% for GBV-C/HGV (17 patients). In contrast, for 155 patients with acute hepatitis, chronic
hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma, the infection rates were 30% for HBV (46 patients), 27% for HCV
(41 patients), and 11% for GBV-C/HGV (17 patients). In the nonviral liver disease group of 35 patients with alcoholic liver
disease, fatty liver, liver abscess, and biliary disease, the infection rates were 6% for HBV (2 patients), 20% for HCV
(7 patients), and 26% for GBV-C/HGV (9 patients). The most common viral genotypes were type C of HBV (77%), type 3b
of HCV (67%), and type 2 of GBV-C/HGV (67%). Moreover, testing for HEV among 371 subjects resulted in the detection
of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) in 117 patients (32%). The age prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was 3% for patients younger
than 20 years and 30% or more for patients 20 years of age or older. Furthermore, a high prevalence of anti-HEV IgG (24%)
was also found in swine living together with humans in Yangon. These results suggest that these hepatitis virus infections are
widespread in Myanmar and have led to a high incidence of acute and chronic liver disease patients in the region.
and Kenji Abe1,* |
| Author/creator: | | Kazuhiko Nakai, Khin Maung Win, San San Oo,4 Yasuyuki Arakawa |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Journal of Clinical Microbiology, April 2001, p. 1536-1539, Vol. 39, No. 4 |
| Format/size: | | html, pdf |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/reprint/39/4/1536.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
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Leprosy
Individual Documents
| Title: | | A Million Smiles: Eliminating Leprosyin South-East Asia |
| Date of publication: | | 2003 |
| Description/subject: | | Leprosy patients are humans with eyes seeing others smiling and laughing, with ears hearing jokes and laughter, and with faces that could smile and laugh, but who never laugh or smile once they have acquired the disease. Now with multi-drug therapy, they are smiling and laughing like others.
Excerpts from “Thitsar Yaysin [Holy Truths]" by Chit San Win#
* Introduction
Leprosy is a disease recognized globally as a dreadful illness associated with the great social, mental, and physical suffering. In ancient days, people knew leprosy as “Kushtha” as it was termed in Sanskrit. The disease is supposed to be originated in India and spread around the world over 2 500 years ago. |
| Author/creator: | | Than Sein, Kyaw Lwin |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia Region(Volume 7,Number 1) |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Regional_Health_Forum_1.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 02 November 2010 |
|
| Title: | | A STUDY ON COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ON LEPROSY |
| Date of publication: | | 2003 |
| Description/subject: | | Introduction: 1.1 Leprosy
1.2 History of leprosy
1.3 Stigma of leprosy
1.4 Health education
1.5 The global situation
1.6 Global strategy for the elimination of leprosy
1.7 Global strategy beyond the elimination phase
1.8 Leprosy in Singapore, Chapter 2 Review of Literature: 2.1 Community knowledge of leprosy
2.2 Beliefs and misconceptions about leprosy
2.3 Community attitudes towards leprosy
2.4 Measuring leprosy stigma
2.5 Community health practices
2.6 Effectiveness of interventions targeting knowledge and attitudes
2.7 Concluding remarks
2.8 Rationale for the study
2.9 Objectives, Chapter 3 Methodology: 3.1 Study design
3.2 Place of study
3.3 Study population
3.4 Sampling
3.5 Data collection
3.6 Interviewers
3.7 Pilot study
3.8 Data processing and analysis
3.9 Study variables
3.10 Minimizing errors
3.11 Ethical issues, Chapter 4 Results: 4.1 Descriptive Analysis
4.1.1 Socio-demographic variables
4.1.2 General information
4.1.3 Knowledge of leprosy
4.1.4 Misconceptions regarding leprosy
4.1.5 Attitudes towards leprosy patients
4.2 Statistical Analysis for Associations
4.2.1 Knowledge of leprosy by socio-demographic variables
4.2.2 Beliefs regarding leprosy by socio-demographic variables
4.2.3 Overall knowledge scores
4.2.4 Beliefs regarding the cause of leprosy by socio-demographic
variables
4.2.5 Attitudes towards persons affected by leprosy
4.2.6 Overall attitudes scores
4.2.7 Median attitude scores
4.2.8 Relationship between overall knowledge, age, education and
accommodation of the respondents with attitude score
4.2.9 Stigmatising attitudes towards leprosy.4.3. Stratified Analysis
4.3.1 Stratified analysis by age group
4.4. Multiple Regression Analysis, Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusions: 5.1 Main findings
5.2 Limitations of the present study
5.3 Interpretation of findings
5.4 Conclusions
5.5 Recommendations, Chapter 6 References
Appendices: Annexe I Questionnaire, Annexe II Operational definitions |
| Author/creator: | | PADMINI SUBRAMANIAM, MBBS. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Department of Community, Occupational & Family Medicine National University of Singapore |
| Format/size: | | pdf (725.81 K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 02 November 2010 |
|
| Title: | | JICA continues support for leprosy eradication project |
| Date of publication: | | 28 September 2003 |
| Description/subject: | | THE JAPAN International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has already spent 300 million Yen (K275 million) in its five-year pilot project in leprosy control and rehabilitation in Myanmar, a senior official with JICA said last week.
