UNODC (formerly UNDCP and ODCCP) (English)
This entity has gone through various names. It is now known as the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Websites/Multiple Documents
Description:
Lots of good links including TNI and ICG as well as UNODC reports
Source/publisher:
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of entry/update:
2005-11-01
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
"UNODC and its predecessors, the United Nations Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) and the United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control (UNFDAC), have been active in Myanmar since 1978 to reduce the cultivation, production, trafficking and abuse of illicit drugs. In all its projects, UNODC promotes a participatory approach that serves to empower local communities and strengthen civil society, where the focus is on community development rather than relying on top-down methodologies. Because the current scale of intervention efforts is marginal in relation to the magnitude of drug-related problems in Myanmar, the Office focuses on expanding expertise and assistance through partnerships with other UN agencies and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs)..."
Source/publisher:
UNODC
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
6396 results, August 2002; 13300 results, November 2005; 16300 results, October 2006; 2730 results, March 2008; 3020 results, July 2009
Source/publisher:
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2008-03-27
Date of entry/update:
2008-03-27
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
Formerly "Global Illicit Drug Trends". Online from 1999...Search for Myanmar
Source/publisher:
UNODC
Date of entry/update:
2009-07-19
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
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Individual Documents
Description:
"A new report from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) warns that the synthetic drug market in East and Southeast Asia is diversifying. High volumes of methamphetamine continue to be produced and trafficked in and from the region while the production of ketamine and other synthetic drugs has expanded.
Released today, the report, “Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: latest developments and challenges 2023”, confirms an expansion and diversification of synthetic drug production and trafficking in East and Southeast Asia, while trafficking routes have shifted significantly. “Transnational organized crime groups anticipate, adapt and try to circumvent what governments do, and in 2022 we saw them work around Thai borders in the Golden Triangle more than in the past,” remarked Jeremy Douglas, UNODC Regional Representative for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. “Traffickers have continued to ship large volumes through Laos and northern Thailand, but at the same time they have pushed significant supply through central Myanmar to the Andaman Sea where it seems few were looking.” Douglas added, “Criminal groups from across the region also started moving and reconnecting after lengthy pandemic border closures, with late 2022 and early 2023 patterns starting to look similar to 2019.”
Methamphetamine trafficking routes in East and Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Oceania
Methamphetamine trafficking routes in East and Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Oceania
Methamphetamine seizures in 2022 returned to pre-COVID-19 levels in East and SE Asia with nearly 151 tons seized in-part because land borders, particularly in the lower Mekong subregion, remain very vulnerable to the trafficking of related chemicals. At the same time, intensified law enforcement efforts in Yunnan China and along the Thai border with Myanmar resulted in a large drop in methamphetamine seizure levels in China and a slight decrease in Thailand, leading to an increase in use of maritime routes for large shipments. South Asia has also been further integrated into the Southeast Asian market, with methamphetamine trafficked in high volumes from Myanmar into Bangladesh and rising frequency into northeast India. Notably, wholesale and street prices of methamphetamine remained at, or fell to, record lows in 2022 across the region, indicating supply was uninterrupted.
Beyond methamphetamine, the region seized a record 27.4 tons of ketamine in 2022, an increase of 167 per cent, with all countries and territories in the region reporting an increase except Hong Kong, China. Notably, large mixed shipments of methamphetamine and ketamine were seized by authorities across the region, indicating organized crime continue to push the two drugs as a package to grow ketamine demand.
“The ketamine situation in the region in many ways mirrors the supply-driven approach used to expand the methamphetamine market in the mid-2010s” commented Inshik Sim, UNODC Regional Coordinator on Synthetic Drugs. “That being said, information on ketamine use is limited, and it is unclear how widespread it is – research is badly needed.”
At the same time, synthetic drugs containing a mixture of substances and sometimes packaged alongside legal products continue to be found throughout East and Southeast Asia, with serious health consequences for those who knowingly, or unknowingly, consume the products.
UNODC is working closely with countries in East and Southeast Asia to monitor the drug situation, identify drug trends, and provide advice on cooperation, detection, precursor chemical control and public health strategies, as well as help countries collaborate on joint and cross-border operations..."
Source/publisher:
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
Date of publication:
2023-06-02
Date of entry/update:
2023-06-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
UNODC Burma/Myanmar, Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) - Myanmar, Burma: drug production and trafficking, Drugs and Burma: general links, reports and articles, UNODC (formerly UNDCP and ODCCP) (English)
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pdf
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12.53 MB (Original version) - 130 pages
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" The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime is warning that opium production in Myanmar may rise again if the economic crunch brought on by COVID-19 and a February 1 coup persists, with fallout for much of the region.
Myanmar is the world’s second-largest producer of opium, the raw material for heroin, after Afghanistan and the main supplier for most of East and Southeast Asia.
UNODC figures show Myanmar’s opium output falling steadily since 2014, down to 405 metric tons last year. But the U.N. agency says the trend is likely to reverse as more farmers and out-of-work laborers turn to tending poppy to make ends meet.
“The opium economy is really a poverty economy; it functions in a sense the opposite of what the licit economy does. As people exit that economy and they need to make money, they are going to be looking at places they can make it, and often people that are in poor areas and poverty-stricken areas look to make money from the opium economy,” said Jeremy Douglas, the UNODC’s representative for Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
“Probably 12 months out, 18 months out, we’re going to be looking at an expansion unless past history is wrong. There’s a cycle of this happening in the country over its history,” he added.
Douglas was speaking on a virtual panel hosted by the Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand in May about the potential for a spike in criminal activity in post-coup Myanmar.
Job opportunities
Already bruised by months pandemic-induced lockdowns, Myanmar’s economy was hit hard again in February by the coup.
Facing a spate of new Western sanctions aimed at hurting the military junta now running the country, and widespread work strikes to protest the putsch, the World Bank expects the economy to shrink 10% this year. Fitch Solutions, an international credit ratings agency, says the contraction will be twice that.
The United Nations Development Program is predicting the downturn to leave nearly half the population of Myanmar, some 25 million people, in poverty by 2022.
As those who left the opium-growing regions of Myanmar head back for a lack of jobs in the cities, some will try their luck in neighboring Thailand, “but at least some of them are going to go back into the opium economy,” Douglas said.
Alongside opium’s decline, the dominant drug story in the region over the past few years has been the dramatic rise in methamphetamine production, most of it also pouring out of Myanmar. Compared with the synthetic, lab-made narcotic, though, growing opium takes far more work, which means more potential jobs.
