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Ideas for 21-century




(3)
20-&mpkudkudk,fvdkeDb0ESifh0ifcJhaomwdkif;jynfwGif
r,fr,f&&tajrmftjrifr&SdcJhyg? 
yxruBmppfjzpfonftxdt&if;&Siftajrmftjrifyifr&Sdyg? (1920)wGifrS
t&if;&SiftajrmftjrifwpGef;wp&Sdvmygonf?
acwfrDtajrmftjrifudk(30)pkESpfrsm;wGifrS&vmygonf?
tajrmftjrifaz:xkwfwifjyolrSmacwfrDtawG;tac:&Sd
onfhwdk;wufaomvli,frsm;jzpfygonf?
woif;wzGJ=8BwODd;wa,mufwnf;uacwfrDtajrmftjrifudk
az:xkwfjcif;r[kwfbJpkaygif;tm;xkwfcsufjzpfygonf?
Ttajrmftjrifa=3Dumifhyif&mpkESpfw0uf
usdK;cgeD;wGifwdkif;jynfvGwfvyfcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
vGwfvyfa&;&jcif;udkzufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;ESifhuif;uGmpOf;pm;I
rjzpfyg?zufqpfawmfvSefa&;a=3DumifhwrsdK;om;vkH;udk(zqyv)tvHawmfatmufwGif=
pnf;=B1kH;rd+yD;vGwfvyfa&;apmapm&cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? zufqpf*syefawmfvSef
a&;tajrmftjrifudktapmqkH;wifjypnf;=B1kH;cJholrsm;onfuGef=F0repfrsm;jzpfy=
gonf?
&JabmfA[def;u(1939)ESpfOD;ydkif;wGifxkwfa0onfh    ""e&Sifavmu" pmtkyfY
tapmqkH;wifjycJhygonf? (1939)ESpfOD;Y'kwd,uBmppfyifOa&myYrjzpfao;yg?
*syefppftkyfpkonftpdk;&tm%modrf;ydkuf+yD;zufqpfjzpfoGm;rnfqdkonfudk
rnfolr#rodao;yg?w=B1kwfjynfudkusL;ausmf wdkufcdkufaeaom*syefppftkyfpkonf
ArmjynfESifhywfoufv#ifw=B1kwfArmvrf;r}uD;udkydwfypfedkifa&;avmufom 
pdwf0ifpm;aecsdefjzpfygonf?t*Fvdyftar&duefwdk=8Buvnf;w=B1kwfjynfudkusL;a=
usmfwdkufcdkufaeaom*syefudkppfukef=3Durf;rsm;axmufyhHay;aeygonf?'kwd,uBmppfj=
zpfaomtcg*syefudk*smr%Dbuf ygroGm;ap&ef*syeftvdkusw=B1kwfArmvrf;r}uD;
udkyifydwfay;cJhygao;onf? xdkodk=8BaomtajctaewGif&JabmfA[def;u
*syefonfzufqpfjzpf&efeD;pyfonf/zufqpfqef=8Busifa&;twGuf
jyifqif&ef[laomtajrmftjrifudkay;cJhygonf?
&JabmfA[def;ajrmfjrifovdkyif*syefonfzufqpf
zpfoGm;umt*Fvdyftar&duefwdk=8BudkpkHuef+yD;ta&S=8Bawmiftm&Sodk=
=8BppfOD;vSnfhcJhygonf?u|efawmfwdk=8Bwdkif;jynfrSmzufqpf*syef.odrf;ydkufjcif=
;cH&,kHruArmjynfudkajcukyf,l+yD;td=B2d,a'vDodk=8BcsDwufa&;twGuftokH;=
cH&ygonf?*syefuw=B1kwfjynfudkw=B1kwfArmvrf;r}uD;twdkif;csDwufvkyf}uHygon=
f?tajymif;tvJtvGefjrefqefaomppftajctaewGiftajrmftjrifxufjrufygrS&Sifoefe=
dkifygonf? tajrmftjrifqdkwdkif;vnf;xufjruf=3Duonfr[kwfyg?
rSm;,Gif;aomtajrmftjrifyif  0ifwwfygonf?ppftajctaeYtajrmftjrifrsm;onfvnf;
rvGJraoGbufvdkufr_&Sdygonf? (*syefbufvm;/t*Fvdyfbufvm;)
(1939)ckESpfutajctaerSm
=B1_wfaxG;ygonf?wrsdK;om;vkH;ut*Fvdyfe,fcsJ=8Borm;udkt"du&efoltjzpf=
xm;umwdkufaeonfhtajctae/(1938)u(1300)jynfhta&;awmfykHjzifhjynfolvlxkutef=
wkcJh&mt*Fvdyf.t=3Durf;zufESdyfuGyfr_a=3DumifhaoG;ajrusxm;&ygonf?TuJ=
hodk=8BaomtajctaewGif"udk,fh&efol&J=8B&efol[mudk,fhrdwfaqGyJ"[kajrmfjrifum*
syefbufodk=8BtvG,fwulbufvdkufoGm;edkifyg= onf?Ttajrmftjrif&Sdolrsm;u"*syefp=
pfwyf}uD;vmawmhr,f"  [kvnf;aumif;/ "t*Fvdyfvnfacsmif;aoG;eJ=8B
ajcaq;r,f"[kvnf;aumif;ydkpwmuyf=3Duyg=
onf?vlxk}uD;udkvnf;zufqpf*syeftm;u,fwif&Siftjzpfar#mf=3Du&efv_H=8Caq= mfygonf?
Ttajrmftjrifonf*syef
zufqpfESifhpdwfa&mudk,fygyl;aygif;onfhtajrmftjrifjzpfygonf?*syefudk,m,Dt=
okH;csonfhvkyf[efr[kwfyg? zufqpf*syefESifhpdwfa&mudk,fygyl;aygif;olrsm;onf
edkifiHa&;t&udk,fhudk,fudkowfovdkjzpf+yD;ppf+yD;acwfwGifedkifiHaamp=
;;avmurSaysmufuG,fukefygonf?

quf&ef

(4)
21- &mpkedkifiHa&;tajrmftjrifudkrSefrSefuefuefcsrSwfedkif&eftajccHtm=
;jzifhatmufygtcsuf(4)csufvkyf&ygrnf?
1? uBmhtiftm;}uD;edkifiHrsm;.w&m;0iftajrmftjrifrsm;/xdkedkifiHrsm;rSt"=
duedkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;.tajrmftjrifrsm;udkpl;prf;avhvmokH;oyf&ef? 2?
rdrdtdrfeD;csif;edkifiHrsm;.w&m;0iftajrmftjrifESifhedkifiHa&;tiftm;p=
ktoD;oD;.tajrmftjrifrsm;udkpl;prf;avhvmokH;oyf&ef?
3? rdrdwdkif;jynftay:odk=8Bwdkuf=B1dkufoufa&mufr_&SdedkifonfhuBmt&y=
f&yfrStajrmftjrifrsm;udkpl;prf;avhvmokH;oyf&ef?
4? rdrd.tajctaeudkyuwdwnf&Sdaeonfhtwdkif;okH;oyf&ef?
txufygtcsufrsm;udkwzGJ=8CwygwDwnf;uvkyfedkifrnfr[kwfyg? pkaygif;tm;xkwf&ygrnf?
(1930)q,fpkESpfrsm;uvkyfcJhovdkvkyf&ygrnf?tm;vkH;u0dkif;0ef;
jznfhdfqnf;jcif;jzifh"21-&mpktajrmftjrif"udkwnfaqmuf&ygrnf?

quf&ef