“JICA implemented a pilot plan in April 2000 which will run until March 2005. So far we have spent about 100 million Yen (Kyats 915m) annually,” said Dr Yutaka Ishida, Chief Adviser, Leprosy Control and Basic Health Services.
The JICA project covers 48 townships in Mandalay, Magwe and Sagaing divisions including the Special Skin Hospital and a leprosy community in Hlegu Township in Yangon Division. |
| Author/creator: | | Khin Maung Soe |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Myanmar Times |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 02 November 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Leprosy Elimination in Myanmar, A Success Story |
| Date of publication: | | 2006 |
| Description/subject: | | eprosy has been a major public health problem in
Myanmar for many years. By the 1950s, Myanmar
ranked as a country with one of the highest
prevalence rates of the disease. The Government of Union
of Myanmar had been fighting against the disease with
the expertise and advice of the World Health Organization
(WHO) and INGOs. WHO has closely supported the leprosy
programme in Myanmar from the 1960s through several
projects, as well as research to develop better preventive
and curative methods against leprosy.
WHO MDT was introduced in Myanmar in 1986. The
leprosy prevalence at that time was 59.3 per 10,000
population with 222,209 registered leprosy cases in the
country. Nationwide MDT Programme started in hyperendemic
areas in 1988. The prevalence rate was 39.9 per
10,000 with 155,857 registered cases. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | World Health Organization, SEARO |
| Format/size: | | pdf |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/Section20/Section54_12168.htm |
| Date of entry/update: | | 02 November 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Leprosy elimination programme in Myanmar |
| Date of publication: | | 2000 |
| Description/subject: | | Leprosy has been endemic in Myanmar since
ancient times. The earliest information on the
prevalence of leprosy in Myanmar came from a
report by the Leprosy Commission in India
published in 1893. During the census in 1891,
6464 cases or 8.4 per 10000 population were
recorded in a population of 7.5 million. But the
illness was diagnosed by enumerators without the
knowledge of leprosy.
Several surveys have been carried out
since 1932 (Tha Saing-Santra) which indicated
high prevalence in various parts of the country |
| Author/creator: | | Dr. U Kyaw Lwin, M.B.,B.S.(Rgn)D, .P.H.(Canada) |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | MJCMP |
| Format/size: | | pdf (253.18 K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 02 November 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Leprosy-free, but stigma still hurts |
| Date of publication: | | 22 August 2010 |
| Description/subject: | | “PEOPLE are afraid of us; when I go into town they give me a dirty look,” says U Mg Mg Khin, 73, a leprosy patient at the Mayanchaung Welfare Centre, Halegu township, in Yangon Division. “I have to hide my hands and legs whenever I go into town.”
The centre, which is about 80 kilometres (50 miles) from Yangon and located close to the Yangon-Naypyitaw highway, operates under the Department of Social Welfare and currently houses 56 former leprosy patients. |
| Author/creator: | | Nilar Win |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Myanmar Times |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 02 November 2010 |
|
| Title: | | The efficacy and tolerability of rifampicin in Burmese patients with lepromatous leprosy |
| Date of publication: | | March 1978 |
| Description/subject: | | SUMMARY — Seventy-one Burmese adult patients with lepromatous leprosy were
treated with various regimens of rifampicin monotherapy, 450 mg. daily for 60
days or 900 mg. once weekly for 12 weeks or 450 mg. daily for six months. Of the
patients, 18 had relapsed after stopping DDS therapy, 20 were intolerant of DDS, 18
were DDS resistant and 15 had received no previous treatment.
Rifampicin produced a 75% reduction in the size of skin nodules in two thirds
of the patients and a complete disappearance of nodules in the others. After one month
drug treatment the MI fell to zero but the BI remained unchanged. The once weekly
regimen was as effective as the daily treatment. Four patients had to be withdrawn
due to ENL reactions.