“Methamphetamine is not an employer,” said Douglas. “People are going to go back to opium to make money, to feed themselves, potentially feed their families. They’re not going to be able to do that with methamphetamine.”.....‘Many hungry mouths’: Most of Myanmar’s opium is grown in the northeastern states of Kachin and Shan.
Dan Seng Lawn, executive director of the Kachinland Research Center, a local think tank that studies the country’s drug trade, agreed that opium production was well poised to rise again.
“Opium cultivation has never stopped. It’s come down, but now I think it seems to be a good time to expand the cultivation,” he told VOA. “There are many hungry mouths, so, I think if the opium farmers can employ these manual laborers or things like that, they will go there.”
Opium farmers don’t earn what they used to. UNODC figures show prices falling steadily since 2016, along with output.
But over the past few months, prices for many other domestically grown and consumed crops have fallen faster. Wholesale prices for potatoes, onions, beans and other staples were down 22% to 48% in April compared with a year earlier, likely due to lower demand from cash-strapped shoppers, according to the International Food Policy Research Institute, based in Washington.
Dan Seng Lawn said poppy is also easier to store than many other crops and delivers a reliable, if diminishing, profit.
In hard times, he said, “opium is the best cash crop that these borderland communities can [use to] sort out their subsistence problems.”
Opium farming has long been a “survival strategy” in the northeast, and often not an either-or option, said Myanmar analyst David Mathieson. Speaking to VOA, he said many farmers in the region grow some opium on the side to shore up their savings and hedge against potential problems with their other crops.....Supply and demand: The coup may end up working in the opium trade’s favor in other ways too.
Dan Seng Lawn said police forces distracted by an increasingly armed resistance to the ruling junta are likely to spend less time on stopping the flow of drugs, leaving opium farmers and traffickers more room to ply their trade.
And with some of Myanmar’s many ethnic rebel armies joining the popular resistance movement, analysts say the junta may try to shore up support among the militias that shelter many of the country’s drug networks by cutting deals that let them ramp up production.
“If you look at the security situation, there’s a lot of militias that the military now needs to be on their side, and it’s a lot of the militias that are involved in protecting opium cultivation. So, that’s something to look at,” Mathieson said. “For a lot of militias, it’s like, well, if the military is now going to turn a blind eye and not come after our opium cultivation, we can tell more people to do it and we can sell more on regional markets.”
Mathieson said he still expected any additional production to be relatively modest but added that more supply could also boost demand if it lowers prices.
Whatever the bump in output, Douglas, of the UNODC, said any extra supply would have little trouble finding a market in a region with a long history of heroin use and well-plied trafficking routes to move it through.
“Two-point-six billion people in the neighborhood of this country, and the best heroin in the world,” he said. “So, there will be demand for it, if not in the region, outside the region, and they’ll meet that demand, there’s no doubt about it.”..."
Source/publisher:
"VOA" (Washington, D.C)
Date of publication:
2021-05-31
Date of entry/update:
2021-05-31
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
UN Office for Drugs and Crime, UNODC (formerly UNDCP and ODCCP) (English), Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) - Myanmar, Burma: opium and heroin, Drugs and Burma: general links, reports and articles, 2021 Burma/Myanmar coup d'état
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Sub-title:
Kachin Independence Army denies UNODC claims and says crops grown in government-controlled areas
Description:
"The recently-released “Myanmar Opium Survey 2018” by the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC) distorts reality, accuses ethnic rebels who are not involved in the drugs trade for being responsible for the scourge while turning a blind eye to official complicity in the trade.
That is the basic message in a commentary published on March 5 by the Transnational Institute (TNI), a Dutch-based international research and advocacy group.
The UNODC report claimed that “in Kachin State, the highest density of poppy cultivation took place in areas under the control or influence of the Kachin Independence Army (KIA).”
That assertion prompted the Kachin rebels to issue a statement on February 14 pointing out that the UNODC’s own map in its report showed that most opium growing areas in Kachin State were located not in areas controlled by the KIA, but a government-recognized Border Guard Force, allied with the Myanmar military.
TNI states that “there is presently no substantial opium cultivation” in rebel-held territory. The TNI has even criticized the KIA and Pat Jasan, a community-based, anti-drugs Kachin vigilante organization “for being overly repressive towards opium farmers and people who use drugs, rather than being in any way permissive.”
The TNI goes to state that the UNODC claims that the highest density of opium cultivation in northern Shan State is in “areas under the control or influence of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army,” a Kokang guerilla army that does not control any territory, while opium is actually being grown and traded in areas that are controlled by local militias backed by the Myanmar military..."
Source/publisher:
"Asia Times" (Hong Kong)
Date of publication:
2019-03-06
Date of entry/update:
2019-11-01
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Drugs and Burma: general links, reports and articles, Burma: opium and heroin, Burma: drug production and trafficking, UNODC (formerly UNDCP and ODCCP) (English)
Language:
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Description:
''For the past 20 years, China has been the main market for Myanmar’s rich bounty of illegally produced opium and its potent derivative heroin.
But recent declines in both drugs’ prices and production in Myanmar’s section of the opium-growing Golden Triangle region suggest changing consumption patterns in China, including a shift towards more synthetic drugs such as ice, cocaine and potentially the locally made opioid fentanyl.
According to a recent United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC) survey, areas under opium cultivation dropped to 37,300 hectares in 2018, down from the 41,000 hectares in 2017.
Total opium production, meanwhile, dropped from 550 to 510 metric tons, the same survey showed. That equates to around 50 tons of heroin, as it takes 10 kilograms of opium plus chemicals to produce a kilogram of the more potent drug.
In the 1990s and early 2000s, Myanmar’s opium production boomed with average annual yields of 1,000 tons or more. Until now, high Chinese demand has driven Myanmar’s illicit bumper crops.
According to statistics compiled by Chin Ko-lin and Sheldon Zhang, two US-based academics and experts on the Golden Triangle drug trade, China had 1,545,000 registered drug addicts in 2010, with 1,065,000 of those addicted to heroin.
The actual figure, as most addicts are not registered with the government, could have been as many as 4-5 million, according to other independent researchers...''
