SPECIAL POSTING - Tai (Shan) New Ye

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Subject: SPECIAL POSTING - Tai (Shan) New Year 2084

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=20
Tai (Shan) New Year 2084


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8th December 1999

 A Brief History of Tai (Dai)

By: Sao Khu Dhamma =20

The people known as " Ailaos" began to call themselves "Tai" (Dai) since =
the Hans who migrated from west Asia came to settle where they lived in =
Hwangho and Yangtse , the famous rivers in China. The Tais were already =
an established nation with three separate kingdoms co-existing side by =
side [1]

They were believed to become known to a written history almost 4500 =
years ago with Kiang-su-sheng-tung, between Hawngho and Yangtse rivers =
as their homeland.[2]

Early Southeast Asian historians and the recent theory in China on the =
roots of the Tai language describe that the ancestors of the present =
Tais belonged to a branch of Sino-Tibetan family known as Zhuang-Dong =
and their language to an ancient common stock called the Bai Yue =
language. [3]  An early book of Chinese history recorded the Tais, Bai =
Yues, as people with different surnames dispersed over vast areas from =
Jiao Zhi (Hanoi region, Vietnam) to Hui Ji (Shao Xin, Zheing Province). =
[4]

Here is a recorded evidence that we Tais had a surname as early as Han =
dynasty. How we came to lose it is a challenge to all historians on =
Tais. Indeed, as early as Han dynasty, the forerunners of the Tais =
(Dais) were already noted in Chinese records (206 BC) under the name of =
Dian Yue, who lived over large areas in the south and west of Yunnan.

The Tai chronicles recorded many Tai kingdoms as being independent while =
the Chinese history made a mention of being an administrative unit under =
the Chinese emperors. Around 109 BC. During the second year of the Han =
emperor Wu Di, an administrative area called Yi Zou county was =
established to givern the frontier. During the 12th year of the reign of =
Ming Di, the county was renamed Yong Chan, which administered many Dai =
(Tai) regions in West Yunnan. [5] Whatever the mentions of the history =
may differ, the fact that the Tais as a nation dated back to a few =
hundred years before the birth of Jesus, being in existence early than =
Pagan kingdom of Burma (11-13 AD) and Khmar kingdom (10th AD).

Tai New Year

A recognised Thai historian Prince Krom Phra Paramanujijinuros is of the =
opinion that the Tais were independent when they found the three =
kingdoms which were situated in modern China. The three kingdoms were =
Mong Loong (The Kingdom of Uncle) in Southern Hawngho river region, Mong =
Pa (The Kingdom of Auntie) in the present Zichaun region and Mong Yio in =
the east of Yangtse. The Tai (Shan) New Year is believed to have started =
during this period, that saw not only their political but also cultural =
flourishing. The late Loong Khum Maha of Senwi, a reputed Tai scholar =
and Sai Fa, the present learned Tai leader agree. The Tai New Year is =
now 2084 years old.=20

When animism, their presumed early belief encountered a more systematic =
philosophy of Buddhism which was introduced into China during the 1st BC =
the Tai culture started to develop in many aspects in addition to their =
already excellent arts of war and administration.

Nanchao was their truly greatest empire with three to six separate =
kingdoms. This could be observed as the first ever confederation known =
to human political history with more or less homogenous race. U Ba Pe, a =
Burmese historian who was the rector at the Teacher's Training College, =
Yankin, Rangoon observed that the Nanchao dynasty although founded in =
1st BC reached its peak of power and prosperity only during 7-9 AD, =
about two to five hundred years before the birth of Pagan kingdom.[6]

By the close of the 12th AD (1180AD), a Dai chieftain called Pa Ya Zhen =
conquered Mong Le to found the Jing Long Golden Temple kingdom. [7] By =
the time Southeast Asia was swept by the armies of Kublai Kham of =
Mongolia, the Tai kingdoms, just like their Chines neighour, lost =
Nanchao to the Mongolians in 1235 AD. [8]

If the practice of this Tai lunar calander was widely in use among all =
the many Tai kingdoms is still a challenge to us today. The Tais who =
established the Tai kingdom of Ahom (Assam, India) for the second time =
in 13th AD and continued to rule for six hundred years till the British =
invasion in 1826 may have adopted the Hindu calander.