NOTE:The contents of this paper were presented at the Burma Medical Conference, 1977. |
| Author/creator: | | TIN SHWE, KYAW LWIN, KYO THWE |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Hansen. Int |
| Format/size: | | pdf (298.66 K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 02 November 2010 |
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SARS
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Auf beunruhigend niedrigem Niveau - das marode staatliche Gesundheitssystem |
| Date of publication: | | September 2003 |
| Description/subject: | | Die Menschen in Burma haben wirklich Glück, dass das SARS-Virus an dem Land praktisch vorbeigezogen ist. Die meisten Beobachter stimmen zweifellos zu, dass Burma bereits ein sehr ernstes Problem mit der Volksgesundheit hat und über ein staatliches Gesundheitssystem verfügt, welches eindeutig nicht in der Lage ist, ernsthaft etwas dagegen zu unternehmen. Der Ausbruch einer so schweren Epidemie wie SARS hätte das System völlig zerschlagen und eine Katastrophe ausgelöst.
Privatiserung, Militarisierung und Politisierung der Gesundheit
Keys: public health system, militarization and politization of health, privatisation of public services |
| Author/creator: | | Alfred Oehlers and Alice Khin Saw Win, Deutsch von Stefanie Hensengerth |
| Language: | | Deutsch, German |
| Source/publisher: | | Südostasien Jg. 19, Nr. 3 - Asienhaus |
| Format/size: | | pdf (12K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 15 January 2004 |
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Sexually-transmitted diseases
Individual Documents
| Title: | | A ‘climate of fear’ at the Thai-Burma border |
| Date of publication: | | 03 February 2010 |
| Description/subject: | | The oppressive regime running Burma has both forced many Burmese into displaced person camps in Thailand. Young Burmese people are particularly vulnerable, especially due to issues such as sexual health education and trafficking.
By any account, Burma is a beautiful, naturally rich country with a diverse ethnic history. It is also run by one of the most oppressive regimes in the world, the State Peace and Development Council, an 11-member group of military commanders. This junta, in power under different names since 1988, has been cited for countless human rights abuses. The SPDC also oversees a corrupt, inefficient economy. In spite of the country’s natural wealth, social-economic conditions continue to deteriorate, along with Burma’s schools and hospitals. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Conversation for A Better World |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 02 November 2010 |
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| Title: | | Family Planning Factsheet in Burmese |
| Description/subject: | | Diaphragms Factsheet -
Emergency Contraception Factsheet -
The Contraceptive Implant Factsheet -
The Contraceptive Injection (DMPA) Factsheet -
The Contraceptive Pill Factsheet -
The Copper IUD Factsheet -
The Male Condom Factsheet -
The Minipill or Progestogen-Only Pill (POP) Factsheet -
The Progestogen IUD Factsheet -
The Vaginal Ring (NuvaRing®) Factsheet -
Other:
Menstruation (Periods) Factsheet -
Sexually Transmissible Infections (STIs) Factsheet - |
| Language: | | Burmese |
| Source/publisher: | | Family Planning NSW |
| Format/size: | | pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 26 October 2010 |
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| Title: | | For Sex Workers, A Life of Risks |
| Date of publication: | | 25 February 2010 |
| Description/subject: | | RANGOON, Feb 25, 2010 (IPS) - When Aye Aye (not her real name) leaves her youngest son at home each night, she tells him that she has to work selling snacks. But what Aye actually sells is sex so that her 12-year-old son, a Grade 7 student, can finish his education. |
| Author/creator: | | Mon Mon Myat |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | IPS |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 02 November 2010 |
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Typhoid
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Typhoid Fever outbreak in Madaya Township, Mandalay Division, Myanmar |
| Date of publication: | | 2004 |
| Description/subject: | | In September 2000, an outbreak of typhoid fever was reported in a rural village of Central Myanmar.
The authors investigated the outbreak in the affected village. A suspected case was a person suffering from
fever with either constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhoea / bloody diarrhoea. A probable case was a suspected
case who had positive result on the diazo urine test or widal test. Based on probable cases, the authors
conducted a case-control study comparing history of contact with the cases, water source, and personal
hygiene. Control was a person living in the village was not ill and having a negative result for diazo urine
test. Among 49 suspected cases, 33 were probable. Attack rate was 1.2%. Three cases had a positive culture
for Salmonella typhi and were not drug resistant. The following risk factors were identified: drinking
unboiled river water (adjusted OR 12.5, 95%CI 2.8-75.3), history of contact with other patients before the
illness (adjusted OR 22, 95%CI 3.5-76.2), no hand washing with soap after defecation (adjusted OR 0.15,
95% CI 0.03 - 0.81). Environmental investigation result showed that most of the households had unsanitary
latrine and some latrines were constructed near the edge of a river. The outbreak subsided quickly after
intervention.
Keywords : Typhoid fever, Outbreak, Myanmar |
| Author/creator: | | Tin Tin Aye, Potjaman Siriarayapon |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | The Medical Association of Thailand |
| Format/size: | | pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 November 2010 |
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