Bertil Lintner
Source/publisher:
Asia Times
Date of publication:
2019-04-02
Date of entry/update:
2019-04-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
''After decades of fighting between the central government and various ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar, the links between drugs and conflict have spiraled into a complex chain reaction. The roots of the conflict are political, but today very few of the conflict parties in drugs-producing areas can claim to have clean hands when it comes to the narcotics trade. Myanmar has been under military-dominated government since 1962, and it remains one of the most militarized countries in the world. The recently-released “Myanmar Opium Survey 2018” by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) makes the following conclusion: “[In] parts of Shan and Kachin experiencing a protracted state of conflict, high concentrations of poppy cultivation have continued – a clear correlation between conflict and opium production.”1 There is nothing controversial in this statement, and the description reflects the situation in the field. The UNODC, however, then goes on to make specific accusations against several of the conflict actors. In the process, the UN agency makes a number of errors and appears to omit important information, thereby distorting realities of the situation on the ground...''
"ကုလသမဂ္ဂ မူးယစ်ဆေးဝါးနှင့် ပြစ်မှုဆိုင်ရာရုံး(UNODC)၏ လတ်တလောထုတ်ပြန်ခဲ့သည့် “၂၀၁၈ ခုနှစ် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံဆိုင်ရာ ဘိန်းစစ်တမ်း”၌ ပဋိပက္ခတွင်း ပါဝင်ပတ်သက်နေသည့် အဖွဲ့အစည်းအချို့ကို တိတိပပစွပ်စွဲပြောဆိုထားသည့် အချက်များပါဝင်လျက်ရှိသည်။ ဤ သုံးသပ်ချက်အတွင်း မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၏ ရှုပ်ထွေးလွန်းလှသည့် လက်တွေ့အခြေအနေများကို ထင်ဟပ်မှုမရှိဘဲ လိုရာဆွဲ၍ မည်ကဲ့သို့ပုံဖော်ရေးသားထားကြောင်း ရှင်းလင်းဖော်ပြထားပါ သည်။ မန်မာနိုင်ငံအတွင်း ဆယ်စုနှစ်ပေါင်းများစွာ ဗဟိုအစိုးရနှင့် တိုင်းရင်းသားလက်နက်ကိုင် တော်လှန်ရေး အဖွဲ့အစည်းများအကြား ဖြစ်ပွားလာခဲ့သည့် တိုက်ပွဲများ၏အဆုံး၌ မူးယစ်ဆေးဝါးနှင့် ပဋိပက္ခအကြား ဆက်စပ်မှုသည် အလွန်ရှုပ်ထွေးသည့် ကွင်းဆက်ဖြစ်စဉ်တစ်ခုအဖြစ် ကျယ်ပြန့်လာခဲ့သည်။ ပဋိပက္ခ၏ ဇစ်မြစ်သည် နိုင်ငံရေးဖြစ်သော်လည်း မူးယစ်ဆေးဝါးထုတ်လုပ်သည့် နယ်မြေဒေသများရှိ မူးယစ်ဆေး ဝါးကုန်ကူးမှုနှင့် ပတ်သက်လာပါက မိမိတို့၏လက်များ စွန်းထင်းခြင်းမရှိဘဲ သန့်စင်လျက်ရှိသည်ဟု ပြောဆိုနိုင်သည့် ပဋိပက္ခဇာတ်ကောင်များ လွန်စွာနည်းပါးသည်။ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံသည် ၁၉၆၂ ခုနှစ်က တည်းက စစ်တပ်ကြီးစိုးထားသည့် အစိုးရအဆက်ဆက်အောက်၌ ကျရောက်ခဲ့ပြီး ယခုအချိန်ထိလည်း ကမ္ဘာ့မျက်နှာစာထက် စစ်ပုံသွင်းမှု အကျယ်ပြန့်ဆုံးနိုင်ငံတစ်ခုအဖြစ် ရပ်တည်နေဆဲဖြစ်သည်။
လတ်တလောထုတ်ပြန်ခဲ့သည့် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ မူးယစ်ဆေးဝါးနှင့် ပြစ်မှုဆိုင်ရာရုံး၏ “၂၀၁၈ ခုနှစ် မြန်မာ နိုင်ငံဆိုင်ရာ ဘိန်းစစ်တမ်း”၌ အောက်ပါအတိုင်း သုံးသပ်တင်ပြထားသည်။ “ကာလရှည် လက်နက် ကိုင်ပဋိပက္ခဒဏ်သင့်ခဲ့သည့် ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်နှင့် ကချင်ပြည်နယ်တို့၏ အချို့သောနယ်မြေဒေသများ၌ ဘိန်းစိုက်ပျိုးထုတ်လုပ်မှု ဆက်လက်ထူထပ်နေခြင်းက ဘိန်းစိုက်ပျိုးထုတ်လုပ်မှုနှင့် ပဋိပက္ခအကြား အပြန်အလှန် ဆက်နွယ်ပတ်သက်မှုရှိကြောင်း ရှင်းရှင်းလင်းလင်းပြဆိုလျက်ရှိသည်။”၁ ဤအဆိုနှင့် ပတ်သက်၍ ဝိဝါဒကွဲပြားစရာ အကြောင်းမရှိသလို သုံးသပ်ဖော်ပြချက်သည်လည်း မြေပြင်အခြေအနေ ကို ထင်ဟပ်လျက်ရှိသည်။...''
Source/publisher:
Transnational Institute (TNI)
Date of publication:
2019-03-05
Date of entry/update:
2019-03-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Drugs and conflict, The human impact of drugs and drug policies in Burma, UNODC (formerly UNDCP and ODCCP) (English), Burma: opium and heroin
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
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Description:
''After decades of fighting between the central government and various ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar, the links between drugs and conflict have spiraled into a complex chain reaction. The roots of the conflict are political, but today very few of the conflict parties in drugs-producing areas can claim to have clean hands when it comes to the narcotics trade. Myanmar has been under military-dominated government since 1962, and it remains one of the most militarized countries in the world.
The recently-released “Myanmar Opium Survey 2018” by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) makes the following conclusion: “[In] parts of Shan and Kachin experiencing a protracted state of conflict, high concentrations of poppy cultivation have continued – a clear correlation between conflict and opium production.”1 There is nothing controversial in this statement, and the description reflects the situation in the field.
The UNODC, however, then goes on to make specific accusations against several of the conflict actors. In the process, the UN agency makes a number of errors and appears to omit important information, thereby distorting realities of the situation on the ground...''