The ancient Tai astrologers based their calculation of the Tai lunar =
system on the orbital motion of the moon, which makes a circle somewhere =
in November about 40 years ago and in mid December now. The new year day =
may begin on different day if viewed from western calendar. It could be =
likened to any other lunar calendar in this case. The Chinese and the =
Muslim have their new year day not on the same western calendar date. =
They change each year.=20

I was born one day after the Tai New Year in 1965 and that was the 22nd =
November. But this year the Tai New Year day falls on the 8th December. =
But this is only if we go by the fixed Tai latest calendar used in most =
parts of Shan State. By the actual orbital movement of the moon, the New =
Year falls on either 14 or 15th December. But this bears more =
significance nowadays only to the astrologers. For the common folks, the =
first day of the first Tai lunar month (The month of Zeng) is recognised =
as the New Year Day. Zeng means the beginning. The Tai people say "Zeng =
Zeng" (meaning start, start ) when helping their baby walk for the first =
time in life.

Where the Tai people live, this day marks the season of harvest. To =
them, life, sentient and non-sentient renews another circle this time.

The month of Zeng is fllowed by the month of Gum, meaning the month of =
refrain. This is a month when they devote their time for religious =
practice and holiday. The rest are known by their number as the 3rd =
month and the 4th month etc.

New Year celebration was absent in the Tai culture for sometimes, =
perhaps due to domination of alien cultures. The Thai also abandoned =
this ancient lunar year and adopted the Indian astrological-based lunar =
tradition, probably since the time the Indians dominated Asia through =
their civilisation around 13 AD. They (the Thai) have now been following =
the months in western calendar with Buddhist year.

With nation consciousness growing day by day, the people in Shan States =
and other states of the Union of Burma have been celebrating their New =
Year Day on massive scale. A talk on the brief history of the Tai New =
Year can be heard from the Shan Programme, Rangoon on the New Year day =
(this year 8th Dec. 1999). It is written by Sao Khu Dhamma and read by =
the staff member of the Shan Radio Programme.

The usual customs for the New Year Day are:

v     Observe some religious rites especially in Buddhist monasteries.

v     Pay respect to the elders

v     Have a meal, a portion from the harvest, with family and friends.

v     Visiting friends adorning Tai costumes.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------=
-------

[1] Thai History by Prince Krom Phra Paramanujitinuros  in Journal of =
the Bihar Puravid Parishad, Dec. 1979, Vol. III, pp. 181-4

[2] Lord of Life by Prince Chula Chakrabongse, London, 1967

[3] The Dai Or the Tai and their Architecture & Customs in South China =
by Prof. Zhu Liangwen, D.D Books , Bangkok, 1992

[4] The Book of later Han Dynasty quoted by Prof. Zhu Liangwen, ibd, pp. =
1-2

[5] The Dai Or the Tai and their Architecture & Customs in South China =
by Prof. Zhu Liangwen, D.D Books , Bangkok, 1992, p.3

[6] A Brief History of Burma for Middle School by U Hla Pe Sar-pay biman =
Press, 1965, September (in Burmese)

