BurmaNet News: October 13, 2000

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______________ THE BURMANET NEWS ______________
        An on-line newspaper covering Burma 
_________October 13, 2000   Issue # 1639__________

INSIDE BURMA _______
*AFP: Myanmar opposition leaders confined to homes "for time being": 
junta 
*AP: Day after U.N. envoy leaves, Myanmar blasts Suu Kyi's party 
*AFP: Myanmar stepping up landmine production: researchers
*AFP: ILO mission to visit Myanmar over forced labour 
*KNU: Forced Labor in Karen State
*Muslim Information Centre of Burma:  Burmese junta sends prisoners as 
porters to the front lines in Karen state of Burma
*Arakan  Rohingya  National  Organisation Newsletter: Forced labor in 
Arakan
*SPDC: Thaphanseik Multipurpose Dam and other Irrigation in Sagaing 
Division Projects Underway

REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL _______
*Agence Europe: EU Extends Common Position on Burma and calls on Burmese 
Government to Initiate Dialogue
*BBC: UN condemns Briton's detention in Burma
*AP: U.S.: India, China should curb drug precursors going to Myanmar 
*AFP: ASEAN vows to boost image but stays quiet on Myanmar 
*AFP: Liechtenstein imposes sanctions on Afghanistan, Myanmar 

The BurmaNet News is viewable online at:
http://theburmanetnews.editthispage.com


__________________ INSIDE BURMA ____________________
	

AFP: Myanmar opposition leaders confined to homes "for time being": 
junta 


YANGON, Oct 13 (AFP) - Leaders of the opposition National League for 
Democracy (NLD) party remain under de facto house arrest in the capital, 
Myanmar's ruling junta said Friday, the day after a UN mediation mission 
ended. 

 "The NLD central executive committee members are being requested to 
stay with their families at their respective residences for the time 
being," a junta spokesman told AFP. 

 "But if necessary, for social and health reasons they can and are going 
out to fulfil their requirements," the spokesman said. 

 NLD deputy leader Tin Oo, who was taken to Ye Mon prison north of the 
capital, remains at "one of the government guest houses," the spokesman 
also said. 

 NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi and the other members of the party's 
central executive committee were placed under de facto house arrest on 
September 22. 

 The restrictions were imposed after the Nobel Peace Prize laureate 
attempted to travel by train to the northern town of Mandalay in 
defiance in the junta's ban to travel outside the capital. 

 More than 100 party supporters who had gathered at the railway station 
were also rounded up and taken to Yangon's Insein prison. 

 UN special envoy Razali Ismail left Yangon Thursday after a four-day 
visit aimed at breaking the deadlock between the ruling junta and the 
NLD. 

 In a meeting with Razali, Aung San Suu Kyi stressed the need to create 
a climate conducive to meaningful dialogue, an apparent reference to the 
need to lift the restrictions against the NLD. 

 Meanwhile the NLD has been issued with an eviction order by the 
landlady of their party headquarters in the capital. The NLD has until 
October 25 to vacate the premises, a party source told AFP. 

 The landlady, Daw Nu, said the NLD's presence had caused a lot of 
inconvenience to the general public. 

 She stressed that it was a family decision taken "without any outside 
threat or coercion." 
 The NLD won a landslide victory in 1990 elections which were 
subsequently annulled by the junta. 


____________________________________________________



AP: Day after U.N. envoy leaves, Myanmar blasts Suu Kyi's party 

Oct 13, 2000

YANGON, Myanmar (AP) _ Myanmar's pro-junta newspapers Friday accused 
U.S. and British diplomats of encouraging opposition leaders to complain 
to a visiting U.N. envoy about the government. 

 Razali Ismail, the special U.N. envoy, left Myanmar Thursday after a 
four-day visit aimed at ending the political deadlock between the 
military government and the pro-democracy opposition party of Aung San 
Suu Kyi. 

 Before Razali's arrival, British and American diplomats visited the 
National League for Democracy headquarters several times and told NLD 
members to complain about government repression, the Myanmar-language 
Myanmar Alin newspaper said. 

 The embassies did not immediately respond to the accusations. Calls 
made from Bangkok, Thailand, to the embassies went unanswered. 

 The Myanmar Alin article said the diplomats told the NLD members that 
``they would try diplomatic means to call for international pressure and 
to expel Myanmar from the United Nations'' and the Association of 
Southeast Asian Nations. 