Source/publisher:
Transnational Institute (TNI)
Date of publication:
2019-03-05
Date of entry/update:
2019-03-10
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Drugs and conflict, The human impact of drugs and drug policies in Burma, UNODC (formerly UNDCP and ODCCP) (English), Burma: opium and heroin
Language:
English
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Description:
"Myanmar has moved a step closer to completing the first reform in decades of its legal framework relating to drugs. Indeed, the recent publication of two single pieces of legislation is likely to form the basis of the country?s approach to drug control for at least several years to come. The first piece is the amended version of the 1993 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law (hereafter referred to as ?the Law” or ?the Drug Law”), which was enacted by the Union Parliament (?Pyidaungsu Hluttaw”) on 14 February 2018.[1] The second, released less than a week later,[2] is the country?s first National Drug Control Policy (hereafter ?the Policy”), developed by the Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control (CCDAC) with support from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). This evolving legal and policy framework is a clear sign that the Government has acknowledged the shortcomings of the previous strategy, which was primarily based on the use of repressive measures. The military-appointed Minister for Home Affairs, Lieutenant General Kyaw Swe, thus recognised that ?the past approach was very focused on supply reduction and less on other issues, and as a result did not achieve everything we had planned”..."
Source/publisher:
Transnational Institute (TNI)
Date of publication:
2018-03-20
Date of entry/update:
2018-05-26
Grouping:
Individual Documents
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Description:
This report is part of ongoing research undertaken by UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific to inform the development and management of its programme of assistance. The aim is to identify needs and offer long term strategic solutions to support the region in areas related to UNODC mandates including: controlling the demand and supply for illicit drugs and precursors; criminal justice; preventing crime and terrorism; and related security sector issues.
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Source/publisher:
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2016-02-00
Date of entry/update:
2016-04-05
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
3.47 MB
Local URL:
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Description:
Emerging trends and concerns:
• Myanmar remains a major source of methamphetamine pills and opiates in South-East Asia, most of which
are manufactured in Shan State in the eastern part of the country.
• For the first time, a crystalline methamphetamine manufacturing facility was seized in 2012.
• Large amounts of methamphetamine in pill and crystalline form originating from Myanmar continue to be
seized in neighbouring countries.
• Precursor chemicals are trafficked from neighbouring countries to methamphetamine manufacturing
centres located near Myanmar?s eastern border, where Government control remains limited.
• Preliminary data for 2012 suggests that seizures of illicit drugs and their precursor chemicals have increased
significantly.
• Opium poppy cultivation has increased in Myanmar for six consecutive years
Source/publisher:
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2012-12-00
Date of entry/update:
2012-12-13
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
141.5 KB
Local URL:
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Description:
"...In 2012, the annual opium survey in Myanmar covered Shan State (North, East, and South Shan),
and Kachin State, which constitute the country?s principal opium poppy-cultivating regions. The
UNODC rapid assessment survey found no evidence of opium poppy cultivation in the Special
Regions in Shan (Wa Special Region 2, Kokang Special Region 1 and Special Region 4).
However, limited satellite imagery and findings from ground surveillance did find evidence of
limited opium poppy cultivation in Chin, though the region was not fully covered in the survey.
The total area under cultivation in 2012 was estimated at 51,000 hectares, representing an increase
of one sixth on the 2011 level of 43,600 hectares and the sixth consecutive year-on-year increase
since the low 2006 level of 21,600 hectares...This increase in opium poppy cultivation was not confined to a specific region, but was actually
observed in East, North and South Shan, as well as in Kachin. The area under cultivation
continued to be dominated by areas in South and East Shan, which continued to account for more
than three quarters of the estimated total, but the increase was most pronounced (in relative terms)
in North Shan, where the area rose by nearly half (from 4,300 hectares in 2011 to 6,300 hectares in
2012), and in Kachin, which registered an increase of more than a third (from 3,800 hectares to
5,100 hectares). This explains why the share of the total attributable to Kachin and North Shan
(collectively) edged up from 19% in 2011 to 22% in 2012. In absolute terms, East Shan, North
Shan and South Shan all registered an increase of approximately 2,000 hectares. The increase in
East Shan followed a relatively stable trend over the preceding two years, while the increases in
each of the other regions represented a continuation of the recent trend. These figures do not
include cultivation in Chin, which, based on limited data, was assessed to be in the order of
several hundred hectares in 2012..." [the primary URL does not contain the Lao PDR section, which can be found in the secondary link]
Source/publisher:
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2012-10-00
Date of entry/update:
2012-11-02
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Language:
English
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1. RECENT STATISTICS AND TREND ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUG MARKETS:
A. Extent of illicit drug use and health consequences...
B. Illicit opiate market...
C. Cocaine market...
D. Cannabis market...
E. Illicit market for amphetamine-type stimulants.....
2. THE CONTEMPORARY DRUG PROBLEM:
CHARACTERISTICS, PATTERNS AND DRIVING FACTORS:
A. What are the fundamental characteristics of the contemporary illicit drug problem...
B. How have the patterns of the drug problem shifted over time...
C. Which factors shape the evolution of the problem...
D. Conclusion.....
Myanmar features prominently in this report, but there are no country chapters....Search for Myanmar.
Source/publisher:
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2012-06-00
Date of entry/update:
2012-07-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
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"...Opium Poppy Cultivation:
In 2011, for the fifth year in a row, opium poppy cultivation increased in Myanmar. The total area
under opium poppy cultivation was estimated at 43,600 ha, an increase of 14% compared to 2010
(38,100 ha). This upward trend started in 2007 after six years of decline between 2001 and 2006.
Shan State accounted now for 91% of opium production in Myanmar, while the largest increase in
poppy cultivation was observed in Kachin State (+27%). In Shan State most of the increase in the
area cultivated took place in South Shan (+21%) followed by North Shan (+17%). There was no
significant change in East Shan (+1%)...Opium yield and production
In 2011, the national average opium yield was estimated at 14.0 kg per hectare, which represents a
decrease of 8% compared to last year?s yield. Nevertheless, the larger area under cultivation
resulted in an increase in total opium production of 5%, from 580 mt in 2010 to 610 mt in 2011...
Opium prices:
Opium prices in Myanmar have significantly increased in 2011. The average farm-gate price of
opium (weighted by the estimated area under cultivation) was US$ 450/kg in 2011, up some 48%
from US$ 305/kg in 2010. Opium prices have continued to increase since 2002. The most recent
increase can be explained by the strong demand in opium from neighbouring countries as well as
the depreciation of the Kyat against the US$ (by some 14% over the past year)...