[7] Le History quoted by  Prof. Zhu Liangwen

[8] History of Siam by W.A.R. Wood, Bangkok, 1933


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style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: =
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(Shan) New Year 2084</SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal=20
style=3D"BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; =
BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; =
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color=3D#800000><B style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN =
lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: =
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<HR>
<?xml:namespace prefix =3D o ns =3D =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"=20
/><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: center"><SPAN =
lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB"><STRONG>8<SUP>th</SUP>=20
December 1999</STRONG><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
center"><STRONG><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB">&nbsp;</SPAN><U><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">A Brief History of Tai=20
(Dai)</SPAN></U></STRONG><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB style=3D"mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB"><FONT=20
size=3D3></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: center"><FONT=20
color=3D#800000><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB style=3D"mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3>By:=20
Sao Khu Dhamma&nbsp;</FONT>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The people known as " Ailaos" began =
to call=20
themselves "Tai" (Dai) since the Hans who migrated from west Asia came =
to settle=20
where they lived in Hwangho and Yangtse , the famous rivers in China. =
The Tais=20
were already an established nation with three separate kingdoms =
co-existing side=20
by side <A href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftn1"; name=3D_ftnref1=20
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn1" title=3D""><SPAN =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[1]</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">They were believed to become known to =
a written=20
history almost 4500 years ago with Kiang-su-sheng-tung, between Hawngho =
and=20
Yangtse rivers as their homeland.<A href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftn2"; =

name=3D_ftnref2 style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn2" title=3D""><SPAN=20
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[2]</SPAN></SPAN></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Early Southeast Asian historians and =
the recent=20
theory in China on the roots of the Tai language describe that the =
ancestors of=20
the present Tais belonged to a branch of Sino-Tibetan family known as=20
Zhuang-Dong and their language to an ancient common stock called the Bai =
Yue=20
language. <A href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftn3"; name=3D_ftnref3=20
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn3" title=3D""><SPAN =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: footnote">[3]</SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN>An early book of Chinese =
history=20
recorded the Tais, Bai Yues, as people with different surnames dispersed =
over=20
vast areas from Jiao Zhi (Hanoi region, Vietnam) to Hui Ji (Shao Xin, =
Zheing=20
Province). <A href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftn4"; name=3D_ftnref4=20
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn4" title=3D""><SPAN =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[4]</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Here is a recorded evidence that we =
Tais had a=20
surname as early as Han dynasty. How we came to lose it is a challenge =
to all=20
historians on Tais. Indeed, as early as Han dynasty, the forerunners of =
the Tais=20
(Dais) were already noted in Chinese records (206 BC) under the name of =
Dian=20
Yue, who lived over large areas in the south and west of =
Yunnan.</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The Tai chronicles recorded many Tai =
kingdoms=20
as being independent while the Chinese history made a mention of being =
an=20
administrative unit under the Chinese emperors. Around 109 BC. During =
the second=20
year of the Han emperor Wu Di, an administrative area called Yi Zou =
county was=20
established to givern the frontier. During the 12<SUP>th</SUP> year of =
the reign=20
of Ming Di, the county was renamed Yong Chan, which administered many =
Dai (Tai)=20
regions in West Yunnan. <A href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftn5"; =
name=3D_ftnref5=20
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn5" title=3D""><SPAN =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: footnote">[5]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Whatever =
the=20
mentions of the history may differ, the fact that the Tais as a nation =
dated=20
back to a few hundred years before the birth of Jesus, being in =
existence early=20
than Pagan kingdom of Burma (11-13 AD) and Khmar kingdom =
(10<SUP>th</SUP>=20
AD).</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><U><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Tai New =
Year<o:p></o:p></SPAN></U></B></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">A recognised Thai historian Prince =
Krom Phra=20
Paramanujijinuros is of the opinion that the Tais were independent when =
they=20
found the three kingdoms which were situated in modern China. The three =
kingdoms=20
were Mong Loong (The Kingdom of Uncle) in Southern Hawngho river region, =
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Mong Pa</B> (The Kingdom of =
Auntie) in the=20
present <B style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Zichaun</B> region and =
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Mong Yio</B> in the east of =
Yangtse. The=20
Tai (Shan) New Year is believed to have started during this period, that =
saw not=20
only their political but also cultural flourishing. The late Loong Khum =
Maha of=20
Senwi, a reputed Tai scholar and Sai Fa, the present learned Tai leader =
agree.=20
The Tai New Year is now 2084 years old.</SPAN><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">When animism, their presumed early =
belief=20
encountered a more systematic philosophy of Buddhism which was =
introduced into=20
China during the 1<SUP>st</SUP> BC the Tai culture started to develop in =
many=20
aspects in addition to their already excellent arts of war and=20
administration.</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Nanchao was their truly greatest =
empire with=20
three to six separate kingdoms. This could be observed as the first ever =