 The NLD _ even without outside urging _ has frequently complained about 
the government, which has imposed severe security restrictions on Suu 
Kyi and other top party members. Suu Kyi has been under virtual house 
arrest since Sept. 22 when she tried to travel outside Yangon for party 
work. 

 Razali met with Suu Kyi at her house twice, and also held talks with 
government leaders. 

 At the United Nations headquarters in New York on Thursday, deputy 
spokesman Manoel de Almeida e Silva said Suu Kyi appeared to be in good 
health when she met with the Razali. 

 Razali ``underlined the necessity for national reconciliation'' and 
urged both the government and Suu Kyi to start a political dialogue ``as 
soon as possible,'' Almeida e Silva said.
 
 The government has said in the past that it would talk to the NLD but 
not with Suu Kyi. It also refuses to hand over power to the NLD, which 
overwhelmingly won the 1990 elections. The government has blocked Suu 
Kyi every time she has tried to leave Yangon, and put her under formal 
house arrest from 1989 to 1995. 

 ``As the British and American governments are threatening Myanmar under 
the pretext of democracy, their diplomats in Myanmar are personally 
getting involved in the affairs of the NLD by giving suggestions and 
instructions to the NLD party,'' the Myanmar Alin said. 

 Another commentary in Myanmar-language Kyemon daily also accused the 
diplomats of the two countries of sending fabricated information to 
foreign broadcasters like the BBC and Voice of America. 

 It also accused them of planning and supervising Suu Kyi's failed 
attempts to go to the countryside. 

 The government had been ``very tolerant'' in dealing with Suu Kyi and 
her followers and the interference by some ``dishonorable'' diplomats, 
it said. 

 ``In other countries, such interference by diplomats will not be 
tolerated and will be strongly protested,'' the newspaper said.



____________________________________________________



AFP: Myanmar stepping up landmine production: researchers

   
   BANGKOK, Oct 12 (AFP) - Myanmar's armed forces and at least 10 ethnic 
armed groups fighting the ruling junta are still producing and using 
landmines bucking the global trend, researchers said.

   Since 1998 the Yangon military regime has increased its production of 
 mines, Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwan of the non-governmental organisation 
Landmine  Monitor told reporters late Wednesday.

   In the past two years most other mine-producing countries have either 
kept  production constant or slashed output, he said.

   "Myanmar is one of the countries which has actually acquired more  
mine-making technology," he said, adding most of the technology was 
bought  from China.

   The state Myanmar Defense Product Industries produces at least two 
types of anti-personnel mines -- the MM1 and the designed-to-kill MM2 -- 
but is  suspected of making three other types, Moser-Puangsuwan said.    
Mines made in China, Israel, Italy, Russia and the United States have 
also  been found in the country, he added.

   Some 1,500 civilians and combatants were either killed or injured as 
a  result of mine blasts in Myanmar in 1999 -- the third highest number 
of mine  victims in any one country in the world, Moser-Puangsuwan said. 
   Ten out of Myanmar's 14 states are mined including virtually the 
whole of  the 2,000-kilometer (1,240-mile) long border with Thailand.    
Government soldiers have used villagers as "human minesweepers," forcing 
 them to walk in front of soldiers in areas suspected of "mine 
pollution," he  said citing reports from Karen and Shan states in late 
1999 and early this  year.

   "There is no other country on the planet where this type of practice  
exists," the landmine researcher said.

   Additionally, the military has planted mines in rural areas "as part 
of its counter-insurgency operations to forcibly relocate villagers out 
of their  villages," he added.

   At least 10 ethnic armed groups, such as the Karen National 
Liberation  Army, are also producing mines, "mainly crude glass bottle 
fragmentation  mines," he said.

   The groups mostly use the mines for perimeter defences but they have 
also  been used in territorial disputes with rival militia.

   Myanmar is not among the 139 states which have signed the 1997 Ottawa 
 Convention committing states to ban the production, use and transfer of 
 anti-personnel mines.

   India, Pakistan, the United States, China and Russia -- three of the 
five  permanent members of the United Nations Security Council -- have 
also not  signed the treaty.

   Within Southeast Asia, Laos, Vietnam and Singapore -- one of the 
world's  largest producers of landmines -- are not signatories.