Household income from opium:
The average annual cash income of opium-producing households increased by almost 24% in the
Shan State, from US$ 830 in 2010 to US$ 1,030 in 2011. However, opium farmers in Myanmar
generally remain poorer than non-opium growing farmers. For non-opium cultivating households
(including those that never cultivated or have stopped opium poppy cultivation), the average
annual cash income was almost US$ 1,200. On average, income from opium accounts for 54% of
total cash income among poppy-growing farmers and in South Shan even more than 60%. For
Myanmar opium survey 2011
44
these farmers, opium cultivation is the principal income to survive, which is illustrated by the
comments of farmers that had stopped cultivating opium and had to purchase food on credit or
borrow food and rely on relatives and friends...
Addiction:
Data on opium and other drug addiction was collected via interviews with village headmen.
Headmen were asked about the number of daily opium users and the number of ?regular? users of
other drugs (without specifying frequency of use). According to the headmen, daily opium use in
Shan State and in Kachin affects 0.8% of the population aged 15 years and above. As in previous
years, the prevalence rate was higher in opium-growing villages (1.3%) than in non-opiumgrowing
villages (0.4%). Although the number of amphetamine type stimulant (ATS) users is
increasing, the prevalence rate remained very low, at 0.2% of the population in opium-growing
areas which is almost the same ratio as last year. Heroin use is also reported to be very low,
affecting less than 0.1% of the population aged 15 and above. However, information on drug use
must be interpreted with caution, as respondents may have been reluctant to report opium, heroin
and ATS consumption in the context of the Government?s efforts to curb drug use and addiction...
Reported Eradication:
This survey did not monitor or validate the results of the eradication campaign carried out by the
Government of Myanmar (GOUM). According to the GOUM, a total of 7,058 ha were eradicated
in the 2010-2011 opium season, which is 15% less the area eradicated in 2009-2010. Most of the
eradication continued to take place in Shan State (85% of the total), notably in South Shan (51%).
44% of the eradication concentrated in three townships in the southern part of South Shan, namely
Pinlaung, Pekong and Sisaing townships...
Food security and coping strategies:
Food security remains a major problem in almost all regions where the survey took place for both
poppy-growing and non-poppy-growing villages. The erosion of food security is of particular
concern because it could trigger a further increase in opium cultivation. In order to meet their food
deficit, households across all regions most frequently sought assistance from friends and/or took
loans to buy food.
The high (and rising) price of opium in Myanmar is making opium production more attractive. In
fact, as a proportion of total income, opium income has increased among opium growing farmers.
Among opium growing farmers, the proportion of total household income derived from opium
production is also now increasing. Between 2003 and 2009, the income generated by opium was a
declining proportion of opium-growing farmers? total cash income falling (from 70% to about
20% during the period). However, in 2010, this trend reversed and the proportion of total cash
income coming from opium is now 54%. With the cultivation of one hectare of opium farmers
earned 9 times more than from rice cultivation in low lands, and 15 times more than rice cultivated
in uplands. This makes it more difficult to convince farmers to abandon opium and switch to other
crops. Nonetheless, this survey provides important information to help design and target
alternative livelihood-programmes..."
Source/publisher:
UN Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2011-12-00
Date of entry/update:
2011-12-21
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Search for Myanmar (84 references)..."...While [opium] cultivation in Afghanistan remained stable, the global trend was mainly driven by increases in Myanmar, where cultivation rose by some 20 per cent from 2009. Consequently, opium production in Myanmar increased from 5 per cent of global production in 2007 to 12 per cent in 2010..."
Source/publisher:
UN Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2011-06-23
Date of entry/update:
2011-07-01
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
109 references to Myanmar
Source/publisher:
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2010-05-00
Date of entry/update:
2010-06-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
"...In 2008, the total area under opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar is estimated at 28,500 hectares,
representing an increase of 3 per cent from 27, 700 hectares in 2007. Opium poppy cultivation is
concentrated, primarily, in Shan State, where 89 per cent of the total opium poppy was grown. The
weighted national average opium yield for 2008 is estimated at 14.4 kilograms per hectare, leading
to an estimated potential opium production of 410 metric tones. Compared to the estimated yield
of 16.6 per cent and the estimated potential opium production of 460 metric tones in 2007, the
estimates this year indicate a drop both in the yield and production of opium by 13 and 11 per
cent, respectively..."
Source/publisher:
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2008-12-00
Date of entry/update:
2010-01-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
Search for Myanmar...85 references including in opium, ATS and cannabis
Source/publisher:
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2009-06-00
Date of entry/update:
2009-06-28
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English (also available in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish)
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Description:
"...In 2007, opium
cultivation in Myanmar rose by 29% while production was up 46% thanks to higher yields. These
increases are dwarfed by the opium boom in Afghanistan, that produces 20 times more drugs than
Myanmar. But they flash a warning sign that reminds us that Myanmar is still, by far, the world?s
second largest opium producer (at 460 tonnes). Myanmar needs a more effective counter narcotics
strategy and more assistance, if it is to reach its target of being opium free by 2014.
The situation is particularly worrisome in the South Shan State. Although access for our ground
surveyors was difficult, there are signs of significant opium cultivation in this region.
Furthermore, there is evidence that double cropping, irrigation and fertilization are resulting in
higher yields than in other parts of the country. As in parts of Afghanistan and Colombia where
drugs and insecurity overlap, various groups are taking advantage of the situation in the South
Shan State to profit from instability.
More rural development assistance is essential to reduce the vulnerability to cultivate drugs
stemming from poverty. Ridding the Golden Triangle of opium, which has taken a generation,
could be quickly undone if farmers see no improvement in their living standards. In Laos, for
example, as opium production has fallen, prices have gone up ?? by 500% in the past five years.
Returning to opium is a serious temptation in poor communities which have yet to see the benefits
of abandoning poppy.
Opium growing regions would also benefit from improved drug treatment in order to cope with
disproportionately high rates of addiction.
The signs from South East Asia have been encouraging over a number of years. But there is no
guarantee that progress can be sustained over time. To consolidate the gains made until recently,
national governments and all stakeholders in an opium-free region need to continue their
engagement. The Golden Triangle should not be forgotten now that it is no longer notorious..."
Source/publisher:
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2007-10-00
Date of entry/update:
2007-10-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
Acreage down, yield up...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
"...The 2006 Opium Survey in Myanmar was conducted jointly by the Government of the Union of
Myanmar (GOUM) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). An extensive
survey, combining the use of satellite images and ground verification, was conducted in Shan
State where most of the opium poppy cultivation takes place. A rapid ground survey was
conducted in Special Region 2 (Wa) to certify its opium free status. Limited ground surveys were
also conducted in townships of Kachin and Kayah States to assess the level of cultivation in these
areas and monitor possible displacement of opium poppy cultivation.