confederation known to human political history with more or less =
homogenous=20
race. U Ba Pe, a Burmese historian who was the rector at the Teacher's =
Training=20
College, Yankin, Rangoon observed that the Nanchao dynasty although =
founded in=20
1<SUP>st</SUP> BC reached its peak of power and prosperity only during =
7-9 AD,=20
about two to five hundred years before the birth of Pagan kingdom.<A=20
href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftn6"; name=3D_ftnref6 =
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn6"=20
title=3D""><SPAN class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[6]</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">By the close of the 12<SUP>th</SUP> =
AD=20
(1180AD), a Dai chieftain called Pa Ya Zhen conquered Mong Le to found =
the Jing=20
Long Golden Temple kingdom. <A href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftn7"; =
name=3D_ftnref7=20
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn7" title=3D""><SPAN =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: footnote">[7]</SPAN></SPAN></A> By the =
time=20
Southeast Asia was swept by the armies of Kublai Kham of Mongolia, the =
Tai=20
kingdoms, just like their Chines neighour, lost Nanchao to the =
Mongolians in=20
1235 AD. <A href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftn8"; name=3D_ftnref8=20
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn8" title=3D""><SPAN =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[8]</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">If the practice of this Tai lunar =
calander was=20
widely in use among all the many Tai kingdoms is still a challenge to us =
today.=20
The Tais who established the Tai kingdom of Ahom (Assam, India) for the =
second=20
time in 13<SUP>th</SUP> AD and continued to rule for six hundred years =
till the=20
British invasion in 1826 may have adopted the Hindu calander.</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The ancient Tai astrologers based =
their=20
calculation of the Tai lunar system on the orbital motion of the moon, =
which=20
makes a circle somewhere in November about 40 years ago and in mid =
December now.=20
The new year day may begin on different day if viewed from western =
calendar. It=20
could be likened to any other lunar calendar in this case. The Chinese =
and the=20
Muslim have their new year day not on the same western calendar date. =
They=20
change each year.</SPAN><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">I was born one day after the Tai New =
Year in=20
1965 and that was the 22<SUP>nd</SUP> November. But this year the Tai =
New Year=20
day falls on the 8<SUP>th</SUP> December. But this is only if we go by =
the fixed=20
Tai latest calendar used in most parts of Shan State. By the actual =
orbital=20
movement of the moon, the New Year falls on either 14 or 15<SUP>th</SUP> =