____________________________________________________



AFP: ILO mission to visit Myanmar over forced labour 


GENEVA, Oct 12 (AFP) - Experts from the International Labour 
Organisation (ILO) will go to Myanmar next week to check progress on 
measures to halt forced labour, sources at the Geneva-based organisation 
said here Thursday. 

 The ILO has given the military junta until the end of November to 
implement action on stamping out forced labour or face a review of 
relations with the body's 175 member states plus other member 
organisations. 

 An ILO commission of inquiry reported in 1998 widespread use of forced 
labour taking place in Myanmar, basing its findings on hundreds of 
witness statements. 

 After an earlier ILO mission to the country in May, which warned 
against use of forced labour by the military, Myanmar's Labour Minister 
General Tin Ngwe wrote to the ILO promising to carry out the necessary 
reforms for halting forced labour. 

 In an unprecedented step, the ILO voted in its full plenary session in 
June to call for sanctions against Myanmar's military regime if 
conditions had not improved by November 30. 

 The resolution was approved despite opposition from other Asian 
nations, notably Malaysia. 


____________________________________________________


KNU: Forced Labor in Karen State


KNU Mergui-Tavoy District Information Department

28 September 2000


On September 20, 2000, Burma army's IB 280 Battalion Commander Khin 
Maung Aye forced the villagers from Kleh Mu Htee area (northern Palaw 
township and southern Theyetcahung township) to build a new military 
base and a car road. The villagers have to bring along their own tools 
and food.  
 

Burma army launched a massive relocation on Karen villages in Palaw and 
Theyetchaung Township in1997. Some villages forced to move to a distance 
designated area where Burma army controlled and some villages have to 
group up in the middle of the village. Those villagers are facing 
constant abuses such as; force to work on military plantation, car road 
construction, and bridge construction, portering conducted by the Burma 
army. They faced many forms of extortion such as porter fees, military 
fund, development funds, sentry fees, feeding the army and so on. Burma 
army has executed many villagers in this area by accusing them of have 
contact with the resistance group. 

____________________________________________________


Muslim Information Centre of Burma:  Burmese junta sends prisoners as 
porters to the front lines in Karen state of Burma

October, 9, 2000.

On August, 20, 2000, the ruling SPDC authorities sent 250 prisoners as 
porters to the front lines of Karen state. The prisoners were from Yin 
Kyin porter-recruiting camps in Apong township, Mon state of Burma. 
According to a Mon prisoner-porter, some of the porters were distributed 
to brigade No.66  in Bilin township and some were to Brigade No. 44 in 
Pa-an township through Major Zaw Tun of Battalion No

____________________________________________________


Arakan  Rohingya  National  Organisation Newsletter: Forced labor in 
Arakan

Volume: 2, Issue-8	   

Aug/Sep 2000

A LABOURER KILLED BY MILITARY

On 16 August 2000, about 320 Rohingyas were seized to provide forced 
labour at the army battalion No. 264, under NaSaKa area No. 9. The 
battalion was established near the village of Khinsama Palaydaung, 3 
miles north of Buthidaung. One of the forced labourers named Moktul 
Hussain son of Ali Akbar, 47, of the same village of Khinsama Palaydaung 
felt sick with high fever as a result of hard work. While he was taking 
rest under a tree an armed guard came and struck at his neck with a 
stick. As a result, the victim felt unconscious with his arteries cut 
off and died on the way to Buthidaung General Hospital. But without 
formal examination the doctor of the hospital, under the influence of 
the administration, declared that the victim was died of malaria.


MILITARY BUSINESS


The officers of the armed forces are establishing various business 
projects in Arakan for their own monetary interest, such as 
brick-fields, rice farms, paddy, fishponds and poultry farms. The local 
people have to provide forced labour, required lands, seeds, and 
firewood for brick-fields. Almost all the farmlands belonging to 
Rohingyas around the army camps have been confiscated. In addition, the 
Rohingya villagers are forced to provide the military cash money and 
fowls for the poultry farms. Recently, Military intelligence No. 18 had 
ordered the entire Rohingya villages in NaSaKa Area No. 9 of Buthidaung 
township to supply them 20 hens and 5 cocks per village ward and 
established a large poultry farm at Taung Bazaar, 12 miles north of 
Buthidaung town. The poultry farm has been maintained entirely with the 
forced labour and so-called monetary contribution of the local 
Rohingyas.
  