Opium poppy cultivation
In 2006, the total area under opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar was estimated at 21,500
hectares, representing a decrease of 34% compared to 2005 (32,800 hectares). The largest
cultivation areas were found in South Shan where 72% of the national cultivation took place. 21%
was cultivated in East Shan State. In North Shan State cultivation continued to decrease and
reached a negligible level. In Kayah State, which was surveyed for first time this year, only a few
hectares could be found. In 2006, there was also some limited cultivation in Kachin accounting for
5% of the total opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar. The most remarkable change was recorded
in Special Region 2 (Wa), where there was no opium poppy cultivation this year, while in 2005
this region represented 30% of the national opium poppy cultivation.
Opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar has been decreasing continuously over the last years. Since
1998, the year of the United Nations Special Session on Drugs, the area under opium poppy
decreased by 83% from 130,000 ha to 21,500 ha. Since 2002, the year of the first joint GoUM
/UNODC survey, opium poppy cultivation fell by 73%.Opium yield and production
The weighted national average opium yield for 2006 was estimated at 14.6 kg/ha (against 9.5
kg/ha in 2005). Yields ranged from only 8.9 kg/ha in East Shan State over 16.6 kg/ha in South
Shan State up to 21.4 kg/ha on the best irrigated fields in Kachin State. In general, weather
conditions were favourable for opium production (sufficient and timely rainfall). In addition,
irrigation of opium poppy fields and multistage cropping contributed to yield increases. The
considerable yield increase in 2006 offset the decrease in the cultivation area. In 2006, the
potential production of opium remained with 315 metric tons almost at the level of 2005 (312
metric tons). The survey results show that the largest increase in production took place in South
Shan State. Overall opium production in Myanmar has decreased by 75% since 1998 but the
downward trend of recent years has come to a halt due to the production increases in East and
South Shan State in 2006..."
Source/publisher:
UN Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2006-10-00
Date of entry/update:
2006-10-19
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
"Today, Myanmar, located in the heart of the ?Golden Triangle,” is the main opium producer
in Southeast Asia. However, despite its reputation as a leading producer, during the last
decade, Myanmar has demonstrated a steady and remarkable reduction in opium poppy
cultivation. While the number of hectares devoted to opium cultivation was estimated at
160,000 in the mid-1990s, by early 2004, opium poppy cultivation stood at 44,200 hectares -
- a reduction of 73% from the peak in 1996.
Together with the parallel decline in opium cultivation in Laos, this trend, if sustained, signals
a potential end to more than a century of opium production in the Golden Triangle, a fitting
close to one of the most tragic chapters in the history of narcotic drugs.
However, as history has proved in other countries, often with tragic consequences, Myanmar
now faces a critical, two-fold challenge. First, the country needs to support the decline in its
opium supply. Second, Myanmar must strive to prevent the humanitarian disaster
threatening opium-growing families who at present live on, or below, the poverty line.
These two processes must be implemented simultaneously. Supply control will bring more
stability to a country that has been plagued by ethnic tensions, tensions that have often been
exacerbated by narco-trafficking. At the same time, without provisions designed to ensure
that the basic needs of affected families are met, without the necessary human rights
guarantees, the current opium reduction programme may prove unsustainable.
Democratization and national reconciliation in Myanmar, as well as a national commitment to
drug control, are goals the United Nations has re-affirmed on several occasions. I would thus
encourage the Government of Myanmar to adopt the steps recommended by the Secretary-
General in his report on the human rights situation in Myanmar, along with the reduction of
opium cultivation. The international donor community also carries a responsibility to support
this process by providing alternative sources of income to those families in Myanmar whose
livelihoods are affected by the loss of opium-generated revenue.
The world has watched as various countries have struggled to eliminate the cultivation of
opium. Some states have succeeded ? others have failed. Those who were able to realize a
reduction in poppy cultivation brought both stability and progress to their nations and their
citizens. Those who failed at curtailing the production of opium also failed at providing the
security the citizens of these nations need and deserve, both within and beyond national
their national borders.
While the United Nations welcomes any significant progress in opium reduction, we are very
much aware that, in Myanmar, there remains a very fine line between success and failure.
We continue to believe, however, that the proposed compact between the Myanmar
government and the international community is a powerful alternative to failure, and that this
compact has both the potential and the support to turn the current crop reduction effort in
Myanmar into a sustainable and successful process..."
Source/publisher:
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2004-10-11
Date of entry/update:
2005-11-01
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
"...Opium cultivation in Myanmar has steadily declined since 2000, and two-thirds of poppy crops
have disappeared. Compared with the peak in 1996, the number of hectares devoted to opium has
been reduced by 80% in 2005, from 163,000 hectares to 32,800 hectares. When adding the
weather factor, influencing opium yields on the fields, an 82% decline in the opium production is
registered over the same period of time. While the data included in the report is largely positive, certain worrying factors, with a potential
to undo this rapid progress, need addressing. Compared to the previous year, opium production
has doubled in the southern Shan State despite the acreage showing only a slight increase. This is
in part due to additional rains, however, and more disquieting, also due to improved cultivation
practices. The latter, in turn, is an indication of more sophisticated criminal activity, transcending
poverty, and not dissimilar to the trends witnessed with ATS production: cross-border networking
and transfer of new and improved techniques.
Even so and taking note of the exception mentioned, general figures overwhelmingly associate
opium with marginal economic conditions typical to remote mountainous areas in which most of
the opium is grown. Shocking for anybody less familiar to the opium problem in Myanmar, is the
low income of farmers in the Shan State. Non-opium growing households in the Shan State earn
an average US$364 annually, against only US$292 for an opium farming household, consisting of
both parents and two to four children. Half of the households surveyed in the Shan State report
food insecurity; a figure that rises to an astounding 90% in concentrated poppy-cultivation areas.
With the loss of opium income, these poor farmers and their families not only lose their coping
mechanism to deal with endemic poverty and a chronic food shortage; they equally lose access to
health services and to schools. They end up very vulnerable to exploitation and misery ? from
human right abuses to enforce the opium bans, to internal displacement or human trafficking to
survive the bans.