December. But this bears more significance nowadays only to the =
astrologers. For=20
the common folks, the first day of the first Tai lunar month (The month =
of Zeng)=20
is recognised as the New Year Day. Zeng means the beginning. The Tai =
people say=20
"Zeng Zeng" (meaning start, start ) when helping their baby walk for the =
first=20
time in life.</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Where the Tai people live, this day =
marks the=20
season of harvest. To them, life, sentient and non-sentient renews =
another=20
circle this time.</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The month of Zeng is fllowed by the =
month of=20
Gum, meaning the month of refrain. This is a month when they devote =
their time=20
for religious practice and holiday. The rest are known by their number =
as the=20
3<SUP>rd</SUP> month and the 4<SUP>th</SUP> month etc.</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">New Year celebration was absent in =
the Tai=20
culture for sometimes, perhaps due to domination of alien cultures. The =
Thai=20
also abandoned this ancient lunar year and adopted the Indian =
astrological-based=20
lunar tradition, probably since the time the Indians dominated Asia =
through=20
their civilisation around 13 AD. They (the Thai) have now been following =
the=20
months in western calendar with Buddhist year.</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">With nation consciousness growing day =
by day,=20
the people in Shan States and other states of the Union of Burma have =
been=20
celebrating their New Year Day on massive scale. A talk on the brief =
history of=20
the Tai New Year can be heard from the Shan Programme, Rangoon on the =
New Year=20
day (this year 8<SUP>th</SUP> Dec. 1999). It is written by Sao Khu =
Dhamma and=20
read by the staff member of the Shan Radio Programme.</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN lang=3DEN-GB=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The usual customs for the New Year =
Day=20
are:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal=20
style=3D"MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 =
lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D"FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB">v<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =
</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Observe some religious =
rites=20
especially in Buddhist monasteries.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal=20
style=3D"MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 =
lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D"FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB">v<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =
</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Pay respect to the=20
elders<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal=20
style=3D"MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 =
lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D"FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB">v<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =
</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Have a meal, a portion =
from the=20
harvest, with family and friends.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoNormal=20
style=3D"MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 =
lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D"FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB">v<SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =
</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Visiting friends =
adorning Tai=20
costumes.</SPAN></P>
<DIV align=3Djustify>
<HR align=3Dleft SIZE=3D1 width=3D"33%">
</DIV>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D"mso-element: =
footnote"><A=20
href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftnref1"; name=3D_ftn1 =
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn1"=20
title=3D""><SPAN class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=3DEN-US><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[1]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-US> <B style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Thai History</B> =
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">by</I> Prince <B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Krom Phra =
Paramanujitinuros</B><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN>in Journal of the Bihar =
Puravid=20
Parishad, Dec. 1979, Vol. III, pp. 181-4</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D"mso-element: =
footnote"><A=20
href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftnref2"; name=3D_ftn2 =
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn2"=20
title=3D""><SPAN class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=3DEN-US><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[2]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-US> <B style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Lord of Life</B> =
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">by</I> <B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Prince Chula Chakrabongse</B>, =
London,=20
1967</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D"mso-element: =
footnote"><A=20
href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftnref3"; name=3D_ftn3 =
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn3"=20
title=3D""><SPAN class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=3DEN-US><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[3]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-US> <B style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">The Dai Or the =
Tai and their=20
Architecture &amp; Customs in South China</B> by <B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Prof. Zhu Liangwen</B>, D.D Books =
,=20
Bangkok, 1992</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D"mso-element: =
footnote"><A=20
href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftnref4"; name=3D_ftn4 =
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn4"=20
title=3D""><SPAN class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=3DEN-US><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[4]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-US> <B style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">The Book of =
later Han=20
Dynasty</B> <I style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">quoted</I> by Prof. =
Zhu=20
Liangwen, ibd, pp. 1-2</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D"mso-element: =
footnote"><A=20
href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftnref5"; name=3D_ftn5 =
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn5"=20
title=3D""><SPAN class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=3DEN-US><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[5]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-US> <B style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">The Dai Or the =
Tai and their=20
Architecture &amp; Customs in South China</B> by <B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Prof. Zhu Liangwen</B>, D.D Books =
,=20
Bangkok, 1992, p.3</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D"mso-element: =
footnote"><A=20
href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftnref6"; name=3D_ftn6 =
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn6"=20
title=3D""><SPAN class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=3DEN-US><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[6]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-US> <B style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">A Brief History =
of Burma for=20
Middle School</B> <I style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">by</I> <B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">U Hla Pe</B> Sar-pay biman Press, =
1965,=20
September (in Burmese)</SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D"mso-element: =
footnote"><A=20
href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftnref7"; name=3D_ftn7 =
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn7"=20
title=3D""><SPAN class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=3DEN-US><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[7]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-US> Le History quoted by <SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>Prof. Zhu Liangwen<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><o:p></o:p></B></SPAN></P>
<P align=3Djustify class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D"mso-element: =
footnote"><A=20
href=3D"mhtml:mid://00000047/#_ftnref8"; name=3D_ftn8 =
style=3D"mso-footnote-id: ftn8"=20
title=3D""><SPAN class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=3DEN-US><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-special-character: =
footnote">[8]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN=20
lang=3DEN-US> <B style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">History of =
Siam</B> by <B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">W.A.R. Wood</B>, Bangkok,=20
1933</SPAN></P></FONT></BODY></HTML>

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