ERECTION OF LABOUR NOTICE-BOARD


On July 16, 2000, the authorities called a meeting at the Maungdaw 
township PDC office. It was attended by all village PDC chairmen and 
secretaries of Maungdaw township. The authorities discussed with them 
about the forced labour and portering situation in Arakan. The 
authorities forced the participants signed a written document stating 
that forced labour and portering are not extracted from the Muslims and 
that Muslims are paid due wages for the labour they have provided. 

The following day, that is on 7/7/200, when the authorities again asked 
the villagers for forced labour, the villagers did not comply with the 
order whereupon, all the village chairmen and secretaries under Maungdaw 
township, were called to Maungdaw PDC office and were mercilessly 
beaten. The authorities asked them, " why did not you all flee to 
Bangladesh although we forced you many times to do so?"  This is why we 
beat you all`. On that day a big notice board was erected in front of 
the Maungdaw PDC office by township PDC officer Capt.    Hla Pu. It has 
been stated on the board that, 

i .All the rural & urban Muslims inhabitants are not bound to provide 
forced labour and portering.

ii. Due wages would be paid to anyone who provide labour.

The ILO Convention, last May 2000, condemned the Burmese military junta 
for practising slave labour throughout Burma. But the junta promptly 
denied accusations. The SPDC had agreed to accept a visit to Burma by a 
delegation from ILO to examine the forced labour situation in the 
country. The decision was taken particularly in the face of the growing 
fear that Burma would be expelled from the ILO in its ensuing conference 
in November 2000. The erection of this notice board is just to divert 
the mind of the NGOs who are critical of Burma Human Rights records. 



____________________________________________________


SPDC: Thaphanseik Multipurpose Dam and other Irrigation in Sagaing 
Division Projects Underway


MYANMAR INFORMATION COMMITTEE
YANGON

Information  Sheet
N0. B-1568 (I)                12th October, 2000

Thaphanseik Multi-purpose Dam is being built on Mu River, and its main 
structure stretches over four miles. It is intended to feed Kindat 
Diversion Dam nine miles downstream along the riverine route in order to 
irrigate 150,000 acres. In addition, it can irrigate Kabo Dam's 350,000 
acres, and Kindat Diversion Dam's right canal will irrigate over 10,400 
acres through Budalin canal and 14,800 acres through Ayadaw canal. The 
entire irrigated acreage will be 520,000 on which double cropping and 
mixed cropping can be conducted. The storage capacity of the biggest dam 
in Myanmar is 2.88 million acre-feet, and the hydroelectric power 
station will supply 117.2 million kwh the whole year. At present, the 
Irrigation Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation and 
Myanma Electric Power Enterprise of the Ministry of Energy, and Myanmar 
engineers are working day and night for completion of the structure to 
dam Mu River entirely. The main embankment of the dam is 7,700 feet long 
and 78 feet high, and can store 40,400 acre-feet. It will irrigate 5,000 
acres and supply drinking water to nearby places. The three river-water 
pumping stations at Tatywa on Ayeyawady River are now irrigating over 
5,000 acres in Wetlet Township and over 10,000 acres in Sagaing Township 
to cultivate monsoon and summer paddy, pre-monsoon sesamum and 
long-staple cotton, and pedisein.





___________________ REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL___________________
					

Agence Europe: EU Extends Common Position on Burma and calls on Burmese 
Government to Initiate Dialogue

Brussels, 10/10/2000 (Agence Europe) - The General Affairs Council 
extended until April 2001 its "common position" on Burma, adopted in 
1996 and amended on 26 April this year. The common position imposes an 
embargo on exports that may be used for repression, refuses visas for a 
list of junta officials and freezes funds held by these Burmese 
officials abroad. While strengthening sanctions, the changes made in the 
spring to the common position opened the possibility for Burma's 
participation in the EU/ASEAN ministerial meeting to be held in December 
in Laos. Nonetheless, following the further house arrest of the Burmese 
opposition leader, the EU does not rule out the fact that the 
ministerial meeting may be brought into question, European Commissioner 
Pascal Lamy said recently (see EUROPE of 7 October, p.6).