For the United Nations, replacing one social evil (narcotics) with another (hunger and poverty) is
wrong. Therefore the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime calls on the international
community to provide for the basic human needs of those affected. The situation in the Golden
Triangle is similar to the one in Afghanistan and the Andeans: some of the poorest people are
being affected by the loss of income from drugs as cultivation declines. Thus, the international
community must have the wisdom to fight drugs and poverty simultaneously, to eliminate both the
causes and the effects of these twin afflictions. In other words, the world will not condone
counter-narcotic measures that result in humanitarian disasters. If there is one concrete measure
that the Government and its development assistance partners can take now to ensure Myanmar?s
future, it is this: food security and income generation programmes must remain in place and be
strengthened to support both the farmers? decisions not to plant opium, and enforcement measures
to eradicate the opium that is planted against the law..."
Source/publisher:
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of publication:
2005-11-01
Date of entry/update:
2005-11-01
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
"In March 2003, a joint assessment team comprising international NGOs and UN
agencies operating in Myanmar traveled to the Kokang and Wa Special Regions in
north-eastern Shan State. Their purpose was to assess the humanitarian impact of the
opium ban in the Kokang region, and the potential impact of a similar ban due to go
into effect in the Wa region in June 2005.
The following is the report submitted by this team after their mission. It is unedited
and unabridged. Maps used in the report have been removed to reduce the file size.
They are available from the UNODC Myanmar Office upon request."
Source/publisher:
Joint Kokang-Wa Humanitarian Needs Assessment Team
Date of publication:
2003-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2005-11-01
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
UNODC (formerly UNDCP and ODCCP) (English), Burma: opium and heroin, Drug bans and poppy crop substitution
Language:
English
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Description:
"Proponents of increased counter-narcotics assistance for Burma should be reminded of how it was misused in the past.
As the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, or UNODC, lobbies governments to increase their contributions to opium eradication projects, it is worth looking back on the last major phase of international funding of narcotics suppression, to be reminded of what Burma?s military government did with it. In particular, the misuse of US aid should provide a cautionary tale to any bilateral or multilateral donors..."
David Scott Mathieson
Source/publisher:
"The Irrawaddy" Vol. 12, No. 2
Date of publication:
2004-02-00
Date of entry/update:
2004-06-09
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
UNODC (formerly UNDCP and ODCCP) (English), Drugs and Burma: general links, reports and articles
Language:
English
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Description:
Regional Seminar on Alternative Development
for Illicit Crop Eradication Policies, Strategies and Actions.
16-19 July 2001,
Taunggyi, Myanmar...List of Contents:
Alternative Development is a Polity for Rural Justice, Freedom and Peace - - Foreword by Dr. Sandro Calvani;
Working Together Towards an Enhanced Alternative Development Strategy in East Asia - - Dr. Sanong Chinnanon;
Opium Poppy Control and Alternative Development Efforts Promoted by
the Yunnan Provincial Government in the Border Areas of Its Neighboring Countries - - Mr. Song Shiyin;
A Balanced Approach to Elimination of Opium Poppy Cultivation in Lao People?s Democratic Republic -
- Mr. Kou Chansina & Mr. Shariq Bin Raza;
UN - Nonghet Alternative Development Project -
- Dr. Bounpone Sirivong;
Long Alternative Development Project (LADP)- Mr. Khamsao & Mr. Krister Winter;
Beng Alternative Development Micro-Project - Mr. Houmphanh Bouphakham;
The Lao-German Drug Control Project - Ms. Andrea Kuhlmann;
Village Based Development Component in a Pilot Project on Stabilization of Shifting Cultivations
in Houaphan Province - Mr. Mahinada Kurukulasuriya;
Myanmar Country Paper - Mr. U Nyi Nyi & Lt. Colonel Wa Tin;
Wa Alternative Development Project - Mr. Xavier Bouan;
Support for Opium Eradication Programmes in Kokang Special Region No.1 and Nam Tit Township,
Wa Special Region No.2, Shan State - U Kyaw Thu;
Thailand Country Paper - Mr. Pittaya Jinawat;
The Role of Non-Agricultural Development in the Doi Tung Development Project - - Mom Rajawongse Putrie Viravaidya;
Royal Project Foundation - Dr. Santhad Rojanasoonthon;
Thai-German Highland Development Program (TG-HDP) in Northern Thailand - Mr. Hagen Dirksen;
Sustainable Agricultural Development Project - Mr. Prasong Jantakad;
Eliminating Opium : Lessons From Thailand
- Dr. Ronald Renard;
Vietnam: Results of Drug Control Programme in 1998-2000 and Future Directions in 2001-2005 - Mr. Ha Dinh Tuan;
Ky Son Alternative Development Project in Vietnam - UNDCP Hanoi;
An Overview Of Alternative Development And Illicit Crop Eradication Policies,
Strategies and Actions in The Region - Mr. Leik Boonwaat
Summary of Key Issues Raised after Presentations and During Discussions; Consolidated Summary of Recommendations from Group Discussions;
Appendices:
Consultations and Sharing Best Practices: Seminar Proceedings;
Elimination of Illicit Drugs is a National Duty for Myanmar
- Police Major General Soe Win;
Opening Welcoming Remarks - Colonel Win Hlaing
We Look Forward to an Enhanced Cooperation - Dr. Sanong Chinnanon;
Concluding remarks from heads of delegations;
Seminar Programme;
Summary of Evaluation from the Seminar;
Karamosia International Japan;
List of Participants and Contact details.
Source/publisher:
UNDCP Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific
Date of publication:
2003-03-06
Date of entry/update:
2003-12-19
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
Executive Summary:-
"In Myanmar, the problem of opium and heroin production has deep historical roots that reach
back to the 19th century. Second source of illicit opium and heroin in the world after
Afghanistan during the last decade, the country has recorded an encouraging decline of illicit
opium poppy cultivation since the mid-1990s.
Results of the extensive fieldwork and satellite imagery analysis conducted by the last
UNODC-supported opium survey confirm the continuation of the positive trend in 2003. With
a further one-year decline of 24%, opium poppy cultivation is now down to 62,200 ha
(against 81,400 ha in 2002). Since 1996, cultivation has declined by more than 100,000 ha,
or 62%...[chart]...
The largest cultivation decrease this year took place in the Northern Shan State (- 50%). It is
attributed to farmers? compliance with the Government?s request not to plant opium poppy.
Important decreases also took place in the Southwestern (-18%) and Southeastern areas
(-26%) of the Shan State. By contrast, cultivation increased by 21% in the Wa Special
Region 2, and 6% in the Central Shan region. As a result, the Wa Special region 2 now ranks
first for opium poppy cultivation, with 34% of the national total, and the Northern Shan region
second with 29%, in 2003.
Based on an estimated harvest of about 810 metric tons of opium, and a price of
approximately 130 US$/kg, the total farmgate value of the 2003 opium production in
Myanmar would amount to around US$ 105 million.
The estimated 350,000 households who cultivated opium poppy in the Shan State this year
would earn an average of about US$ 175 from the sale of their individual opium harvest.
Although seemingly very small, this income makes opium by far the first source of cash for
those families, accounting for 70% of their total annual cash income (about US$ 230)"...
Table of contents:-
INTRODUCTION...
FINDINGS:
OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION;
YIELD AND PRODUCTION
OPIUM PRICES AND CASH INCOME;
FIELD DAMAGE;
ADDICTION;
ERADICATION...
WA ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT SURVEY FINDINGS:
OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION;
OPIUM YIELD AND PRODUCTION;
OPIUM PRICES
METHODOLOGY:
ORGANISATION AND STAFF;
OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION ESTIMATES;
YIELD ESTIMATION...
ANNEXES:
Annex 1 Satellite images used for the 2003 Opium Survey;
Annex 2 Calculation for Opium Area Estimates;
Annex 3 Opium Cultivation Area and Production by township;
Annex 4 Opium Survey Results By Administrative Zones for 2002 and 2003...
Maps:
Map 1 2003 Survey Regions;
Map 2 2003 Distribution of Opium Poppy Cultivation over Agricultural Areas;
Map 3 2003 Opium Poppy Cultivation (by Township);
Map 4 Shan State - Change in Opium Poppy Cultivation 2002-03;
Map 5 2003 Opium Production (by township);
Map 6 WADP townships;
Map 7 Sampled village tracts in the Shan State;
Map 8 Landsat7 and IKONOS map used for the 2003 Myanmar opium survey;
Map 9 Shan State ? Administrative Regions.
Source/publisher:
UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Date of publication:
2003-06-18
Date of entry/update:
2003-12-19
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
Strategic Programme Framework UN Drug control activities in Myanmar... "The proliferation of drugs over the past 30 years is an example of the previously unimaginable becoming reality very quickly."...
Table of contents:...
List of acronyms 2
Drug control overview and situation update;;The role of the UN and drug control;
Past and present activities:
I. Internal fighting hinders effective drug control (1976 to 1988);
II. National unification dominates drug control (1988 to 1996);
III. Drug control successes (1996 to 2001);
IV. Funding shortfall (2001 to 2003)...
Discussion:
I. Drug control fits within the wider UN agenda for Myanmar;
II. Financial constraints hold back the ongoing interventions;
III. Strategic alliances;
IV. Innovation through involvement of the civil society...
Proposed strategy:
Resource requirements;
Annexes:
A Map of Myanmar;
B Map of ongoing UN drug control interventions in Myanmar;
C Map of Shan State ? Special regions;
D Map of Shan State ? Opium cultivation;
E Map of alternative development pilot project in Special Region 2 of the
Shan State;
F Letter of the UN Country Team in Myanmar;
G ODCCP 2001 Country Profile;
H UNDCP programme in Myanmar - Matrix 1976 to 2005;
Opium poppy flower (Southern Wa);
Picture: UNDCP Yangon.
Source/publisher:
Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (ODCCP)
Date of publication:
2003-09-04
Date of entry/update:
2003-12-19
Grouping:
Individual Documents
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Description:
"Jean-Luc Lemahieu is the Rangoon representative of the UN Office of Drugs and Crime. His office works with both the military and ethnic minority groups to wipe out drug production and trafficking in Burma. Through ground research and satellite surveys, the UNODC has made significant progress in identifying production sites and supply routes. He spoke to Aung Zaw...
Question: You?ve spoken about evidence of gradual political will from Rangoon in combatting the drug problem. What do you mean by that?
Answer: I mean the government still has a long way to go if it they want to be the best student in the class. If you consider the class as the international community, and if every member of the community has obligations to enforce international drug control efforts, you can definitely say this government has good reports. Nonetheless, in the academic world you have primary school, secondary school, you have university. Overall, you could say in terms of drug control we are now here in secondary school ready to go to university. The fact that the money laundering legislation has been approved, that the mutual legal assistance legislation is being formulated is a positive sign. Once that is in place, we can go to university. But getting into university demands added effort from the government. We?re gradually moving forward...
Q: What do you make of the drug burning shows, organized by officials in Burma?
A: What is more important, the burning of the drugs, or the interception of the drugs? I think the burning of the drugs has a symbolic value and it can serve certain purposes, it can serve as an indicator and as a message of good will, there are different ways to look at it. But obviously, the interest is not how high the flames of the drug burning go, but how we can intercept more drugs.
Q: Is a drug-free Burma realistic?
A: We?re not aiming for a drug free Burma. We?re aiming for a Burma where drug problems do not negatively affect the daily lives of the thousands of people as it does today..."
An Interview with Jean-Luc Lemahieu
Source/publisher:
"The Irrawaddy" Vol. 11, No. 4
Date of publication:
2003-05-00
Date of entry/update:
2003-07-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
A Compilation of UN Data and Sources
Prepared by the UNDCP Office for Myanmar
"...This report provides a general overview of the drug situation in Myanmar using UN data and sources with the objective of providing a detached and technical view...".....This document is no longer accessible on the UN site but is archived at www.archive.org ...Graphic features like photos and maps are not available, though some can be seen at the original source, e.g. the World Drug Report for 2000.
Source/publisher:
UNDCP
Date of publication:
2001-02-21
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
"...The 2002 opium poppy survey was the first comprehensive survey implemented
throughout the Shan State of Myanmar by the Central Committee for Drug Abuse
Control (CCDAC) of the Government of Myanmar in co-operation with UNDCP, in the
framework of UNDCP?s Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP)...The present report consists of three main chapters. Chapter one describes the
methodology and the implementation of the survey. Chapter two presents the main
findings of the opium survey. A third chapter presents a brief socio-economic profile of
the northern Wa Special Region which accounts 22% of the poppy cultivation in
Myanmar. This study, the first of its kind, could be used for planning activities to tackle
the supply and demand sides of opium use in this area. Several annexes present the
breakdown of the estimates as well as maps illustrating some of the survey findings..."
Source/publisher:
UNDCP/CCDAC
Date of publication:
2002-08-27
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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