After the cancellation of the visit by a European Troika to Rangoon (see 
EUROPE of 7 October, p.6), the French Council Presidency encouraged the 
Burmese authorities to engage in constructive dialogue with the UN 
special envoy in Burma, in a declaration issued on behalf of the EU: 
"The European Union gave a very favourable reception to the appointment 
last April of Tan Sri Razali Ismail as the UN Secretary-General's 
Special Envoy for Burma. It fully supports the efforts deployed by Mr 
Razali, who has already made first visit to Rangoon (in June and July), 
in favour of the initiation of a dialogue between the Burmese 
authorities and the democratic opposition, as well as the national 
minorities. The European Union calls on the Burmese Government to engage 
in a constructive dialogue with the UN Secretary-General's Special 
Envoy, who will shortly be visiting Rangoon, and to take advantage of 
his good offices so that Burma can move further along the road to 
democratisation and national reconciliation. To that end, it is 
important that Mr Razali be able to meet all parties involved, including 
the democratic opposition. The Central and Eastern European countries 
associated with the European Union, the associated countries Cyprus, 
Malta and Turkey, and the EFTA countries members of the European 
Economic Area, align themselves with this declaration".

____________________________________________________


BBC: UN condemns Briton's detention in Burma

BBC, Tuesday, 10 October, 2000, 21:45 GMT 22:45 

The United Nations has ruled that a British human rights campaigner is 
being held unlawfully in jail in Burma.  

The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention said that James Mawdsley was 
being held arbitrarily and it asked the Burmese military rulers to 
remedy the situation.  
The ruling was welcomed by the British Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook.  
He said that it was clearer than ever that there was no justification 
for the detention of Mr Mawdsley.  

Mr Cook also said that the Burmese regime had to realise that it could 
not continue to ignore human rights and flout international opinion.  

Mr Mawdsley is serving a seventeen year jail sentence for handing out 
pro-democracy leaflets.  
Last month, the Burmese ambassador to Britain was summoned by the 
Foreign Office over reports that Mr Mawdsley was beaten in jail.  

____________________________________________________



AP: U.S.: India, China should curb drug precursors going to Myanmar 

Oct 13, 2000

BANGKOK, Thailand (AP) _ India and China should do more to prevent 
smuggling of chemicals being used in Myanmar to make synthetic drugs 
that are a rage in the region, a U.S. official said Friday. 

 The chemicals are pouring into Myanmar from India and China, and to 
some extent Thailand, to be used in laboratories for producing heroin 
and amphetamine drugs, James Callahan, a top anti-narcotics official in 
the U.S. State Department, said. 

 Amphetamines have replaced heroin as the new scourge of Southeast Asia, 
where millions of people, mostly youngsters, have become addicted to the 
stimulants. 
 The drugs are largely produced in Myanmar's border areas by former 
warlords who have signed cease-fire agreements with the Myanmar 
government and enjoy virtual autonomy in their regions. 

 Myanmar says it does not have the manpower or resources to patrol its 
borders to prevent the chemicals, known as precursors, from coming into 
the country and that its neighbors also have a responsibility to stop 
the smuggling of precursors. 

 Callahan said Myanmar has a point. 

 China and India must ``attempt to do more in regard to border control 
on their side of the border,'' Callahan told reporters after the closing 
of a three-day U.N. sponsored drug conference he attended. 

 The precursors are legitimate industrial and medical chemicals, for 
example ephedrine, which is used to make cold medicines. 

 Callahan said China and India have strong legislation to prevent the 
diversion of the chemicals, but noted that they have been unable to 
enforce the laws properly. 
 India in particular faces assorted insurgencies in its northeastern 
border with Myanmar, also known as Burma. 

 ``In fact the border areas for both India and China with Burma are 
areas in which government control is not always as strong as it might be 
in the capitals,'' Callahan said. 

 ``There is definitely a problem of precursors coming in,'' said 
Callahan, the director for Asia, Africa and Europe in the Bureau for 
International Narcotics and Law Enforcement. 

 Before coming to Bangkok for the drug conference, Callahan traveled to 
Myanmar where he met with officials of the United Wa State Army, a 
former rebel group that is believed to be the biggest amphetamine 
producer. 

 Callahan said Wa officials denied they were involved in the drug 
business, an assertion he rejected. 

 He said that by giving the Wa a virtual free hand, the Myanmar 
government has not shown a real seriousness in fighting the drug 
problem. By signing cease-fires with the rebels, they have effectively 
created ``safe havens'' for drug lords, he said. 

 Also, known drug traffickers are moving freely in Myanmar and are 
laundering their drug money by setting up legitimate businesses without 
fear of law, he said.
 




____________________________________________________



AFP: ASEAN vows to boost image but stays quiet on Myanmar 

HANOI, Oct 13 (AFP) - Information ministers from the Association of 
South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) vowed Friday to boost the group's image 
but declined to address the biggest international criticism levelled 
against it -- its inaction over Myanmar. 

 In two days of talks here, the ASEAN ministers agreed "an immediate 
programme of action" was essential to "address the current image 
problem," a final statement said. 

 "Ministers strongly recommended that in view of current perceptions 
about ASEAN and their effects on its image and work, ASEAN should plan 
and formulate strategies ... to advance and reinforce a positive 
international profile," it said. 

 ASEAN chief Rodolfo Severino complained that much of the international 
criticism levelled against the group stemmed from a misunderstanding 
about its nature and purpose. 

 "What was addressed at the meeting was certain misconceptions around 
the world about the nature of ASEAN and what it is supposed to be and 
not supposed to be," he said. 

 ASEAN has a policy of not interfering in the internal affairs of member 
nations, which has consistently rankled the European Union and 
Washington. 

 Despite mounting Western criticism of the military junta in Myanmar and 
support from some of its members including Malaysia and Thailand for 
outside mediation from the United Nations, ASEAN has so far resisted 
pressure to intervene. 

 Current holder of the revolving ASEAN chairmanship Vietnam, has along 
with other members steadfastly opposed proposals to send a troika of 
foreign ministers to Yangon. 

 Severino insisted that the issue of intervention in Myanmar was outside 
the information ministers' remit. 

 "The ASEAN troika, as you know, is an instrumentality of the foreign 
ministers and and I think any question of the troika will have to be 
addressed by them," he said. 

 The ASEAN chief insisted there were other areas where the grouping had 
failed to get its message across and where more effective public 
relations could improve its image. 

 He cited as an example the massive forest fires which have raged across 
the region, most notably in 1997, and the effective measures ASEAN had 
taken to counter them. 

 "The problem received a great deal of the attention but the measures to 
resolve them did not receive any." 

 Severino said the same had been true of ASEAN's efforts to forge 
greater regional economic integration. 

 "ASEAN has made excellent progress in integrating their economies but, 
because of the failure to project this ... attention has been focussed 
on the problems. 

 "All projects like this encounter problems," he said. 
 The ASEAN chief acknowledged that ministers had been able to take few 
concrete steps in their bid to boost the grouping's image but blamed 
cash constraints stemming from the regional financial crisis of 1997-8. 

 Ministers agreed to defer a proposed ASEAN satellite TV channel 
indefinitely after complaints from some members about the costs. 

 "It's not been cancelled altogether," Severino said. But "resources are 
by their nature limited." 

 Instead ASEAN will seek to strengthen the existing exchange of 
programming between member states as well as boosting the airtime it 
receives for its work. 




____________________________________________________


AFP: Liechtenstein imposes sanctions on Afghanistan, Myanmar 

BERN, Oct 12 (AFP) - The tiny European principality of Liechtenstein has 
decided to slap sanctions on Myanmar and Afghanistan, moving in line 
with the European Union (EU) and United Nations, a government official 
in the capital Vaduz said on Thursday. 

 The Principality said it will stop supplying the military regime in 
Rangoon with any equipment that could be used for internal repression or 
terrorism. 

 Similar sanctions were introduced by the EU in April. 

 Liechtenstein, an Alpine tax haven wedged in a valley between Austria 
and Switzerland, also intends freezing money in bank accounts owned by 
members of the Myanmar junta, the source said. 

 Vaduz will follow the UN's lead and introduce sanctions against the 
Taliban -- who control most of Afghanistan -- similar to those adopted 
by the Security Council in 1999. 

 The sanctions will involve freezing of assets held by the Taliban. 

 Switzerland adopted similar measures against Myanmar and Afghanistan at 
the beginning of October. 

 In August Liechtenstein introduced a law which, when it comes into 
effect early next year, will abolish the opening of anonymous bank 
accounts 


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